A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGES AND APARTMENT COMPLEXES IN KOREA

Transcription

1 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGES AND APARTMENT COMPLEXES IN KOREA 125 sp Haeng Woo Shin Sejong University Da Eun Kim DA Group Co.,Ltd Young Ook Kim Sejong University Keywords: Traditional village Apartment complex Space syntax Haeng Woo Shin Sejong University, Gunja-dong 98, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul , Korea Da Eun Kim DA Group Co.,Ltd, Korea Young Ook Kim Sejong University, Gunja-dong 98, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul , Korea Abstract The objective of this study is to compare and analyze the spatial configuration of traditional villages and apartment complexes, and find out how the spatial configuration of a traditional village is expressed in an apartment complex. In a traditional village, there is a road system made up of main roads and side roads distinguished by road width. Public facilities are located on the main roads with high global integration and local integration, and become the central space for the outer parts and inner parts of the village, whereas the side roads are interpreted as obtaining privacy and creating separated space, as entry roads connecting the main roads to the individual houses. Apartment complexes tend to have their space planned according to functions. In case of public facilities, they are distributed throughout the whole complex according to their functions, and it has been analyzed that roads used for through traffic and for social interaction have had the through traffic function strengthened. Shops and plaza are located in the central space of a complex, forming a community, and in case of playgrounds, exercise facilities, resting places, and management office, they are located in a space with high local integration. The results of this study suggest that the traditional method of using space where the community was formed around an area that was highly accessible and easy to find is still being maintained in modern times. For modern apartment complexes, however, because space is designed by considering mainly its functions and objectives, they have limitations as a community construction. Introduction Although the modern dwelling forms such as apartment complexes have replaced traditional villages, we can hypothesize that the traditional spatial order native to Korea is being maintained. In this context, the purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the spatial configuration of traditional villages and apartment complexes, and discover how traditional spatial configuration appears in modern apartment complexes. The content and method in this paper is considered in detail as follows. First, previous researches are used to examine the structural

2 Figure 1: Global integration of the rural villages principles underlying traditional villages and modern dwellings. Characteristics of a traditional village are explained according to the theoretical spatial structure principles; spatial characteristics are understood according to the size and geographical characteristics of case studies, public facilities, and buildings designated as cultural assets. The characteristics of many modern apartment complexes that were influenced by the housing supply policy which actively advanced the home-building industry up until the 1990 s are examined, and the structural theory of outdoor space, laws and regulations related to public facilities and arrangement characteristics of that era are analyzed. Second, the spatial configuration of traditional villages and apartment complexes is analyzed, and general spatial configuration characteristics and spatial order are derived from the analysis by also including the public facilities that form the dwelling site. Spatial configuration is analyzed using the space syntax technique. Third, previous analyses of both the spatial configuration characteristics of traditional villages and spatial configuration characteristics of modern apartment complexes are compared. From this comparison, traditional spatial order that appears in modern dwelling sites is identified. Spatial Structure of Traditional Villages The South Korean government designated a total of six villages as traditional villages in order to preserve their traditional structures by preventing destruction and damages to the buildings and maintaining their original shape. Out of these, Wanggok village, Woiam village, Nakan village, and Sungeub village were chosen as case studies of traditional villages. The analysis results of spatial structure are summarized Figure 1 and Table 1-5.

3 Table 1: Public facilities of Wanggok village Table 2: Public facilities of Woiam village Table 3: Public facilities of Nakan village Table 4: Public facilities of Sung-ub village Spatial orders of facilities in traditional villages are shown in Table 5. It can be described that, first, the spatial ranking of the main road that connects the principal space to important facilities in the village is clearly distinguished, and the facilities are arranged along the main road. Public facilities are conveniently placed and foster community because they are located in areas with high integration along the main road. Government facilities are arranged at the center of the village in a space with high degree of recognition. Second, the spaces with high global integration and local integration coincide within the village. Thus, the principles of traditional spatial configuration accommodate a variety of actions for the residents in a particular dwelling space. Third, landmarks and social facilities or commercial facilities are located in the central space where the main roads intersect. The village tree exists as a landmark in all cases and this confirms that a natural element with a strong social characteristic identifies the central space of the village and functions to symbolize the village. For rural villages, the location of agricultural facilities in areas with high local integration

4 Table 5: Classification of public facilities of traditional villages creates a center for the community. Fourth, social facilities and commercial facilities have a high degree of accessibility and a high degree of recognition. This facilitates the natural exchange between neighbors by placing a natural element in a space with high integration. Thus a community is formed not solely by placing physical social facilities, but also by the placement of natural elements to induce communication. Fifth, the shared agricultural facilities in the village form an epicenter for the residents. These shared facilities are located in a space with good accessibility and a high degree of recognition, making their use easy for all residents. Analysis shows how a community forms among the residents around these shared agricultural facilities. Sixth, convenience facilities and ritual facilities are generally located at a place with a low spatial hierarchy. The meaning of ritual facilities is regarded as more important than their function because they are located in spaces with low accessibility. For example, the Confucian temple and school and prison are generally located independently in a space with a low spatial integration and these facilities are often situated outside of the village. Spatial Structure of Modern Apartment Complexes In order to analyze spatial structure, four modern housing complexes were selected. The results are summarized Figure 2 and Table 6-9. Table 6: Public facilities of Sanggye Y apartment complex Table 7: Public facilities of Hwikyeong J apartment complex

