Systems Operating at High DC:AC Ratios
|
|
- Verity Cassandra Goodman
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Systems Operating at High DC:AC Ratios WHITE PAPER Abstract Recent trends in the PV industry have been towards an increasing DC:AC ratio, where the AC conversion capacity attached to a PV system is significantly smaller than the nameplate DC value. As the cost of the DC components continues to decrease, and the need to reduce grid disturbances due to the intermittent behavior of conventional PV systems, this trend will likely accelerate even further. For this trend to continue significantly beyond the DC:AC ratios of 1.4 being used today however, several hardware limitations on conventional systems will have to be resolved. This paper describes a cost competitive, and highly redundant electrical topology where these hardware limitations have been eliminated. In addition, for bi-directionally oriented systems using dual MPPT or microinverter based solutions and high DC:AC ratios, a second major issue results from preferential clipping due to the combination of fixed AC limits and the imbalance of DC energy presented by the system. This results in additional energy losses at high DC:AC ratios. The tenk electrical topology presented within also eliminates this source of energy loss. tenksolar 9231 Penn Avenue South Minneapolis, MN Toll free: Simply More Energy
2 Introduction The most important point to observe when considering DC:AC ratios when sizing PV systems, is that two productivity measures exist in the industry. The DC productivity (kwh AC/kW DC) is the AC energy production normalized to the DC system nameplate sizing. If there is no AC power limit on the system, this is often the critical metric used. The AC productivity (kwh AC/kW AC) is the AC energy production normalized to the AC system sizing. For cases where the AC system power is limited (typical), this is often the most critical metric, depending on the value placed on the kwh AC, the fixed project costs, etc. Due to the intermittency of PV, the relationship between the DC and AC productivity is very different from conventional energy sources. Figure 1 is an illustration of the relationship, based on various DC:AC ratios. At the right side of the graph, the DC productivity is limited by the total amount of sunlight available, so in this case is limited to a capacity factor of about 14%. Because the system is limited by the total radiation available, a low DC:AC ratio (more AC capacity) cannot increase the net system output, thus the AC capacity factor falls with DC:AC ratio. As the DC:AC ratio is then increased, the AC capacity factor then begins to climb, at the expense of the DC capacity factor, since the under-sizing of the AC conversion capacity on the system is basically limiting the AC output power whenever the DC power available exceeds the AC output (ignoring DC:AC efficiency in this example). In PV, as the upper limit of the DC output is capped with a higher DC:AC ratio, the impact on DC productivity is initially very little, since the only capping is near solar noon on a few of the best days. As the DC:AC ratio continues to increase, the impact on DC productivity is larger, however the AC capacity factor can be driven up very quickly to over 30%, when moving toward the left of Figure 1. At the extreme left, this is basically a very large PV array (large DC nameplate) with a very small AC conversion capacity. The sun comes up in the morning and it turns on at its maximum, and shuts off in the evening, limited only by the total hours where some sunlight is available (extremely stable, but very expensive). Since the AC productivity is the (or one of the) critical parameters for many systems, selecting a high DC:AC ratio is an advantage. However when optimizing for the lowest cost of energy, the total system cost is also critical so having an extreme DC:AC ratio is not economical, as installing a very large DC array and clipping most of the DC energy away has a poor economic value (unless the PV DC costs drop much further). Thus, optimizing financial returns based on the entire system economics, at various DC:AC ratios will define the optimum design point. Effect of DC Array Configuration (i.e., Module Tilt, Positioning) When considering various DC:AC ratios as design options for optimizing system economics, it is also important to realize that some particular DC array configurations are preferred over others (orientation and placement of the modules). As noted previously, if one is to select a high DC:AC ratio, the lost DC energy will be mostly near solar noon (for a south facing array) and during direct beam illumination (i.e., summer sunny days in the northern hemisphere). To minimize the DC productivity losses with higher DC:AC, one should select a DC panel configuration that has a flatter daily profile (early to rise, late to fall, low peak) and responds strongly to diffuse illumination. To illustrate, Figure 2 is an example of a shading tolerant panel configuration where the array is comprised of 25 facing south modules and 15 facing north modules. Observe that in the summer, the north facing modules produce 90% of the energy of the 25 tilted south modules but only rise to 70% of the power, due a much higher productivity in the early AM and late PM. Thus one could use a much higher DC:AC ratio with the north facing modules in the summer, with much less clipping of the DC power. Likewise, during diffuse periods, the north modules have nearly the same productivity as the south facing modules. Higher tilt, east/ west configurations also have a lower daily energy profile and are becoming much more common in Europe. Higher tilt, south facing modules generally have a shorter day, higher peaking profile, making this configuration less desirable for high DC:AC applications. Redundant Array Electrical Topology Before detailing out the limitations of existing systems with high DC:AC ratios, an introduction to a tenk PV electrical topology is required. The electrical architecture of the tenk system is illustrated in Figure 3. tenk modules as shown interconnect all cells in both series and in parallel, such that any cell-level shading or soiling, broken cells or interconnects allow current to flow around a partially contributing cell (as opposed to it being a constraint). A set of highly redundant DC:DC converters are used on each module along with