ID-based Cryptography and Smart-Cards
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1 ID-based Cryptography and Smart-Cards Survol des techniques cryptographiques basées sur l identité et implémentation sur carte à puce The Need for Cryptography Encryption! Transform a message so that only the intended recipient can read it! Privacy concerns Digital signature! Relate a message to an individual! Publicly verifiable and (computationally) impossible to forge Non-repudiation
2 Secret-Key Cryptography Cytale, Caesar, Vernam, DES,! Symmetric encryption Symmetric Encryption Alice m C C m Enc Dec Alice and share the same key:
3 Secret-Key Cryptography Cytale, Caesar, Vernam, DES,! Symmetric encryption Limitations! Number of keys: n (n - 1)/2 n 2! Key distribution Public-Key Cryptography Inventors! Whitfield Diffie! Martin Hellman! Ralph Merkle Publications! W. Diffie & M. Hellman, New directions in cryptography, IEEE TIT, 22 : , 1976! R. Merkle, Secure communications over insecure channels, CACM, 21: , 1978
4 Analogy Privacy! Exchange of encrypted mail Analogy to padlocked boxes Padlocked Boxes Alice Order is important
5 Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Alice? x A? x B K A = g x A mod p K B = g x B mod p K AB = (K B ) x A mod p K BA = (K A ) x B mod p K AB = K BA Cryptographic Assumptions CDH problem! Given (g x mod p, g y mod p, g, p), compute g xy mod p DL problem! Given (g x mod p, g, p), compute x
6 Public-Key Cryptosystems Diffie-Hellman allows to exchange a secret over an insecure channel Limitations! Delays! Man-in-the-middle attack Public-key cryptography! Asymmetric encryption! Exchange of encrypted mails (2) Rivest-Shamir-Adleman 3 M.I.T. researchers! Leonard Adleman! Ronald Rivest! Adi Shamir Publication! R. Rivest, A. Shamir & L. Adleman, A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems, CACM, 21 : , 1978
7 RSA Cryptosystem (1/3) Dec SKB (Enc PKB (m)) = m Group (!/N!)*! Modular exponentiation in (!/N!)* Permutation iff gcd(e, φ(n)) = 1! Euler theorem Security based on factoring N RSA Cryptosystem (2/3) Key generation ()! p B et q B, N B = p B q B, e B s.t. gcd(e B, φ(n B )) = 1! PK = {e B, N B }! SK = {p B, q B, d B } with d B = e B -1 mod φ(n B ) Encryption (Alice)! C = m e B mod N B Decryption ()! C d B mod N B (Paddings)
8 RSA Cryptosystem (3/3) Alice e B, N B C = m e B mod N B m = C d B mod N B s certificate needs to be verified Other Applications RSA signature (1978)! Based on factoring! Dual function of RSA encryption ElGamal encryption/signature (1985)! Based on DL! Other groups (e.g., elliptic curves)
9 Identity-Based Cryptography Inventor! Adi Shamir, 1984 Key idea! Identity serves as public-key! Certificates become implicit (inside a domain) No known solution for encryption Indentity-Based Encryption (1/2) Y. Desmedt and J.-J. Quisquater, 1986 Security assumptions! Enc(Dec(m)) = m! Enc Dec! Tamper resistance
10 Identity-Based Encryption (2/2) Alice m Master key is present in all cards C C Enc = master key = s secret key Dec m Dec Id () Dec Boneh-Franklin Stanford/UC Davis researchers! Dan Boneh! Matt Franklin Publication! D. Boneh & M. Franklin, Identity based encryption from the Weil pairing, SIAM J. on Computing 32: , 2003
11 Boneh-Franklin IBE (1/3) Dec SKB (Enc IDB (m)) = m Admissible bilinear map e: " 1 " 1 " 2, i.e.,! [bilinear] e(ap, bq) = e(p, Q) ab! [non-degenerate] e(p, P) 1! [computable] efficient algorithm for e Security based on BDH problem! Given (P, ap, bp, cp), compute e(p, P) abc Boneh-Franklin IBE (2/3) Set-up (TTP)! e: " 1 " 1 " 2, h: {0,1}* " 1, H: " 2 {0,1} m! master SK: s! PK = {P pub = s P, P, e, h, H} Extract (TTP) e.g., for! d IDB = s Q IDB where Q IDB = h(id B ) Encryption (Alice)! Q IDB = h(id B ) and g IDB = e(q IDB, P pub )! (C 1, C 2 ) = (rp, m H(g IDBr )) Decryption ()! m = C 2 H(e(d IDB, C 1 ))
12 Boneh-Franklin IBE (3/3) Alice Sytem parameters Q IDB = h(id B ) g IDB = e(q IDB, P pub ) (C 1, C 2 ) = (rp, m H(g IDBr )) m = C 2 H(e(d IDB, C 1 )) Verification of certificates is implicit (inside the domain) Smart IBE Boneh-Franklin protocol on smart cards Prototype library! allowing to perform encryption/decryption First solution with the entire pairing computation performed on the smart card
13 Summary & Perspectives State of the art! Symmetric encryption (3DES, AES)! Asymmetric encryption (RSA, ECC)! ID-based encryption (Boneh-Franklin IBE) Smart card solutions for ID-based encryption! Desmedt-Quisquater IBE! Boneh-Franklin IBE (Smart IBE) Future research! More efficient implementations of pairings on constrained devices! Share the master key s amongst several TTPs! Design an IBE based on standard assumptions Comments/Questions? More info:
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