2 open monitoring OM. Sears Kraus 2009 Baer 2003 Grossman et al Lush et al Shapiro Perlman. focused attention FA.

Transcription

1 DOI: /j.cnki Journal of Psychological Science * 彭彦琴 ** 居敏珠 Sears Kraus 2009 Baer 2003 Grossman et al Lush et al Shapiro open monitoring OM Shapiro 2006 OM FA attention intention attitude reperceiving Shapiro Shapiro self - regulation and self - management values clarification cognitive emotional and behavioral flexibility exposure Perlman 2010 focused attention FA Sears Krau Perlman Carmody 2009 Shapiro Carmody Grant & Rainville 2009 Shaprio Carmody * ** 2012SJB jmzh_1217@ yahoo. com. cn

2 Kabat - Zinn 2003 Cahn 2005 Polich 2006 Shapiro Carlson / doing mode of mind being mode of mind Williams 2010

3 Mindfulness - Based Stress Reduction Program MBSR Mindfulness - Based Cognitive Therapy MBCT Teasdale Segal William Linden 1973 Tang Jha 2007

4 1012 Carmody & Baer 2008 Erisman Roemer 2010 Grant et al. Erisman S. M. & Roemer L A preliminary investigation of the effects of experimentally induced mindfulness on emotional re Jha et al Perlman et al Watkins et al mindfulness - based stress reduction program. Psychology sponding to film clips. Emotion Zen Meditators. Emotion Psychosomatic Medicine Grossman P. Niemann L. Schmidt S. & Walach H Mindfulness - based stress reduction and health benefits. A meta - analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research Jha A. P. Krompinger J. & Baime M. J Mindfulness training modifies subsystems of attention. Cognitive Affective & Be- havioral Neuroscience Practice Linden W Sephton S. E Mindfulness meditation for symptom reduction in fibromyalgia Psychophysiological correlates. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings Perlman D. M. Salomons T. V. Davidson R. J. & Lutz A Differential effects on pain intensity and unpleasantness of two meditation practices. Emotion Sears S. & Kraus S I think therefore I Om Cognitive distortions and coping style as mediators for the effects of mindfulness Baer R. A Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology Science and meditation on anxiety positive and negative affect and hope. Journal of Clinical Psychology Practice Cahn B. R. & Polich J Meditation states and traits EEG Shapiro S. L The Interation of Mindfulness and Psychology. ERP and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bullletin Carmody J. & Baer R. A Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness medical and psychological symptoms and well - being in a mindfulness - based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine Carmody J. & Baer R. A How long does a mindfulness - based stress reduction program need to be A review of class contact hours and effect sizes for psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Psychology Carmody J. Olendzki N. Baer R. A. & Lykins E. L. B An empirical study of the mechanisms of mindfulness in a Journal of Clinical Grant J. A. Courtemanche J. Duerden E. G. Duncan G. H. & Rainville P Cortical Thickness and Pain Sensitivity in Grant J. A. & Rainville P Pain sensitivity and analgesic effects of mindful states in Zen meditators A cross - sectional study. Jha A. P. Stanley E. A. Kiyonaga A. Wong L. & Gelfand L Examining the protective effects of mindfulness training on working memory capacity and affective experience. Emotion Kabat Zinn J Mindfulness - based interventions in context Past present and future. Clinical Psychology Science and Practicing of meditation by school children and their levels of field dependence - independence test anxiety and reading achievement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Lush E. Salmon P. Floyd A. Studts J. L. Weissbecker I. & Journal of Clinical Psychology Shapiro S. L. & Carlson L. E The art and science of mindfulness Integrating mindfulness into psychology and the helping professions. Washington DC American Psychological Association Publications. Shapiro S. L. Carlson L. E. Astin J. A. & Freedman B Mechanisms of mindfulness. Journal of Clinical Psychology

5 1013 Tang Y. Y. Ma Y. H. Wang J. H. Fan Y. X. Feng S. G. Lu Q. L. et al Short - term meditation training improves attention and self - regulation. Proceedings of the National A- cademy of Sciences of the United States of America Tang Y. Y. & Posner M. I Attention training and attention state training. Trends in Cognitive Sciences Watkins E. Teasdale J. D. & Williams R. M Decentring and distraction reduce overgeneral autobiographical memory in depression. Psychological Medicine Williams J. M. G Mindfulness and Psychological Process. E- motion The Heart of the Working Mechanism of Mindfulness Attention or Attitude Peng Yanqin Ju Minzhu Department of Psychology in School of Education SooChow University Suzhou Abstract Mindfulness which has its roots in Eastern contemplative traditions and is now integrated into psychological theories and practice is defined as the awareness that arises out of intentionally attending in an open and discerning way to whatever is occurring in the present moment. There are two different kinds of working mechanisms that can be identified described as attention and attitude. The attention refers to maintaining selective attention on the " primary object of observation and be aware of it from moment to moment". The attitude refers to attentive nonreactive awareness of whatever is occurring in the present moment " treating all thoughts as equal in value and neither pursuing them nor rejecting them". The question now is Which of the two mechanisms is the conclusive one Mindfulness is associated with a special state of consciousness that can be evoked when attention is purposefully brought to the present moment when fostering an open orientation to experience. It involves a high level of ability in the attentional control including sustained attention to maintain awareness of current experience attentional switch to bring attention back to the present moment when it wanders inhibition of elaborative processing to avoid dwelling or ruminating on thoughts or feelings that are outside of the present moment and non - directed attention to enhance awareness of present experience unfiltered by assumptions or expectations. To cultivate these abilities of the attentional control almost all the mindfulness practices start from attention training. On the other hand mindfulness training is about coming to see where the natural automatic reactions stop and the simulation elaboration and avoidance processes begin. It aims to cultivate a " being" opposite to " doing" mode of mind through meditation practices that teach people how to pay open - hearted attention to objects in the exterior and interior world as they unfold moment by moment through which practitioners switch their center of consciousness from prior experience and threatening imagination to present reality. In this way the meditation practitioner begins to see clearly the difference between automatic reactivity and the overlearned simulation processes that imbue objects and situations with extra implications. In this process the transformation of the center of attention is the most important. This hypothesis is directly and indirectly provided by a large number of empirical studies. Key words mindfulness mechanism attention attitude