a very low cost current return backsheet to form a complete module circuit where current can take many paths through a module for superior reliability and minimal cell-to-cell current dependencies. Figure 4 is an illustration of an extreme shading test, showing the effectiveness of the design as it relates to cell-to-cell shading. Each module is then connected in parallel to a common low-voltage DC bus. Also residing on the DC bus are a set of inversion units also operating in parallel (using a proprietary DC voltage control method to avoid communication between units). Each inversion unit may pull energy from the DC bus and deliver it to the grid, depending on the individual settings and DC voltage on the bus. Low illumination efficiency is greatly improved since energy from any module can flow through any inverter (and only the inverters needed are operated at low illumination). This electrical topology also yields a very efficient module due to the low parasitic losses and minimal edge spacing due to the low voltage of each module, and also a module that can tolerate variable illumination between Page 2 tenksolar, Inc., 2015
3 cells. For reliability and minimum field service, complete redundancy is achieved in the entire system from the cell to the grid. PV System: DC vs. AC Capacity Factors AC Capacity Factor 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Hours in the Day Limit (On/Off PV System) Incident Radiation Limit DC:AC Ratio 0% 0% 5% 10% 15% DC Capacity Factor 0 AC CapFactor DC:AC Ratio Figure 1. The relationship between DC (kwh AC/kW DC) and AC (kwh AC/kW AC) productivity (stated as annual capacity factors) in Minneapolis, MN. As the DC:AC ratio is increased and some of the DC energy is clipped at the high productivity periods, the DC productivity falls, however the AC productivity increases. As the DC:AC is increased further, the amount of DC energy lost increases, causing the rate of increase in AC productivity to slow as the DC:AC ratio is increased further. A DC:AC ratio of 2.5 corresponds to a DC capacity factor of 12% and an AC capacity factor of 30%. Designs for Tolerating High DC:AC Ratios For a conventional PV system, the design requirements are that any component included on the DC side of the array, must be able to withstand 156% of the short-circuit current of the array. Consider as an example, where a DC:AC ratio of 2 is to be considered for a 1 MW AC array (i.e., a 2 MW DC system). This requirement forces the entire array to be able to support 156% times the short-circuit current of a 2 MW DC array, including all DC wiring capacity as well as the 1 MW AC inversion unit must have a greatly oversized set of DC circuits to withstand an abnormal short-circuit event in the inverter. All of this oversizing of the DC side vs. the allowed maximum AC power limit adds costs to the system. Page 3 tenksolar, Inc., 2015
4 Figure 2. Examples of various DC energy production profiles to illustrate how to optimize systems for high DC:AC ratios. The upper graph is a summer trace for PV modules tilted at 25 south and another group at 15 north. Observe that the 15 north modules can produce 90% of the energy of the 25 south facing modules, but with only 70% of the peak DC power. Thus, if the system is capped at 70% of the peak power, the south facing modules would effectively produce less energy than the north facing modules. The second graph illustrates a diffuse day, where the 15 north facing modules produce the same amount of energy as the 25 south facing modules, since the sky is nearly uniformly illuminated under these conditions. RAIS PV Architecture V OC = 0 ; J SC = 0 DC Bus Optional Storage Redundant Inversion Grid Figure 3. The RAIS electrical architecture, illustrating the modules with cells connected both in serial and parallel, the highly redundant electronic DC:DC converters integrated into each module circuit, the low-voltage parallel DC bus, and the redundant inversion units operating on the same DC bus. No communications is required between any of the units on the DC bus, for greatly improved reliability. An optional storage system is also shown which can also operate directly on the DC bus. Page 4 tenksolar, Inc., 2015
5 Figure 4. A shading test illustrating an opaque block across the module eliminating 22% of the optical energy, and 25% of the module power (this extreme block results in a 3% loss due to the electrical topology of the module, vs. nearly 100% on a conventional module under similar conditions). The thermal images illustrate the temperature uniformity (no hot spot or other deleterious effects of partial shading as exists with other solar electrical topologies). For the tenk electrical topology of Figure 3, the electronics within each module has been certified to withstand the entire DC shortcircuit of the PV system within each module (proprietary, highly redundant cell and electronic architecture within module), and also is certified to export a limited amount of current, which can be at or below the maximum PV power without consequence, as the module simply moves off the peak power point within the module if the peak output current limit is reached. This extra PV current during short-circuit conditions can never exist in the DC wiring or DC:AC conversion process. The following describes how the system of Figure 3 operates: 1) At times when the system is not limited in power output, the modules all produce the maximum current possible at whatever system voltage is presented to the modules (30-55V DC). 2) At times when the system is not limited in power output, the redundant inverters pull current to maintain the system voltage between 50-52V DC. In this case, the inversion units set the system voltage to a targeted value, not the modules. Also note the inversion units do not need to manage MPPT, since the modules deliver maximum power at any voltage. If one attempted to run MPPT with multiple inverters on a parallel bus, each inverter would not be able to distinguish changes in array power levels from changes in power level of other inverters destabilizing the entire system each time an inverter changed its peak power point. 3) A narrow but finite range of voltage setpoints are used in each of the inverters, for those inverters with setpoints low in the allowable range, they will operate at full power since they cannot maintain the system voltage setpoint. For inverters with higher setpoints, they will pull smaller amounts of current (if any), and will actively adjust the amount of current pulled to maintain a constant system voltage (50-52V DC). 