Caching and State Management in ASP.NET. speaker: Fritz Onion session: A9
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1 Caching and State Management in ASP.NET speaker: Fritz Onion session: A9 1
2 Outline Caching Caching opportunities in ASP.NET Page output caching Page fragment caching Data caching State management Application state Session state Out-of-process session state Database-backed session state 2
3 Caching Caching in Web applications can provide dramatic improvements in performance. ASP.NET provides caching at several levels for you to leverage and improve the responsiveness of your application. 3
4 Caching opportunities in ASP.NET There are two obvious places where caching can improve pageaccess efficiency in ASP.NET Caching a page (or portion of a page) so that the code to generate the page need not be run Caching data from a back-end data source in the worker process to avoid round trips ASP.NET provides features to support both types of caching Page output caching Page fragment caching Data caching 4
5 Caching opportunities in ASP.NET HTTP Request GET /foo/foo.aspx HTTP Response HTTP/ OK... aspnet_ewp.exe (ASP.NET Worker Process) aspnet_eisapi.dll (ASP.NET ISAPI Extension) 1 IHttpHandler Page Class 2 INETINFO.EXE (IIS) 1 Preempt page class execution and return cached version of page (Output caching) Database Server 2 Save round-trips to the database server by caching static data in the data cache 5
6 Output Caching Dynamically generated.aspx pages can be cached for efficiency Instead of re-generating each.aspx page for identical requests, the pages are cached OutputCache directive controls caching duration (in seconds) Can control programmatically using the HttpCachePolicy class Cache used for GET, POST, or HEAD requests if possible Caching of GET requests with query strings or POST requests with bodies controlled by VaryByParam property 6
7 Setting an absolute expiration for retaining a page in the output cache <%@ OutputCache Duration="3600" VaryByParam="none" %> <html> <script language="c#" runat="server"> void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) { msg.text = DateTime.Now.ToString(); } </script> <body> <h3>output Cache example</font></h3> <p>last generated on: <asp:label id="msg" runat="server"/> </body> </html> 7
8 HttpCachePolicy class public sealed class HttpCachePolicy { public HttpCacheVaryByHeaders VaryByHeaders {get;} public HttpCacheVaryByParams VaryByParams {get;} public void AppendCacheExtension(string extension); public void SetCacheability(HttpCacheability cacheability); public void SetExpires(DateTime date); public void SetLastModified(DateTime date); public void SetMaxAge(TimeSpan delta); public void SetNoServerCaching(); public void SetSlidingExpiration(bool slide); //... } public sealed class HttpResponse { public HttpCachePolicy Cache {get;} //... public class Page :... } { public HttpResponse Response {get;} //... } 8
9 Modiyfing a page's caching policy programmatically <html> <script language="c#" runat="server"> void Page_Load(Object sender, EventArgs e) { Response.Cache.SetExpires(DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(360)); Response.Cache.SetCacheability(HttpCacheability.Public); Response.Cache.SetSlidingExpiration(true); msg.text = DateTime.Now.ToString(); } </script> <body> <h3>output Cache example</font></h3> <p>last generated on: <asp:label id="msg" runat="server"/> </body> </html> 9
10 Caching multiple versions of a page Pages requested using GET with an accompanying query string, or POST with a body must cache multiple versions for correctness VaryByParam property determines how many versions of page are cached Specifying VaryByParam to "none" means that only GET requests with no query strings or POST requests with no body will hit the cache Specifying VaryByParam to "*" means that as many different querystring or POST body requests are received will be cached 10
11 VaryByParam values VaryByParam value none * v1 v1;v2 Description One version of page cached (only raw GET) n versions of page cached based on query string and/or POST body n versions of page cached based on value of v1 variable in query string or POST body n versions of page cached based on value of v1 and v2 variables in query string or POST body <%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="none" %> <%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="*" %> <%@ OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="name;age" %> 11
12 Other cache varying options The OutputCache directive supports several other cache varying options VaryByHeader - maintain separate cache entry for header string changes (UserAgent, UserLanguage, etc.) VaryByControl - for user controls, maintain separate cache entry for properties of a user control VaryByCustom - can specify separate cache entries for browser types and version or provide a custom GetVaryByCustomString method in HttpApplicationderived class 12
13 Page Fragment Caching Portions of a page can be cached as well Must be separated out into a user control OutputCache directive specified in user control file (.ascx) VaryByControl property lets you cache multiple versions of the user control based on control values within the user control Ideal for menus, navigation bars, title bars, or any replicated piece used in multiple pages that changes infrequently 13
