Lecture 7: Soils and Infiltration

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1 Lecture 7: Soils and Infiltration Key Questions 1. What is a soil? 2. How are soil types classified? 3. What is infiltration? 4. What quantities control infiltration rate? 5. What is soil storage 6. What is soil porosity 7. What is capillarity? rain drop infiltrating into soil

2 Soil type and thickness affect runoff and streamflow

3 Soil is an unconsolidated aggregate of mineral and rock fragments ranging in size from clay, silt, sand, to gravel. Some soils (near surface) also contain organic matter.

4 Soil type (or classification) is determined by fragment (clast) size and distribution of clast sizes. RELATIVE SIZES

5 Soil classification can get more descriptive, but for hydrology purposes we use clast size.

6 USDA Soil Texture Classification relative size

7 Soil Survey of Whatcom County Area, Washington By Alan Goldin, Ph.D., Soil Conservation Service Washington State Department of Natural Resources United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service Figure 1. Location of Whatcom County In Washington.

8 Digital soil data (for ArcGIS) is available from the following data base.

9 Soil Coverage (USDA)

10 Infiltration is the movement of water INTO the soil surface infiltration

11 Percolation is the movement of water WITHIN the soil matrix. percolation

12 Percolation rate controls the infiltration rate infiltration percolation

13 When the rainfall rate exceeds the infiltration rate, surface ponding and runoff occurs ponding and runoff

14 Open the link below and read about infiltration

15 wet silt dry sand moist sand

16 nothing happening water is flowing in fast

17 water is coming out water flowing in slowly

18 nothing came out nothing came out

19 surface runoff soil storage nothing came out groundwater recharge

20 Infiltration (and runoff) is controlled by soil type, thickness, original water content, and precipitation characteristics infiltration runoff

21 Moist soils produce more runoff than dry soils

22 sandy soils allow water to infiltrate silt and clay soils have slow infiltration rates, hence more surface runoff

23 The degree of infiltration and runoff depends on the soil type clays have extremely low infiltration rates (high runoff) sands have high infiltration rates USDA Soil Texture Classification silts have low infiltration rates

24 Rainfall characteristics determine the amount of infiltration versus runoff light rain more infiltration heavy rain more runoff infiltration runoff

25 Soil storage is the amount of water the soil can hold. It is controlled by the soil type, thickness, and porosity.

26 Porosity is a measure of void space in a soil

27 total volume of dry soil

28 water volume

29 saturate soil

30 water loss volume of voids saturated soil

31 volume of voids saturated soil total volume porosity = volume of voids total volume

32 Grain-size distribution controls the magnitude of porosity uniform grain sizes mixture of grain sizes porosity 40% porosity 25%

33 surface runoff soil water storage nothing came out groundwater recharge

34 After water has drained by gravity, some water is held between the pore spaces by tension (capillary forces)

35 water is polar + +

36 The polar nature of water causes it to adhere to solid surfaces and bond to other water molecules (cohesion) read about adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension

37 The tension or capillary forces are created by molecular forces of attraction between the sand water air and are the same forces that bind sand together in the sculpture below

38 Open the link below and read about water properties and capillarity

39 Soils with smaller clasts have greater water holding capacity (stronger capillary forces) clay sand silt

40 watershed Q Hydrograph Q Q = stream discharge Time

41 sandy soils silt and clay soils Hydrograph Hydrograph Q attenuated response Q rapid high peak response Time Time

42 Hydrograph Q very rapid high peak response Impervious surfaces in urban settings don t allow any infiltration, hence very rapid surface runoff Time

43 Water flows to both sides and across Squalicum Parkway near the intersection with Roeder Avenue on Wednesday, January 7, 2009

44 The frost line is 4 to 6 feet in Minnesota Hydrograph Q very rapid high peak response Frozen soils don t allow any infiltration, hence very rapid surface runoff Time

45

46 Fargo North Dakota: March 13,

47 thick, dry soils can store a lot of rain, hence produce less runoff (if they are dry to begin with) Hydrograph Q Time

48 thin soils saturate quicker, hence produce more runoff Hydrograph Q Time

49 soils near saturation produce more runoff Hydrograph Q Time

50 water can flow through the soils toward a stream Hydrograph Q Time

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