4) The inverter setpoints change daily, to wear-level all inverters. 5) When the last inverter reaches a point of saturation, the system voltage will then begin to rise, at which point one or more of the modules will then reduce its current output to maintain the system voltage of 55V DC. At this point in time (when all inverters are saturated), the modules then control the system voltage, not the inverters). Figure 5 is an illustration of the daily output of a commercial 13.2 kw AC sub-array (24 redundant inverters in this sub- array, and part of a larger 99.0 kw AC array) when operating in saturation over a portion of the day. Observe the rise and fall show no transition periods when inverters are coming on or off, or the transition from when the inverters are controlling the DC voltage setpoint vs. the modules taking control when the inverters saturate. Observe that in this topology, the inversion units are never exposed to the full PV short-circuit current, only the current limited output of each module. When using very high DC:AC ratios (i.e., when all inverters are saturated), the modules limit the system current, thus allowing the wire and inversion system sizing to be designed to the AC power output limit (no cost penalty), rather than the wiring and inversion DC circuits having to match the installed DC capacity (see wire sizing comparison between tenk systems and 600/1000V DC conventional systems). Page 5 tenksolar, Inc., 2015
6 Figure 5. An example of a 24 redundant inverters (13.2 kw AC) operating with a 14 kw DC array, illustrating the rise and fall in the production through the day, and also the period of inverter saturation. At the left and right, the system voltage is controlled by the inverter group, allowing more inverters to engage and operate as the power climbs and falls (note there are no transitions visible it is not detectible when units come on or off). At the saturation point, all 24 inverters are running all-out, and the system voltage is held at 55V DC by the constant voltage operation of some or all of the modules. Observe also how smooth the cap line is as well. Clipping in Bi-Directional Arrays (e.g., East-West Arrays) Another severe issue in bi-directional arrays which are AC power limited and operating at relatively high DC:AC ratios, is related to how the AC power is summed and combined in conventional DC systems, or even in micro-inverter based systems. For bi-directional arrays where one group of panels is tilted in one direction and another group is tilted in another direction (an example would be an east-west system where a group of panels is tilted east and another group is tilted west), due to the mis-alignment each of these two groups must be tracked on a separate maximum peak power tracking loop (MPPT), using either two central or string inverters, or inverters with two DC inputs and separate MPPT loops. Another option is to use all micro-inverters, since each inverter then tracks MPPT separately. Consider the case of a 1 MW AC limited system operating at a DC:AC ratio of 2.0 (i.e., 2 MW DC nameplate). First consider the case of two separate inverters, 500 kw AC each and an east-west system. By mid-morning the sun alignment is high on east facing panels and the power may be 800 kw DC, but still poorly aligned on the west facing panels (say 300 kw DC). Since there is 1100 kw DC of total power available, the system should be delivering at the peak of 1 MW AC. However, since each inverter (or MPPT tracker clips individually) clips at 500 kw AC (ignoring DC:AC efficiency for this simple example), and the other is operating at 300 kw AC, for a total of 800 kw AC well below the maximum energy available. This same issue exists on dual-mppt tracking systems since the DC sizing is limited to about ½ of the total AC output, in order to minimize the cost of the DC side of the unit. Micro-inverters AC undersized to the same limits suffer the same issue, where the east facing inverters are saturated and the west facing inverters are not thus the total AC energy falls short. Consider now the tenk topology of Figure 3, where the DC from east and west facing modules are combined on the DC bus before the current is delivered for inversion. Since the DC sources are combined before the AC limit is imposed, current from any module can flow through any inverter to fulfill the total maximum AC level. Thus, in the example above, an equal number of east facing and west facing modules have their DC combined such that the sum total of the 800 kw DC is combined with the 300 kw DC, the entire 1 MW AC can be delivered (only limited by the sum of the AC inversion capacity). Conclusion By limiting the DC current output at the source of the PV, tenk electrical topology allows the use of much larger DC:AC ratios than are possible with conventional technologies without severe cost penalties for oversizing the DC systems. In addition, in bi-directional arrays such as east-west systems, the tenk electrical topology eliminates the early saturation that takes place when one DC current input is largely imbalanced from the other. About tenksolar tenksolar, Inc., provides a photovoltaic solar solution that delivers on the promise of the lowest cost of solar electricity, while at the same time improving power density, safety, longevity and bankability of photovoltaic systems. Since its founding in 2008, tenksolar has been a leading innovator in the delivery and implementation of photovoltaic solar systems for commercial customers. More information about tenksolar is available online at Page 6 tenksolar, Inc., 2015 TKS WP
PVWATTS DERATING FACTORS FOR SOLARBRIDGE PANTHEON MICROINVERTERS AND ACPV SYSTEMS
PVWATTS DERATING FACTORS FOR SOLARBRIDGE PANTHEON MICROINVERTERS AND ACPV SYSTEMS AUTHOR Vincent Bartlett Senior Member of Technical Staff Version 1.5 March 22, 2013 SolarBridge Technologies 1 INTRODUCTION
More informationCHAPTER 5 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN
CHAPTER 5 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN 5.1 Introduction So far in the development of this research, the focus has been to estimate the available insolation at a particular location on the earth s surface
More informationINVERTER WITH MULTIPLE MPP TRACKERS: REQUIREMENTS AND STATE OF THE ART SOLUTIONS