14 Page fragment caching MyUserControl.ascx OutputCache Duration="60" VaryByParam="none" %> Control Language=C# %> <script runat=server> protected void Page_Load(Object src, EventArgs e) { m_date.text = "Control generated at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } </script> <asp:label id=m_date runat=server /> Client.aspx <%@ Page Language=C# %> <%@ Register TagPrefix="DM" TagName="UserFrag" Src="MyUserControl.ascx" %> <html> <script runat=server> protected void Page_Load(Object src, EventArgs e) { m_pagedate.text = "Page generated at " + DateTime.Now.ToString(); } </script> <body> <DM:UserFrag runat=server /> <br> <asp:label id=m_pagedate runat=server /> </body></html> 14
15 Data Caching ASP.NET provides a full-featured cache engine that can be used by pages to store data across HTTP requests Accessible through Page.Cache property (or HttpContext.Cache) Supports simple dictionary interface for caching values Explicit control over expiration of values possible File and key dependencies can be created using the CacheDependency class Cache is recreated for each application instance Used extensively by HTTP pipeline itself State protected using multi-reader, single-writer lock 15
16 Using the cache Import Namespace="System.Data" %> Import Namespace="System.Data.SqlClient" %> <html> <script language="c#" runat="server"> protected void Page_Load(Object src, EventArgs e) { DataView dv = (DataView)Cache.Get("EmployeesDataView"); if (dv == null) { // wasn't there SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection("server=localhost;uid=sa;pwd=;database=Test"); SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter("select * from Employees", conn); DataSet ds = new DataSet(); da.fill(ds, "Employees"); dv = ds.tables["employees"].defaultview; Cache.Insert("EmployeesDataView", dv); conn.close(); } else Response.Write("<h2>Loaded employees from data cache!</h2>"); lb1.datasource = dv; lb1.datatextfield = "Name"; lb1.datavaluefield = "Age"; DataBind(); } </script> <body><asp:listbox id="lb1" runat=server /></body> </html> 16
17 Cache entry attributes When adding cache entries, several attributes can be specified Dependencies (on files, directories, or other cache entries) Absolute expiration time Sliding expiration time Relative priority Rate of priority decay Callback function for removal notification 17
18 Setting cache entry attributes <script language=c# runat=server> public void Application_OnStart() { System.IO.StreamReader sr = new System.IO.StreamReader("pi.txt"); string pi = sr.readtoend(); Context.Cache.Add("pi", pi, null, Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration, CacheItemPriority.NotRemovable, CacheItemPriorityDecay.Never, null); } </script> 18
19 Removing objects from the cache Objects can be explicitly taken out of the cache by calling Remove Cache can remove item implicitly for a variety of reasons Data expiration Memory consumption Low priority data removed first Values marked with Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration, Cache.NoSlidingExpiration, CacheItemPriority.NotRemovable, or CacheItemPriorityDecay.Never are never removed Can register for removal notification, including reason 19
20 Using removal notication callback <script language=c# runat=server> public void Application_OnStart() { System.IO.StreamReader sr = new System.IO.StreamReader("pi.txt"); string pi = sr.readtoend(); Context.Cache.Add("pi", pi, null, Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration, new TimeSpan(0, 5, 0), CacheItemPriorityDecay.Never, new CacheItemReomovedCallback(this.OnRemove)); } public void OnRemove(string key, object val, CacheItemRemovedReason r) { // respond to cache removal here } </script> 20
21 State Management Web programmers must be very state conscious as all communication occurs over an essentially connectionless protocol (HTTP). ASP.NET provides assistance in tracking, storing, and transmitting application state. 21
22 Types of State Web applications must be careful about where state is kept Application State - maintained on an application level, useful for global application settings, best kept read-only (like database connection string) Session State - individual data stored for a given user while interacting with the application (like items in a shopping cart) Cookie State - state maintained by the client browser and passed back with subsequent requests Control State - individual controls on a form need to maintain state for user-interface consistency 22
23 Application State Application state is accessed through the HttpApplication object's Application property Ideally, application state is loaded on Application_Start and then only accessed by pages If concurrent updates to application state may be an issue, protect access by calling Application.Lock() first, matched with a call to Application.Unlock() Not shared across either web-farms or web-gardens For read-only type data, prefer the data cache over Application state 23
24 Sample use of Application state // Inside of global.asax void Application_Start() { DataSet ds = new DataSet(); // population of dataset from ADO.NET query not shown } // Create new dataview based on table and cache DataView view = new DataView(ds.Tables[0]); Application["FooDataView"] = view; // In some page within the application void Page_Load(Object Src, EventArgs E) { DataView Source = (DataView)(Application["FooDataView"]); //... MyDataGrid.DataSource = Source; //... } 24
25 Session State Session state is used to store individual data for a user during page interaction Session state is scoped by a single client session, and is tagged with a unique (and hard to guess) session ID The session ID is transmitted between the client and server using cookies (or munged URLs if cookieless mode is enabled) Accessed through the Session property of a page, which references the current HttpSession object provided by the HTTP runtime State is typically initialized in Session_Start handler in global.asax 25
