ARC Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering

Transcription

1 Brochure More information from ARC Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation. IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering Description: Up to date analysis methodologies and practical mitigation for a major electrical safety concern Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation is the first book to focus specifically on arc flash hazards and provide the latest methodologies for its analysis as well as practical mitigation techniques. Consisting of sixteen chapters, this fully up to date handbook covers all aspects of arc flash hazard calculations and mitigation. It addresses the calculations of short circuits, protective relaying, and varied electrical systems configurations in electrical power systems. It also examines protection systems, including differential relays, arc flash sensing relays, protective relaying coordination, current transformer operation and saturation, and applications to major electrical equipment from the arc flash point of view. Current technologies and strategies for arc flash mitigation are explored. Using the methodology, analysis, and preventive measures discussed in the book, the arc flash hazard incident energy can be reduced to 8 cal/cm2 or less for the new and existing electrical distribution systems. This powerful resource: - Features the most up to date arc flash analysis methodologies - Presents arc flash hazard calculations in dc systems - Supplies practical examples and case studies - Provides end of chapter reviews and questions - Includes a Foreword written by Lanny Floyd, a world renowned leader in electrical safety who is DuPont's Principal Consultant on Electrical Safety and Technology Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation is a must have guide for electrical engineers engaged in design, operation, and maintenance, consulting engineers, facility managers, and safety professionals. Contents: Foreword xix Preface xxi About the Author xxiii 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES Electrical Arcs Arc Flash Hazard and Personal Safety Time Motion Studies Arc Flash Hazards Arc Blast Electrical Shock Hazard Fire Hazard Arc Flash Hazard Analysis Personal Protective Equipment Hazard Boundaries 24

2 1.11 Maximum Duration of an Arc Flash Event and Arc Flash Boundary Reasons for Internal Arcing Faults Arc Flash Hazard Calculation Steps Examples of Calculations Reducing Arc Flash Hazard 36 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER Electrical Standards and Codes Prevention through Design Limitations of Existing Codes, Regulations, and Standards Electrical Hazards Changing the Safety Culture Risk Analysis for Critical Operation Power Systems Reliability Analysis Maintenance and Operation Safety Integrity Level and Safety Instrumented System 55 3 CRITIQUE OF IEEE GUIDE 1584 ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS Variations of Arcing Currents Gap between Electrodes Variations of Incident Energy Some Anomalies in IEEE Equations Lee's Arc Model IEEE Experimental Model Setup Electrical Arc Burn Hazard Effect of Insulating Barriers Arc Flash Test Models Alternate Equations Further Testing and Research Effectiveness of PPE Calculated Based on IEEE 1584 Guide 79 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING System and Equipment Grounding Low Resistance Grounding 87

3 4.3 High Resistance Grounded Systems Ungrounded Systems Reactance Grounding Resonant Grounding Corner of Delta Grounded Systems Surge Arresters Artifi cially Derived Neutrals Multiple Grounded Systems Arc Flash Hazard in Solidly Grounded Systems Protection and Coordination in Solidly Grounded Systems Ground Fault Coordination in Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems Monitoring of Grounding Resistors Selection of Grounding Systems SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS Types of Calculations Rating Structure of HV Circuit Breakers Low Voltage Motors Rotating Machine Model Calculation Methods Network Reduction Calculation Procedure Capacitor and Static Converter Contributions to Short Circuit Currents Typical Computer Based Calculation Results Examples of Calculations Thirty Cycle Short Circuit Currents Unsymmetrical Short Circuit Currents Computer Methods ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS Short Circuit of a Passive Element Systems with No AC Decay Reactances of a Synchronous Machine Saturation of Reactances 182