INVERTER WITH MULTIPLE MPP TRACKERS: REQUIREMENTS AND STATE OF THE ART SOLUTIONS ABSTRACT: For most people inverters with multiple MPP Trackers (MPPT) seem to be more flexible compared to inverters with
More informationEFFICIENT EAST-WEST ORIENTATED PV SYSTEMS WITH ONE MPP TRACKER
EFFICIENT EAST-WEST ORIENTATED PV SYSTEMS WITH ONE MPP TRACKER A willingness to install east-west orientated photovoltaic (PV) systems has lacked in the past. Nowadays, however, interest in installing
More informationApplication Note - How to Design a SolarEdge System Using PVsyst
March 2015 Application Note - How to Design a SolarEdge System Using PVsyst As of version 5.20, PVsyst - the PV system design software - supports the design of SolarEdge systems. This application note
More informationApplication Note: String sizing Conext CL Series
: String sizing Conext CL Series 965-0066-01-01 Rev A DANGER RISK OF FIRE, ELECTRIC SHOCK, EXPLOSION, AND ARC FLASH This Application Note is in addition to, and incorporates by reference, the installation
More information8 Ways Power Optimizers are Better by Design
8 Ways Power Optimizers are Better by Design Microinverters & Power Optimizers - a Technical Comparison HOW BOTH APPROACHES ARE SIMILAR Module-level electronics, namely microinverters and power optimizers,
More informationSolar Power at Vernier Software & Technology
Solar Power at Vernier Software & Technology Having an eco-friendly business is important to Vernier. Towards that end, we have recently completed a two-phase project to add solar panels to our building
More informationPerformance ratio. Contents. Quality factor for the PV plant
Performance ratio Quality factor for the PV plant Contents The performance ratio is one of the most important variables for evaluating the efficiency of a PV plant. Specifically, the performance ratio
More informationWhite Paper SolarEdge Three Phase Inverter System Design and the National Electrical Code. June 2015 Revision 1.5
White Paper SolarEdge Three Phase Inverter System Design and the National Electrical Code June 2015 Revision 1.5 Shalhevet Bar-Asher; SolarEdge Technologies, Inc. Bill Brooks, PE; Brooks Engineering LLC
More informationTHE SUPERFLEX DESIGN OF THE FRONIUS SYMO INVERTER SERIES
THE SUPERFLEX DESIGN OF THE FRONIUS SYMO INVERTER SERIES 1. Introduction The PV applications where the use of more than one Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) makes sense are manifold and diverse. This
More informationDesign of Grid Connect PV systems. Palau Workshop 8 th -12 th April
Design of Grid Connect PV systems Palau Workshop 8 th -12 th April INTRODUCTION The document provides the minimum knowledge required when designing a PV Grid connect system. The actual design criteria
More informationSolar Energy Systems. Matt Aldeman Senior Energy Analyst Center for Renewable Energy Illinois State University
Solar Energy Solar Energy Systems Matt Aldeman Senior Energy Analyst Center for Renewable Energy Illinois State University 1 SOLAR ENERGY OVERVIEW 1) Types of Solar Power Plants 2) Describing the Solar
More informationAdditional Solar System Information and Resources
Additional Solar System Information and Resources Background information a. Roughly 400 schools in NJ already have solar systems, producing more than 91 MW, out of approximately 2500 K- 12 schools in NJ.
More informationANALYSIS 2: Photovoltaic Glass Replacement
ANALYSIS 2: Photovoltaic Glass Replacement Problem Identification Bridgeside II is designed to accommodate 80 percent lab space and 20 percent office space. Laboratory equipment can consume a considerable
More informationSolar Cell Optimization: Cutting Costs and Driving Performance
Solar Cell Optimization: Cutting Costs and Driving Performance 1 Executive Summary Over the past several years, DC optimizers have become an important technological ingredient in many residential, commercial
More informationSolar Electric Power System Owner s Manual
GE Energy Solar Electric Power System Owner s Manual v4.2nmtr Safety...3 Documents...4 Congratulations...5 Principles of Operation...5 Measuring Your Power and Energy...7 Table of Contents Estimating Your
More informationReplacing Fuel With Solar Energy
Replacing Fuel With Solar Energy Analysis by Michael Hauke, RSA Engineering January 22, 2009 The Right Place for Solar Energy Harvesting solar energy at South Pole can reduce the fuel consumption needed
More informationAdvanced Electricity Storage Technologies Program. Smart Energy Storage (Trading as Ecoult) Final Public Report
Advanced Electricity Storage Technologies Program Smart Energy Storage (Trading as Ecoult) Final Public Report Introduction Ecoult, working with CSIRO as its principal subcontractor, was provided $1,825,440
More informationLEHI CITY POWER NET METERING STANDARDS For Customer-Owned Electric Generating Systems
LEHI CITY POWER NET METERING STANDARDS For Customer-Owned Electric Generating Systems A. General This Net Metering Standard for Customer-Owned Grid Connected Electric Generating Systems sets forth the
More informationSolarEdge. SolarEdge, Enphase Value Comparison. July 8, 2011
SolarEdge SolarEdge, Enphase Value Comparison July 8, 2011 1 Introduction Both the SolarEdgepower optimizer system and the Enphase microinverter system offer significant improvements over a traditional
More informationThe Solar Power Specialists. Elm Park House, Elm Park Court, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 3NN Solutions House, Unit A19, 20 Heron Road, Belfast, BT3 9LE
The Solar Power Specialists GB: 0845 64 39 772 NI: 0845 50 40 444 Email: info@metartecsolar.com Visit: www.metartecsolar.com Elm Park House, Elm Park Court, Pinner, Middlesex, HA5 3NN Solutions House,
More informationFact Sheet March 2013. Solar Photovoltaic Systems Electricity from Sunshine
Fact Sheet March 2013 Solar Photovoltaic Systems Electricity from Sunshine Farming connect Introduction Farming has always been about harvesting energy from the sun after all, every green leaf is a solar
More informationSolar Photovoltaic Frequently Asked Questions
Table of Contents 1. What is Solar Energy?... 2 2. What are the basic component of a Solar PV system?.2 3. What are the different types of PV systems ATL offers?...2 4. What is the difference between mono-crystalline
More informationWhat are the basic electrical safety issues and remedies in solar photovoltaic installations?
