Part 1: Beginnings ad

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1 ContentS Contributors 10 List of maps 13 List of time charts 14 List of illustrations/photographs 15 Preface 18 Preface to the Revised Edition 19 Part 1: Beginnings ad Jesus: His life, ministry, death and its consequences 24 The Thought-world of Early Christianity The Church Begins: From Jerusalem to Rome 35 Peter 36 Paul Establishing Christianity: Challenges to the New Faith 46 The Religions of the Romans 48 Marcion 50 Tertullian 51 Origen Spreading the Good News: How and why Christianity expanded Archaeology and Earliest Christianity: What archaeologists can and cannot illuminate What the First Christians Believed: The faith is defined 67 The Gnostics 68 Eusebius: Father of Church History 75 Clement of Rome 76 Justin Martyr: Christian apologist 77 Ignatius of Antioch 79 Irenaeus 80 Baptism 84 Cyprian of Carthage 88 The Manichaeans How the First Christians Worshipped 92 How the New Testament Came Down to Us 98 The Early Church Recognizes the New Testament 101 Study questions 102 5

2 Part 2. Acceptance and Conquest: ad Constantine and the Christian Empire: Christianity recognized 104 Ambrose of Milan Councils and Creeds: Defining and defending the faith 117 Athanasius 121 Basil the Great 129 Nestorius 134 Cyril of Alexandria 135 Leo the Great Buildings and Belief: Early church structures Worship and the Christian Year: The making of the Christian Calendar Clergy, Bishops, and Pope: The church builds an organisation The Church in North Africa: The making of a distinctive tradition 153 Augustine of Hippo The Fall of the Roman Empire: How and why it came to an end 160 Jerome 162 Boethius Ascetics and Monks: The rise of Christian monasticism 169 Cassiodorus 174 Patrick: Missionary to the Irish 176 Columba: Celtic missionary 177 Study questions 182 Part 3: A Christian Society: ad The West in Crisis 184 Gregory the Great 185 Alcuin The Eastern Church 202 John Chrysostom: master preacher 206 Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite 207 The Paulicians and the Bogomils Flowering: the Western Church: Reform and resurgence 215 Thomas Becket 217 Pope Innocent III 219 Bernard of Clairvaux 222 Francis of Assisi 223 The Waldensians 235 The Sacraments in Medieval Europe 242 Anselm 244 Peter Abelard contents

3 Thomas Aquinas 250 Popular Religion Monasticism in the West 258 Interpreting the Bible in the Middle Ages The Orthodox Church in Eastern Europe and Russia 269 The Slavic Bible An Age of Unrest: The Western Church in the Late Middle Ages 275 Jan Hus 281 Savonarola 284 John Wyclif 287 William of Ockham 289 Study questions 292 Part 4: Reform and Renewal: Seeds of Renewal: The origins of the Reformation Reformation 304 Martin Luther 304 John Calvin 306 The Faith of the Protestants 310 Philipp Melanchthon 312 Huldrych Zwingli 315 Theodore Beza 316 Martin Bucer 321 Thomas Cranmer 322 Puritans and Separatists 323 Post-Reformation Church Architecture 324 The Unitarians A Flood of Bibles: Scripture in the vernacular 329 William Tyndale and the English Bible The Radical Reformation: the Anabaptists 334 The First English Baptists 338 John Bunyan The Catholic Reformation 341 Gasparo Contarini 342 Ignatius of Loyola 347 The Jesuits 350 Teresa of Avila 354 John of the Cross 355 George Fox and the Quakers 359 7

4 27. Art and the Spirit: Christianity and its cultural expression 361 Study questions 366 Part 5: Reason, Revival, and Revolution Expansion Worldwide: European missions 368 The First English Missions Awakening: The Evangelical Revival and the Great Awakening 386 Jonathan Edwards 390 George Whitefield 391 Philipp Spener 393 Nikolaus von Zinzendorf 394 John and Charles Wesley 397 Hymns and Church Music 403 Christianity and the Rise of Modern Science Reason and Unreason: The rise of rationalism 408 Blaise Pascal 409 The Reasonableness of Christianity The Russian Church: Study questions 424 Part 6: Cities and Empires Europe in Revolt: Church and State in the Nineteenth Century 426 Pope Pius IX The First Industrial Nation: The Industrial Revolution and the British Churches 440 William Wilberforce 447 The Oxford Movement 450 The Brethren 452 C. H. Spurgeon: Prince of Preachers 453 John Henry Newman 455 The Evangelicals A Crusade Among Equals: Revivalism, Abolition, and Evangelism in the USA 459 D. L. Moody: Mass evangelist 460 Hymns and Church Music after A World Come of Age: Science and philosophy challenge Christianity 465 Friedrich Schleiermacher Outposts of Empire: The nineteenth-century missionary explosion 472 William Carey 475 The Bible Societies 476 David Livingstone 484 Hudson Taylor contents

5 Samuel Ajayi Crowther 489 Study questions 494 Part 7: A Century of Conflict An Age of Ideology: nationalism, Communism, and individualism take on Christianity 496 The Christian Church and the Jews 504 Billy Graham 514 Martin Luther King 521 Christians, War, and Peace An Age of Anxiety: Theological thinking in troubled era 526 Albert Schweitzer 527 Dietrich Bonhoeffer Pentecostalism and the Charismatic Movement 550 African Independent Churches The Arts in the Christian West 557 C. S. Lewis Organizing for Unity 561 Pope John XXIII An Age of Liberation 565 Hélder Câmara 570 Study questions 576 Part 8: Epilogue: A New Millennium Present and Future: The church in an ever-changing world 578 Further Resources on the History of Christianity 590 Glossary 591 Index 607 9