Wetting Agents and Moisture in Sand-Based Putting Greens
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1 Wetting Agents and Moisture in Sand-Based Putting Greens Doug Karcher Associate Professor Department of Horticulture University of Arkansas turf.uark.edu
2 Hydrophobic Rootzone Publications Since 1883, > 1200 publications Native sandy grasslands (CA, FL, and Australia) Currently, 200 pub s per 5 years. (Dekker et al.) Golf greens 1964 (Dorman et al.)
3
4 What Causes Localized Dry Spots?
5 LDS on Sand-Based Greens Water repelled by waxy coatings on sand grains Water drop penetration time: 5s - >10m
6 Cause of LDS Organic coatings on sand grains LDS LDS HEALTHY HEALTHY
7 Wetting Agent Efficacy - Golf Course DePan, NL This golf course was established on native sandy soils. Which half of the fairway was treated with a wetting agent? Courtesy of Coen Ritsema, Alterra, Wageningen, NL
8 How Do Wetting Agents Work?
9 Wetting Agent Function Acts as a bridge between waxy sand coatings and water droplet Hydrophobic sand grain Water droplet Eventually leach or decomposed by microbes Sand remains hydrophobic: TEMPORARY FIX
10 Wetting Agent in Action Lower surface tension, less dew formation
11 Athens, Georgia
12 Can Wetting Agents Reduce Irrigation Requirements?
13 Irrigation Frequency & Wetting Agent Effects on LDS and Moisture Distribution
14 Treatment Structure Irrigation threshold (vol. soil moisture) 1. 12% (~ daily) 2. 10% (~ 2-3 x / week) 3. 8% (~ 1-2 / week) 4. 6% (~ extreme drought stress) Wetting agent (Revolution) 1. untreated control 2. label rate (6 oz / 1000 ft 2 / per month)
15 Irrigation (mm) in. in A A 6% moisture % moisture 10% moisture 12% moisture A 2008 A BC B B B AB 502 C B B B B B B 0 May June July August
16 Irrigation threshold = 12% soil moisture (daily) untreated wetting agent
17 Irrigation threshold = 10% soil moisture (2-3x per wk) untreated wetting agent
18 Irrigation threshold = 8% soil moisture (1-2 x per wk) untreated wetting agent
19 Irrigation threshold = 6% soil moisture (< 1 / wk) wetting agent untreated
20 Surface Soil Moisture Weekly measurements on a 1 x 1 ft. grid Average moisture values Moisture variability within plots
21 Surface soil moisture (vol. %) Dry Wet Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
22 Surface soil moisture (vol. %) Dry Wet Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
23 Surface soil moisture (vol. %) Dry Wet Irrigation thresholds are displayed in sub-plot receiving wetting agent treatment
24 Are There Differences Among Wetting Agents?
25 Wetting Agent Effects on Putting Green Moisture Distribution Commonly-used products tested within the same trial Tested during frequent, moderate, and infrequent irrigation frequencies Evaluated LDS and soil moisture at 3 depths
26 Untreated border areas GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR Picture taken 08/04/08
27 GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial LDS August 26, 2009 Untreated control Revolution Cascade Plus Primer Cascade Plus Magnus Magnus Revolution Primer Tricure Untreated control
28 Volumetric water content at 3 inch depth (%) GCSAA Wetting Agent Trial Control Magnus Revolution Cascade Plus Primer Tricure 20 A A 15 B AB A AB C A ABC ABC AB BC 10 Frequent Moderate Infrequent Irrigation regime
29 Effect of Cascade Plus Timing on Season- Long Control of Localized Dry Spot Label: 2 applications 7 d Has not provided season long control in previous studies Experimental timing treatments:
30 May 9 and 16 / July 9 and 16 control May 9 and 16 May 9 and July 9 Picture taken 8/4/08
31 Other Wetting Agents Warrant Consideration Amega Sciences Trial Helena Trial
32 Summary Points Most wetting agent products tested reduced LDS and improved moisture uniformity w/o adversely affecting moisture content Many wetting agent products available Find product resulting in uniform and desirable moisture content (get a moisture probe!) Univ. of Arkansas will continue WA research Make wetting agents more effective! Couple w/ reduced irrigation frequency to: summer stress decline surface organic matter content summer disease moss and algae water budget
33 Acknowledgments
34 Wetting Agents and Moisture in Sand-Based Putting Greens Doug Karcher Associate Professor Department of Horticulture University of Arkansas turf.uark.edu
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