5 Table 8: Public facilities of Giheung K apartment complex Table 9: Public facilities of Giheung J apartment complex Figure 2: Global Integration of the modern apartment complexes Table 10 shows the results of spatial order analysis through the spatial integration ranking of public facilities within apartment complexes. First, main entrance area shows a high intelligibility, and spaces with high global integration and local integration are distinctly separated. Recognizable spaces for the entire apartment complex and the local centers can be sorted according to the different spatial functions and characteristics of each. Second, the shopping center

6 Table 10: Classification of public facilities of apartment complexes and public square are located in spaces with high global integration. Analysis shows that the shopping center and public square have a high degree of recognition and accessibility, identify the apartment complex, and serve as landmarks. Third, the management office, senior center, and kindergarten are public facilities that are differentiated according to gender and the age group of the users. Their global integration and local integration appear comparatively high, and they also tend to be connected in the arrangements. The playground where children play and exercise facilities where adults spend their time are shown to be located in spaces with low global integration and low local integration. Distinct spatial characteristics are hard to identify because subsidiary facilities are arranged in the remaining space after the planning of the residence towers. It is predicted that the usage rate of subsidiary facilities that are not connected to social facilities such as the public square and shopping center will be very low. Conclusion This study attempts to suggest a direction for planning modern dwellings through a comparison of modern dwelling sites and traditional dwelling sites in order to deal with the future changes in spatial configuration. In this paper, the characteristics of dwelling sites were identified through the process of quantitatively analyzing and comparing the spatial configuration of traditional villages and apartment complexes. The results of the research are as follows: First, traditional villages show a deep depth spatial configuration and a low degree of spatial recognition as a result of being formed under the influence of Confucian values that emphasized social rank as an organizing principle. In contrast, apartment complexes have a clear spatial configuration because they make use of the concept of functional spatial structures. Second, the spatial hierarchy for the central roads and roads that lead to family dwellings in traditional villages are distinct. In a traditional village, roads were used for many purposes, not only as a through traffic, but also as a place for exchanges. Apartment complex spaces have different spatial functions and characteristics because spaces with high global integration and local integration are separate. Third, traditional villages show low Intelligibility, but analysis shows the arrangement of public facilities to be systematic, which are arranged along the main road. For the apartment complexes, the intelligibility is shown to be high, but the arrangement of public facilities is not as systematic. It is judged that this is caused by different arrangement principle of public facilities. Fourth, the results of analyzing physical elements that compose space showed that public facilities in traditional villages, while not identical to

7 Schwander; Network Analysis Applied: The Railway Network in South East England the facilities in apartment complexes, carry out the same functions in different forms. The village tree and the marketplace of the village have been replaced by the public square and shopping center, while the kindergarten, senior center, and management office forms a community for the residents of modern apartment complexes just as agricultural facilities did for residents of traditional villages. Moreover, these replacements represent changes in social behavior from the past to the present as shrines, tombstones, and wells have been replaced with resting places, playgrounds and exercise facilities. This change in values is especially evident when comparing the division of use for public facilities. In traditional villages space was used according to gender, while in modern apartment complexes, the use of space is divided according to its functional use. Thus, the spatial arrangement in apartment complexes is being reshaped from one that focused on gender to one that focuses on function. In modern apartment complexes, a problem can be found in the way the connection between outside space and public facilities are planned, which is different from the organic way they were connected in traditional villages. Furthermore, the connection between the location of public facilities and the flow of everyday life is insufficient, and space is recognized for function and purpose rather than as a place for community living. Therefore, it can be said that modern community planning contains problems in regards to creating a cohesive community. To solve such problems, efforts to ensure a strong connection between public space and public facilities within housing complexes are needed. Reference Choi, JS 2005, A Study on the Spatial Structure of Wanggok Village, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.21, No.7, pp.103~112. Choi, J.S., Jung, G.Y., 2002, A Study on the Spatial Structure of Agricultural Villages in Yeongdong Area, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.18, No.11, pp.63~72. Kim, C.J., Kim, Y.O., Park, Y.G., 2002, A Study on the Resident's Satisfaction with Configuration of Spatial Structure for Outdoor Space in Urban Apartment Complex, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.18, No.11, pp.37~44. Lee, D.L., Park, J.S., 1998, A Planned Study on the Construction of Apartment`s External Space, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.14, No.4, pp.113~123. Lim, C.B., Han, K.H., Kim, K.W., 2004, The Study on Orientation and Arrangement in Traditional Settlement based on Street Condition, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.20, No.7, pp.103~110. Yang, S.J., Kim, Y.S., Park, Y.H., 2005, A Study on the Space Syntax Analysis of Spatial Composition in Traditional Korean Villages, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.21, No.10, pp.41~50. Yoon, D.K., Jung, M.W., 1984, A Study on the Hierarchical Order of Outdoor Space, Journal of Architectural Institute of Korea, Vol.28, No.118, pp.16~22. Yun, Y.H., Lee, K.E., Park, B.W., Cho, H.G., 1990, The Space Organization and Home Garden Style in Korean Traditional Villages, Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture, Vol.18, No.2, pp

8 Schwander; Network Analysis Applied: The Railway Network in South East England