26 Sample use of Session state // Inside of global.asax void Session_Start() { Session["Age"] = -1; // initialize state } // Inside a page of the application protected void Submit_Click(Object sender, EventArgs E) { Session["Age"] = AgeField.Value; // save age user entered //... } // Inside another page of the application // only let user vote if he/she is over 18 if (Session["Age"] >= 18) VoteButton.Enabled = true; else VoteButton.Enabled = false; 26
27 Issues with session state Session state management problematic in ASP Relies on cookies to track clients (may be disabled) Serializes all requests from a given client Does not survive process shutdown Is not maintained across machines in a web farm/garden Session state management improved in ASP.NET Can avoid relying on cookies to track clients May not serialize all requests from a given client Can configure to survive process shutdown Can configure to work across machines in a web farm/garden 27
28 Configuring Session State The way ASP.NET manages session state for you is configurable The sessionstate section of web.config can be used to configure session state Lets you control things like whether cookies are used to pass the session ID, how long before the session times out, and so on ASP.NET introduces the capability of storing session state transparently in a distinct process (service) potentially on a different machine, or even more appealing, in a database indexed by session ID 28
29 SessionState options Value cookieless mode stateconnectionstring sqlconnectionstring timeout Meaning Pass SessionID via cookies or URL munging? [Off InProc SqlServer StateServer] Server name and port for StateServer Sql connection string for SqlServer state Session state timeout value (minutes) 29
30 web.config file modifying session state configuration <configuration> <system.web> <sessionstate mode="stateserver" stateconnectionstring=" :8081" cookieless="true" timeout="40" /> </system.web> </configuration> 30
31 Tracking clients Session management predicated on associating clients with HTTP request messages No intrinsic support in the protocol HTTP pipeline's session management module supports two techniques, cookies or mangled URLs Controlled by <sessionstate> configuration element's cookieless attribute 31
32 Session key maintained with cookies POST /foo/test.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: ContentType: text/html ContentLength: nnn Name=Fred... Request Response HTTP/ OK ContentType: text/html ContentLength: nnn Set-Cookie: AspSessionId=xyz; path=/ <html>... 32
33 Session key maintained with URL mangling POST /foo/test.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: ContentType: text/html ContentLength: nnn Name=Fred... Request Redirect HTTP/ Found Location: POST /xyz/foo/test.aspx HTTP/1.1 Host: ContentType: text/html ContentLength: nnn Name=Fred... Re-request Response HTTP/ OK ContentType: text/html ContentLength: nnn <html>... 33
34 Session key maintenance: cookies vs. mangled URLs Cookies... Are more efficient Are not supported by clients who have disabled them Mangled URLs... Work with clients that don't accept/support cookies Are less efficient Will not work if clients always use absolute URLs 34
35 Storing session state out of process May want session state to survive process restart May want session state to be available from different processes Session state can be stored out of process In local or remote Windows 2000 service In local or remote SQL server Stored as opaque byte stream, can't be worked with in place Roundtrips required to load/store content and to refresh timeout period Roundtrips required to make content durable when client's interactive session ends 35
36 Storing session state out of process aspnet_ewp.exe aspnet_eisapi.dll INETINFO.EXE aspnet_ewp.exe DB Server Server A Server B aspnet_ewp.exe ASPState- TempSessions aspnet_eisapi.dll INETINFO.EXE aspnet_ewp.exe SQL Server 36
37 Roundtrips Session manager uses signaling interfaces to improve performance by avoiding unnecessary roundtrips IReadOnlySessionState causes 1 roundtrip to load IRequiresSessionState causes 2 roundtrips to load/store Neither causes 1 roundtrip to update timeout period Lots of roundtrips cannot be avoided Session manager forced to poll if record is exclusively locked Other data access work involves additional roundtrips 37
38 Indicating session state serialization requirements in Pages foo.aspx Page EnableSessionState="false" %> Generates class foo_aspx : Page {... foo.aspx <%@ Page EnableSessionState="readonly" %> Generates class foo_aspx : Page, IReadOnlySessionState {... (default) foo.aspx <%@ Page EnableSessionState="true" %> Generates class foo_aspx : Page, IRequiresSesssionState {... 38
39 Roundtrips Roundtrip performance often worse than (and never better than) you can do by hand Especially if session content has to be durable anyway Consider filling shopping cart and checking out... If items stored in session, requires 2 roundtrips per item and 3 to checkout rt = 2 * items + 3 If items stored in table, requires 1 roundtrip per item and 1 to checkout rt = items
40 Summary Output caching is effective in reducing dynamic page generation Data caching is useful for localizing data access Application state is useful for storing read-only data within applications Session state can be configured in several different ways with ASP.NET Session state can be tracked using cookies or mangled URLs Session state can be mapped to external storage engines 40
41 Questions 41
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