4 6.5 Time Constants of Synchronous Machines Synchronous Machine Behavior on Terminal Short Circuit Short Circuit of Synchronous Motors and Condensers Short Circuit of Induction Motors A New Algorithm for Arc Flash Calculations with Decaying Short Circuit Currents PROTECTIVE RELAYING Protection and Coordination from Arc Flash Considerations Classifi cation of Relay Types Design Criteria of Protective Systems Overcurrent Protection Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Short Circuit Ratings of Low Voltage Circuit Breakers Series Connected Ratings Fuses Application of Fuses for Arc Flash Reduction Conductor Protection Motor Protection Generator 51 V Protection UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS Overlapping the Zones of Protection Importance of Differential Systems for Arc Flash Reduction Bus Differential Schemes High Impedance Differential Relays Low Impedance Current Differential Relays Electromechanical Transformer Differential Relays Microprocessor Based Transformer Differential Relays Pilot Wire Protection Modern Line Current Differential Protection Examples of Arc Flash Reduction with Differential Relays ARC FAULT DETECTION RELAYS Principle of Operation 307

5 9.2 Light Intensity Light Sensor Types Other Hardware Selective Tripping Supervision with Current Elements Applications Examples of Calculation Arc Vault Protection for Low Voltage Systems OVERCURRENT COORDINATION Standards and Requirements Data for the Coordination Study Computer Based Coordination Initial Analysis Coordinating Time Interval Fundamental Considerations for Coordination Coordination on Instantaneous Basis NEC Requirements of Selectivity Energy Boundary Curves The Art of Compromise TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEC Requirements Arc Flash Considerations System Confi gurations of Transformer Connections Through Fault Current Withstand Capability Constructing the Through Fault Curve Analytically Transformer Primary Fuse Protection Overcurrent Relays for Transformer Primary Protection Listing Requirements Effect of Transformer Winding Connections Requirements of Ground Fault Protection Through Fault Protection Overall Transformer Protection 394

6 11.13 A Practical Study for Arc Flash Reduction CURRENT TRANSFORMERS Accuracy Classification of CTs Constructional Features of CTs Secondary Terminal Voltage Rating CT Ratio and Phase Angle Errors Interrelation of CT Ratio and C Class Accuracy Polarity of Instrument Transformers Application Considerations Series and Parallel Connections of CTs Transient Performance of the CTs Practicality of Application CTs for Low Resistance Grounded Medium Voltage Systems Future Directions ARC RESISTANT EQUIPMENT Calculations of Arc Flash Hazard in Arc Resistant Equipment Qualifi cations in IEEE Guide Accessibility Types IEC Accessibility Types Arc Resistant Ratings Testing According to IEEE Guide Pressure Relief Venting and Plenums Cable Entries RECENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS Statistical Data of Arc Flash Hazards Zone Selective Interlocking Microprocessor Based Low Voltage Switchgear Low Voltage Motor Control Centers Maintenance Mode Switch Infrared Windows and Sight Glasses 487

7 14.7 Fault Current Limiters Partial Discharge Measurements ARC FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS IN DC SYSTEMS Calculations of the Short Circuit Currents in DC Systems Sources of DC Short Circuit Currents IEC Calculation Procedures Short Circuit of a Lead Acid Battery Short Circuit of DC Motors and Generators Short Circuit Current of a Rectifier Short Circuit of a Charged Capacitor Total Short Circuit Current DC Circuit Breakers and Fuses Arcing in DC Systems Equations for Calculation of Incident Energy in DC Systems Protection of the Semiconductor Devices APPLICATION OF ETHERNET AND IEC COMMUNICATIONS IEC Protocol Modern IEDs Substation Architecture IEC Communication Structure Logical Nodes Ethernet Connection Networking Media Network Topologies Application to Arc Flash Relaying and Communications 556 Review Questions 556 References 556 Appendix A Statistics and Probability Applied to Electrical Engineering 558 A.1 Mean Mode and Median 558 A.2 Mean and Standard Deviation 559 A.3 Skewness and Kurtosis 560 A.4 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 561

8 A.5 Curve Fitting: Least Square Line 563 References 566 Appendix B Tables for Quick Estimation of Incident Energy and PPE in Electrical Systems 567 Index 605 Ordering: Order Online - Order by Fax - using the form below Order by Post - print the order form below and send to Research and Markets, Guinness Centre, Taylors Lane, Dublin 8, Ireland.

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