What are the basic electrical safety issues and remedies in solar photovoltaic installations? Presented by: Behzad Eghtesady City of Los Angeles Department of Building and Safety Topics Covered Photovoltaic
More informationHow oversizing your array-to-inverter ratio can improve solar-power system performance
How oversizing your array-to-inverter ratio can improve solar-power system performance By Jon Fiorelli and Michael Zuercher-Martinson, Solectria Renewables, Contributors PV system designers are tasked
More informationSatcon Solstice 100 kw System Solution
Clean power. SDMS-0100-208-LNU SDMS-0100-240-LNU SDMS-0100-480-LNU 5-12% mprovement in Total Energy Harvest 20-25% Reduction in Balance of System Expense The industry s first complete power-harvesting
More informationRenewable Energy. Solar Power. Courseware Sample 86352-F0
Renewable Energy Solar Power Courseware Sample 86352-F0 A RENEWABLE ENERGY SOLAR POWER Courseware Sample by the staff of Lab-Volt Ltd. Copyright 2009 Lab-Volt Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this
More information32/1/2013-14/PVSE(Part-II) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy SPV Off Grid Division
Annexure-A 32/1/2013-14/PVSE(Part-II) Ministry of New and Renewable Energy SPV Off Grid Division Scheme: Installation of 10,000 nos. of solar photovoltaic water pumping systems for irrigation purpose implemented
More informationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 3, ISSUE 4, APRIL 2014 ISSN 2277-8616
More Efficient Use Of Photovoltaic Solar Panel Using Multiple Fixed Directed Mirrors Or Aluminum Foils Instead Of Solar Trackers In Rural Perspective Of Bangladesh. Shahjahan Ahmed, Mohammad Mahmudul Alam
More information1 Table of Contents SolarEdge Site Design Tool
1 Table of Contents SolarEdge Site Design Tool SolarEdge Site Designer V2.2 2 Table of Contents Table of Contents... 2 Introduction... 3 Starting to Use the Site Designer... 4 Begin a New Project... 9
More informationConsumer guide. be brighter. actewagl.com.au/solar solar@actewagl.com.au 13 14 93
be brighter. Consumer guide. Your guide on how solar works, how much you can save on your electricity bills and how to choose the right provider and system for you. actewagl.com.au/solar solar@actewagl.com.au
More informationPhotovoltaic Systems II EE 446/646
Photovoltaic Systems II EE 446/646 Components of a grid-connected residential PV system (net meter) The inverter contains: Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) MPPT and Circuitry to disconnect the PV
More informationStand Alone PV System Sizing Worksheet (example)
Stand Alone PV System Sizing Worksheet (example) Application: Stand alone camp system 7 miles off grid Location: Baton Rouge, La Latitude: 31.53 N A. Loads A1 Inverter efficiency 85 A2 Battery Bus voltage
More informationRENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS
RENEWABLE ENERGY LABORATORY FOR LIGHTING SYSTEMS DUMITRU Cristian, Petru Maior University of Tg.Mureş GLIGOR Adrian, Petru Maior University of Tg.Mureş ABSTRACT Nowadays, the electric lighting is an important
More informationSPECIFICATIONS. Recommended Battery sizes (Maintenance) AUTOMOTIVE 150 650CCA 150 750CCA MARINE 200 700MCA 200 850MCA DEEP CYCLE 17 55Ah 17 80Ah
WARNING Read the operating instructions before use. Lead Acid Batteries can be dangerous. Ensure no sparks or flames are present when working near batteries. Eye protection should be used. Make sure the
More informationMinistry of New and Renewable Energy. Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS (2015-16)
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS (2015-16) I. INTRODUCTION A Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Water Pumping System consists
More informationCorona Department of Water & Power (DWP) Solar Partnership Program Guidelines and Application
Corona Department of Water & Power (DWP) Solar Partnership Program Guidelines and Application DWP s new Solar Partnership Program is available to help offset your investment in a PV system and get you
More informationAuburn University s Solar Photovoltaic Array Tilt Angle and Tracking Performance Experiment
Auburn University s Solar Photovoltaic Array Tilt Angle and Tracking Performance Experiment Julie A. Rodiek 1, Steve R. Best 2, and Casey Still 3 Space Research Institute, Auburn University, AL, 36849,
More informationPerformance Assessment of 100 kw Solar Power Plant Installed at Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology
Performance Assessment of 100 kw Solar Power Plant Installed at Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology Prakash Thomas Francis, Aida Anna Oommen, Abhijith A.A, Ruby Rajan and Varun S. Muraleedharan
More informationSolar Energy. Airports Going Green Aimee Fenlon
Solar Energy Airports Going Green Aimee Fenlon 1 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Electrical Generation Renewables: Source Advantages Disadvantages Solar PV No CO2; Needs no Fuel Intermittent no power at night,
More informationDistributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous Inverter System
Distributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous Inverter Go Electric Inc. www.goelectricinc.com 1 Distributed Power, Renewables, Stored Energy and the Grid Blinkless Synchronous
More informationSiting of Active Solar Collectors and Photovoltaic Modules
SOLAR CENTER INFORMATION NCSU Box 7401 Raleigh, NC 27695 (919) 515-3480 Toll Free 1-800-33-NC SUN Siting of Active Solar Collectors and Photovoltaic Modules To install a solar energy system properly, it
More informationNBF. Electrical. www.nbfelectrical.com.au WHY GO SOLAR? NBF ELECTRICAL EXPLAINS WHY
Electrical NBF www.nbfelectrical.com.au WHY GO SOLAR? NBF ELECTRICAL EXPLAINS WHY contact NBF Electrical Nathan Fielke Mobile: 0433 145 587 Fax: (08) 8346 4044 ABN 75 536 121 682 CEC A3966385 PGE197475
More informationDual Axis Sun Tracking System with PV Panel as the Sensor, Utilizing Electrical Characteristic of the Solar Panel to Determine Insolation
Dual Axis Sun Tracking System with PV Panel as the Sensor, Utilizing Electrical Characteristic of the Solar Panel to Determine Insolation Freddy Wilyanto Suwandi Abstract This paper describes the design
More informationNOTICE OF INTENT Department of Revenue Policy Services Division. Income Tax Credits for Wind or Solar Energy Systems (LAC: 61:I.
