20th Century Architecture Study Guide Form Follows Function Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater Robie House FLW KEY CONCEPTS INTERNATIONAL STYLE

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Vivien Harper
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1 20th Century Architecture Study Guide Form Follows Function The 20th Century witnessed an emergence of a new aesthetic in architecture--an aesthetic that placed fully realized in the realm of the beautiful. New materials and technology are no longer within the interior of buildings Architects began to design buildings that became a part of the. Advances in technology allowed buildings to be encased totally in. Frank Lloyd Wright Wright was an American architect, interior designer, writer, educator, and philosopher from Oak Park, Illinois Promoted Architecture (exemplified by Fallingwater) Originated the School of architecture (exemplified by the Robie House) His work includes original and innovative examples of many different building types, including offices, churches, schools, hotels, and museums. Wright also often designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the and. First worked with, the first modern architect of the 19th century. He left Sullivan to work independently, because he wanted to be famous in his own right. FLW KEY CONCEPTS Design should blend in with its surroundings Architecture should reinforce democratic ideals Hearth / Fireplace should be the traditional center of the house INTERNATIONAL STYLE Do not confuse this architectural style with the style of Painting. Inspired by de Stijl, The Style, and painter Piet Began in Holland and quickly became the architectural movement of the 1920 s in Europe Completely abandoned all architectural styles, like Gothic and Neoclassical SCHRODER HOUSE The Schroder House was built in Utrecht, Belgium in by the Dutch architect Rietvald believed architecture could be reduced to basic shapes It is a pioneering work of modernism, with no historical ornament and a design which parallels the art of and De Stijl (Piet Mondrian).

2 Exterior: Flat, rectangular planes Straight Lines No Classical References, ie columns or arches Interior Movable sliding glass doors Red, Blue, Yellow plus black and white Bauhaus School of Design German Art and Design school Founded in 1919 by Walter Dedicated to teaching the Style Goal was to Fine and Applied arts in a new style of Banished study of architectural history because Gropius believed it would creativity Believed architecture should embellishments of earlier styles Le Corbusier Swiss architect, who became a French citizen, Another proponent of the Style He was a pioneer in theoretical studies of modern and was dedicated to providing better living conditions for the residents of crowded cities. : relied on pure geometric shapes Believed architecture should provide f living space, and fulfill basic human needs:, and Created maximum space by eliminating non load bearing, built in 1929, is the embodiment of his ideals. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, German Architect, Along with Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneering masters of Sought to establish a new architectural style that could represent modern times just as and did for their own eras. Joined the avant-garde Bauhaus design school as their director of architecture, adopting and developing their functionalist application of simple geometric forms in the design of useful objects. Created an influential Twentieth-Century architectural style, stated with extreme and His mature buildings made use of modern materials such as industrial and plate to define interior spaces.

3 He strived towards an architecture with a minimal of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of free-flowing open space. He called his buildings " and " architecture. He sought a rational approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design, and is known for his use of the aphorisms " is " and "God is in the details". MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE The International Style Architects with their Less is More philosophy laid the ground work for the Modernist style that followed. Modernist Architecture went beyond the International style by creating buildings that organically into their surroundings Both Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier designed structures, which curved into their surroundings Examples: The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum New York, New York Designed by late in his career, 1959 Ascending spiral, with a smooth white exterior Wright wanted to create a to Notre Dame du Haut Designed by Notre Dame du Haut in France Different approach for a church Exterior has a very organic shape Chapel is located on a former pilgrimage route from the Middle Ages Post Modern Architecture In the 20th century, some architects challenged the well entrenched Modernist architecture movement and developed a more style of architecture. No longer did architects believe less is more in fact some believed less was a bore. They expanded the architectural vocabulary to once again include, Post Modernists criticized the Modernist for the and of their style, claiming that the Modernist did not consider the history and culture of the neighborhoods and regions of their buildings. Examples: Sony Building formerly the AT&T Building designed by in 1984 o Unlike the Seagram s building the AT&T building is predominately

4 o The building includes, a triumphal or Romanesque portal, thin strips of masonry resembling fluted columns, and a sloping t like roof. o Johnson s design was widely criticized by Modernist architects, but it played a major role in the from the Modernist to Post Modernist era. The Portland Building designed by, o In Michael Graves' postmodernist design for The Portland (Oregon) Building, the wall, the miniature square windows, and the variety of colors define the surfaces as predominately mural. o The wall's horizontality is asserted against the verticality of the tall shafts of windows Georges Pompidou Center Richard Rogers and Renzo Piano's design for the Georges Pompidou National Center of Art and Culture shows the six-level building with fully exposed and color coded according to function. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain Designed by Frank Gehry, 1997 o Like much of Gehry's other work, the structure consists of radically, organic contours. o Sited as it is in a port town, it is intended to resemble a. o Its brilliantly reflective titanium panels resemble fish scales, echoing the other life (and, in particular, fish-like) forms that recur commonly in Gehry's designs o Also in typical Gehry fashion, the building is uniquely a product of the period's. Computer-aided design and visualizations were used heavily in the structure's design. o Even though it was built during the Post modern era, many architectural historians believe the museum to be an example of Late 20th Century Deconstructionist Architecture in architecture, also called deconstruction, is a development of postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s. It is characterized by ideas of, an interest in manipulating ideas of a structure's surface or skin, non-rectilinear shapes which serve to distort and dislocate some of the elements of architecture, such as structure and envelope. The finished visual appearance of buildings that exhibit the many deconstructivist "styles" is characterized by a stimulating and a controlled chaos. Deconstructivism in contemporary architecture stands in to the ordered rationality of Modernism.

5 Flash Cards 1. Robie House, FLW, Prairie Style, US 2. Falling Water, FLW, US 3. Guggenheim Museum, New York, FLW, Modernist, US 4. Bauhaus School, Gropius, International Style, Germany 5. Schroder House, Rietvald, International Style, Belgium 6. Barcelona Pavillion, Mies van der Rohe, International Style, German Pavilion, International Expo. Spain 7. Seagrams Building, Mies and Johnson, Modernist, US 8. Villa Savoye, Le Corbusier, Modernist,France 9. Notre Dame du Haut. Le Corbusier, Modernist, France 10. TWA Building, Eero Saarinen, Post Modernist, US 11. Piazza Italia, Moore, Post Mod, US 12. Portland Building. Graves, Post Mod., US 13. Centre Pompidou, Piano and Rogers, Post Mod, France 14. Sony Building, Johnson, Post Mod, US 15. Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Gehry, Post Mod, Spain

FAMOUS ARTISTS SERIES: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959) Architecture

Revised March 2012 FAMOUS ARTISTS SERIES: FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT (1867-1959) Architecture Supplies needed: * Framed image of Coonley Window from art gallery and framed image of Robie House stored in the Art