NOTICE OF INTENT Department of Revenue Policy Services Division Income Tax Credits for Wind or Solar Energy Systems (LAC: 61:I.1907) Under the authority of R.S. 47:287.785, R.S. 47:295, R.S. 47:1511, and
More informationThe image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted.
The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still
More informationTechnology Advantage
Technology Advantage 2 FIRST SOLAR TECHNOLOGY ADVANTAGE 3 The Technology Advantage Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) photovoltaic (PV) technology continues to set performance records in both research and real-world
More informationCOMMENTS OF THE SOLAR ALLIANCE NEW JERSEY INTERCONNECTION RULES APRIL 29 TH, 2011
COMMENTS OF THE SOLAR ALLIANCE NEW JERSEY INTERCONNECTION RULES APRIL 29 TH, 2011 I. Background The Solar Alliance is a group of approximately 30 of the largest photovoltaic (PV) solar development and
More informationIntegration Capacity Analysis Workshop 11/10/15 California IOU s Approach
Integration Capacity Analysis Workshop 11/10/15 California IOU s Approach READ AND DELETE For best results with this template, use PowerPoint 2003 10 November 2015 Background and Importance of ICA Definition:
More informationPower Electronics for Renewable Energy Integration into Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Kai SUN Aug 27, 2015
Power Electronics for Renewable Energy Integration into Hybrid AC/DC Microgrids Kai SUN Aug 27, 2015 厚 德 载 物 自 强 不 息 Dept. of Electrical Engineering Outlines Introduction Series-distributed Renewable Generation
More information2016 Santee Cooper Solar Home & Solar Share Home Program Manual
2016-17 2016 Santee Cooper Solar Home & Solar Share Home Program Manual Version 03232016 This Program Manual is intended to serve as a reference for Santee Cooper s residential Customers that are interested
More informationPhotovoltaic Incentive Program
Incentive type: Utility Rebate Program Eligible Technologies: Photovoltaic (PV) Photovoltaic Incentive Program Applicable Sector: Residential/Commercial/Industrial/Municipal System Maximum capacity: 20
More informationSolar and Wind Energy for Greenhouses. A.J. Both 1 and Tom Manning 2
Solar and Wind Energy for Greenhouses A.J. Both 1 and Tom Manning 2 1 Associate Extension Specialist 2 Project Engineer NJ Agricultural Experiment Station Rutgers University 20 Ag Extension Way New Brunswick,
More informationFundamentals of Photovoltaic solar technology For Battery Powered applications
Fundamentals of Photovoltaic solar technology For Battery Powered applications Solar is a natural energy source for many battery powered applications. With energy harvested from the sun, the size of batteries
More informationSOLAR TECHNOLOGY CHRIS PRICE TECHNICAL SERVICES OFFICER BIMOSE TRIBAL COUNCIL
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY CHRIS PRICE TECHNICAL SERVICES OFFICER BIMOSE TRIBAL COUNCIL SOLAR TECHNOLOGY Photovoltaics Funding Options Solar Thermal Photovoltaics 1. What are they and how do they work? 2. The Solar
More informationConcept for a DC low voltage house
Concept for a DC low voltage house Maaike M. Friedeman 1 Elisa C. Boelman Dr. Eng., MBA 1 Arjan van Timmeren, Ir. 1 Joop Schoonman, Prof. Dr. 2 1 TU Delft, Faculty of Architecture, dept. of building technology,
More informationFebruary 23, 2016. Paul Helstrom Minnesota Power Renewable Program Lead. Stacy Miller Minnesota Department of Commerce Solar Policy Specialist
February 23, 2016 Paul Helstrom Minnesota Power Renewable Program Lead Stacy Miller Minnesota Department of Commerce Solar Policy Specialist Agenda Overview of Solar Energy Markets in the US Overview
More informationINTRODUCTION WARNING S!!! VOC SHOULD BE BETWEEN 78 95. MUST NOT EXCEED 96 VOC USE DC CIRCUIT BREAKER/ISOLATOR BETWEEN SOLAR PANELS & CONTROLLER
INTRODUCTION Thank you for purchasing a WATERBOY pumping system. We set the standard for quality and economy in solar pumping. The WATERBOY range incorporates the best solar pump technologies that were
More informationSolar Kit. Complete solution to optimize your photovoltaic system
Solar Kit Complete solution to optimize your photovoltaic system April 2012 Mounting and selection quick guide On Grid Solar Kit rooftop installation INSTALLATION WITH OVERLAID SUB-STRUCTURE (A.1, A.2)
More informationMaking the most of free electricity from your solar panels
Making the most of free electricity from your solar panels A guide to your Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system Delivering Sustainable Energy Solutions www.wolverhamptonhomes.org.uk WHAM4001 05/13 2 Cut your
More informationHow To Use The Csi Ebpp Calculator
CSI EPBB Design Factor Calculator User Guide 1. Guide Overview This User Guide is intended to provide background on the California Solar Initiative (CSI) Expected Performance Based Buydown (EPBB) Design
More informationPERFORMANCE OF MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLERS A STATE OF THE ART ANALYSIS
PERFORMANCE OF MPPT CHARGE CONTROLLERS A STATE OF THE ART ANALYSIS Michael Müller 1, Roland Bründlinger 2, Ortwin Arz 1, Werner Miller 1, Joachim Schulz 2, Georg Lauss 2 1. STECA ELEKTRONIK GMBH, Mammostr.
More informationSolar Energy Discovery Lab
Solar Energy Discovery Lab Objective Set up circuits with solar cells in series and parallel and analyze the resulting characteristics. Introduction A photovoltaic solar cell converts radiant (solar) energy
More informationSOLAR PV INFORMATION. January, 2015
January, 2015 SOLAR PV INFORMATION Thank you for the opportunity to present you with information about Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Energy Systems in the East Texas area. This document will give you a brief
More informationOptimum Orientation of Solar Panels
Optimum Orientation of Solar Panels To get the most from solar panels, point them in the direction that captures the most sun. But there are a number of variables in figuring out the best direction. This
More informationBigger is Better: Sizing Solar Modules for Microinverters
Bigger is Better: Sizing Solar Modules for Microinverters Authors: David Briggs 1 ; Dave Williams 1 ; Preston Steele 1 ; Tefford Reed 1 ; 1 Enphase Energy, Inc. October 25, 2012 SUMMARY This study analyzed
More informationSolar Power HourSM. Solar educa on for your community.
Solar Power HourSM Solar educa on for your community. 1 Contents About. 1 Commonly Asked Questions.. 2-3 The Solar Site Assessment.. 3-4 Selecting a Solar Installer. 5-7 Certified Installers by State.
More informationEnphase Microinverters and Ungrounded Renewable Energy Systems: Canadian Electrical Code Compliance
WHITE PAPER Enphase Microinverters and Ungrounded Renewable Energy Systems: Canadian Electrical Code Compliance Overview Enphase has developed a new microinverter family that includes the M250 and new
More informationSpacecraft Power Systems
Spacecraft Power Systems AOE 4065 Space Design Refs: SMAD Chap 11.4, G&F Chap 10, F&S Chap 11, P&M Chap 6 Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS) Functions Supply electrical power to spacecraft loads Control
More informationYSmart Technology Co.,Ltd
YSmart Technology Co.,Ltd GWV Series Grid Tie Microinverter User Manual The copyright of this user manual belong to YSmart TechnologyCompany Limited. Without the written permission of the copyright holder,
More informationImplementation of the Movable Photovoltaic Array to Increase Output Power of the Solar Cells
Implementation of the Movable Photovoltaic Array to Increase Output Power of the Solar Cells Hassan Moghbelli *, Robert Vartanian ** * Texas A&M University, Dept. of Mathematics **Iranian Solar Energy
More informationSolar Energy Conversion using MIAC. by Tharowat Mohamed Ali, May 2011
Solar Energy Conversion using MIAC by Tharowat Mohamed Ali, May 2011 Abstract This work introduces an approach to the design of a boost converter for a photovoltaic (PV) system using the MIAC. The converter
More informationConcentrix Technology for Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants
Concentrix Technology for Utility-Scale Solar Power Plants The product Soitec is a leading manufacturer and supplier of concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems using highly effi cient Concentrix technology
More informationDesign of a Photovoltaic Data Monitoring System and Performance Analysis of the 56 kw the Murdoch University Library Photovoltaic System
School of Engineering and Information Technology ENG460 Engineering Thesis Design of a Photovoltaic Data Monitoring System and Performance Analysis of the 56 kw the Murdoch University Library Photovoltaic
More informationSolar Matters III Teacher Page
Solar Matters III Teacher Page Solar Powered System - 2 Student Objective Given a photovoltaic system will be able to name the component parts and describe their function in the PV system. will be able
More informationSolar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems
ARTICLE 690 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems INTRODUCTION TO ARTICLE 690 SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS You ve seen, or maybe own, photocell-powered devices such as night lights, car coolers, and toys.
More informationEducation in the field of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic Prof. Vitezslav Benda
Education in the field of photovoltaics in the Czech Republic Prof. Vitezslav Benda Department Electrotechnology Czech Technical University in Prague Photovoltaics is one of the most dynamically growing
More informationFor millennia people have known about the sun s energy potential, using it in passive
Introduction For millennia people have known about the sun s energy potential, using it in passive applications like heating homes and drying laundry. In the last century and a half, however, it was discovered
More informationIrradiance. Solar Fundamentals Solar power investment decision making
Solar Fundamentals Solar power investment decision making Chilean Solar Resource Assessment Antofagasta and Santiago December 2010 Edward C. Kern, Jr., Ph.D., Inc. Global Solar Radiation Solar Power is
More informationPhoto Kirklees IS SOLAR ENERGY FOR ME? A guide to going solar
Photo Kirklees IS SOLAR ENERGY FOR ME? A guide to going solar WHY SOLAR? Economics Solar energy can reduce bills, earn you money and protect you from rising energy prices. Solar is a free source of energy
More informationMODULAR SYSTEM OF INVERTERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM AT THE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE OSTRAVA
MODULAR SYSTEM INVERTERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM AT THE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE OSTRAVA ENET ENERGY UNITS FOR UTILIZATION NON TRADITIONAL ENERGY SOURCES petr.vaculik@vsb.cz MODULAR SYSTEM INVERTERS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC
More informationSolar Power Systems Web Monitoring
Solar Power Systems Web Monitoring Bimal Aklesh Kumar Department of Computer Science and Information Systems Fiji National University Abstract All over the world the peak demand load is increasing and
More informationSOLAR ChARge CONTROLLeRS
Steca Tarom MPPT 6000, 6000-M The Steca Tarom MPPT solar charge sets new standards in the area of Maximum Power Point trackers. Outstanding efficiency along with unique safety features make it a universal
More informationPhotovoltaic String Inverters and Shade-Tolerant Maximum Power Point Tracking: Toward Optimal Harvest Efficiency and Maximum ROI
Figure at left Ut alissen dignibh esse dipsumsan velisse tem zzriliquis alit lore facidui etum zzrillan hendignit, ver irit augait luptat faccum iliquatue facilit aliquis molore. Photovoltaic String Inverters
More informationApplication Information Improving Efficiency in Smart Grid Applications With Fully Integrated Current Sensing ICs
Application Information Improving Efficiency in Smart Grid Applications With Fully Integrated Current Sensing ICs By Shaun Milano, and Andreas P. Friedrich Allegro MicroSystems Europe Focus on the Photovoltaic
More informationAPPLICATION NOTE TESTING PV MICRO INVERTERS USING A FOUR QUADRANT CAPABLE PROGRAMMABLE AC POWER SOURCE FOR GRID SIMULATION. Abstract.
TESTING PV MICRO INVERTERS USING A FOUR QUADRANT CAPABLE PROGRAMMABLE AC POWER SOURCE FOR GRID SIMULATION Abstract This application note describes the four quadrant mode of operation of a linear AC Power
More informationActivity 9: Solar-Electric System PUZZLE
Section 4 Activities Activity 9: Solar-Electric System Puzzle ACTIVITY TYPE: Worksheet Overview: Introduces the basic components of the Solar 4R Schools (S4RS) solar-electric system and identifies the
More informationTIME IS RIGHT FOR SOLAR PANELS
TIME IS RIGHT FOR SOLAR PANELS Cut your home electric blls! The sun floods the earth with energy. Solar panels generate electricity that is free of emissions that harm our atmosphere and costs nothing.
More informationCurrent Transformers
Tyco Electronics Corporation Crompton Instruments 1610 Cobb International Parkway, Unit #4 Kennesaw, GA 30152 Tel. 770-425-8903 Fax. 770-423-7194 Current Transformers Current transformers (CT's) provide
More informationHarmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies
Soonwook Hong, Ph. D. Michael Zuercher Martinson Harmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies 1. Introduction PV inverters use semiconductor devices to transform the
More informationFinancial Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Power plant in India
Financial Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Power plant in India M. Ganga Prasanna, S. Mahammed Sameer, G. Hemavathi Department of Management Studies MadanapalleInstitute of Technology& Science Post Box No:
More informationCSP-gas hybrid plants: Cost effective and fully dispatchable integration of CSP into the electricity mix
CSP-gas hybrid plants: Cost effective and fully dispatchable integration of CSP into the electricity mix Erik Zindel Director Marketing CSP (Power Block) Siemens AG PowerGen Europe 2012 Köln Messe, 12-14
More informationSolar Solutions and Large PV Power Plants. Oscar Araujo Business Development Director - Americas
Solar Solutions and Large PV Power Plants Oscar Araujo Business Development Director - Americas Solar Business of Schneider Electric The Solar Business of Schneider Electric is focused on designing and
More informationPhotovoltaic System Overcurrent Protection
Photovoltaic System Overcurrent Protection Photovoltaic System Overcurrent Protection Introduction Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems have, over the last fifty years, evolved into a mature, sustainable and
More informationBalancing and Reserve Power by PV Plants. Ken Christensen MSEE, BSEE Global Product Manager, SMA Utility-Scale and Hybrid Solutions
Balancing and Reserve Power by PV Plants Ken Christensen MSEE, BSEE Global Product Manager, SMA Utility-Scale and Hybrid Solutions IEEE PES 2014 2 Disclaimer IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE This presentation does
More informationImpact of Reflectors on Solar Energy Systems
Impact of Reflectors on Solar Energy Systems J. Rizk, and M. H. Nagrial Abstract The paper aims to show that implementing different types of reflectors in solar energy systems, will dramatically improve
More informationApplication Bulletin 103 - NEC Reference Guide for SolarBridge-Enabled AC Module Installers
9229 Waterford Centre Dr. Bldg C, Suite 110 Austin, Tx 78758 Application Bulletin 103 - NEC Reference Guide for SolarBridge-Enabled AC Module Installers Current Version: 13 AC Modules are a new product
More informationSolar Energy Systems
Solar Energy Systems Energy Needs Today s global demand for energy is approximately 15 terawatts and is growing rapidly Much of the U.S. energy needs are now satisfied from petroleum (heating, cooling,
More informationVirginia Solar Co-op FAQs
Solar Basics How do solar panels work? Photovoltaic cells convert the energy from the sun into electricity and are arranged together to form solar panels. The inverters then convert the electricity generated
More information