Background. Affect Integration and Reflective Function. However. Cont. Mentalization/reflective function
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1 Background Affect Integration and Reflective Function The integration of affect, cognition, motivation, and behavior is increasingly emphasized across theories of psychopathology and psychotherapy Ole André Solbakken University of Oslo Numerous concepts have been developed that explicitly or implicitly account for such processes: Eg., emotion regulation, emotion utilization, emotion knowledge, emotional intelligence, alexithymia, verbal elaboration of affects, psychological mindedness, mindfulness, affect integration/affect consciousness, mentalization/reflective function etc However Lack of clarity regarding the underlying processes that mediate the relationships between affect, cognition, motivation, and behavior Eg., distinction between theories that emphasize the regulating effects of the higher order cognitive apparatus upon affect, and those that emphasize the motivating, regulating, and organizing effects of affects upon the cognitive apparatus Mentalization/reflective function The mental processes by which an individual implicitly and explicitly interprets the actions of himself or herself and others as meaningful on the basis of intentional mental states such as personal desires, needs, feelings, beliefs, and reasons. (Bateman & Fonagy, 2004) Operationalization of Reflective Function Abbreviated RF, operationalized as the plausible interpretation of one s own and others behavior in terms of underlying mental states (including affects/feelings etc), and scored from material derived through clinical interviews (usually the AAI). As usually defined, the RF-scale produces one separate score per individual that collapses the various mental states or processes that are included 1
2 Thus We have an RF construct that includes a variety of mental phenomena within its bounds. It thereby conceptually also reflects or partially reflects a number of related constructs: Theory of mind Insight Emotional intelligence Empathy Psychological mindedness Mindfulness Affect Consciousness These concepts in turn necessarily (or hopefully) have systematic interrelationships For instance it has been hypothesized that: Thereby The RF-rating system may confine within itself (and conflate) interesting variations that may be reflected in the related but more narrowly defined partially overlapping constructs Also, the RF-scale may reflect some relevant subareas of the content domain more precisely and effectively than others What about affect in RF? 1. How well does the RF-construct represent variations in the capacity for higher order reflection about affect? 2. Should it do so? 3. What role do affect/different affects play in reflective function? One definition of affect integration Affect integration can be defined as the functional and fluent integration of affect in cognition, motivation, and behavior. It thus refers to the availability of affect to propel, guide, and inform the individual in his transactions with his surroundings. (Solbakken, Hansen, Havik & Monsen, 2011) 2
3 Affect theoretical proposals The affect system conceived of as: The primary motivational system of the human organism An internal signal system with inherent and immediate meaning to the individual (feeling oneself in a certain way in relation to something Slaby & Stefan, 2008) A preverbal communication system with universal meanings associated with it Accordingly, discrete affect states or affect blends are hypothesized to carry specific motivational, signal, and communicational properties (Tomkins, 1963; 2008; Izard, 1991, 2009) Operationalized through the Affect Consciousness (AC) construct as: The mutual relationship between activation of basic affective experiences and the individual s capacity to consciously perceive, tolerate, reflect upon and express these experiences. (Monsen, Melgård & Ødegård, 1986; Monsen, Monsen, Solbakken & Hansen, 2008) The AC-system 1. The Affect Consciousness construct AC 2. The Affect Consciousness Interview ACI 3. The Affect Consciousness Scales ACS s 4. The Affect Integration Focus Coding System - AIF 5. The nuclear script identification procedure AC-script 6. The Affect Consciousness Treatment Model - ACT 3
4 Mentalized Affectivity (MA) The AC-construct and its operationalization through the ACI and ACS s have been examined and validated through a number of studies and appear fairly solid in terms of its psychometric properties and associated convergent and discriminant validity coefficients (E.g., Lech, Andersson, & Holmqvist, 2008; Waller & Scheidt, 2006; Solbakken, Hansen, Havik, & Monsen, 2011) An adult capacity for affect regulation where one is conscious of ones affects, while remaining in the affective state Defined (but not operationalized) as: Identifying/labeling the affects one feels, Processing/modulating/valuing/revaluing, and Expressing them (inward and out) (Jurist 2005) Conceived of as a fundamentally adaptive and effective form of mentalization that represents a sophisticated form of affect regulation where the meaning of one s affective life is reviewed and understood Appears to rely heavily on the capacity of the higher order cognitive apparatus to make sense of affective experience, while not assigning value to any potential organizing, regulating or motivating properties of affects themselves Thus Solid conceptual overlap between AC and MA Scores in the high end of the ACS s appear to be highly similar and map well on to the capacities emphasized in the definition of MA However there are some differences in underlying affecttheoretical assumptions Affect regulation vs. affect integration In measurement the two constructs will probably overlap very substantially Some theoretical speculations from Affect Integration Theory We believe that the availability of affects to inform, guide, and motivate the individual must be central to his or her capacity for reflection about mental states in self and others Also, we hypothesize that adaptive utilization of affects precedes the capacity for reflective function about mental states in general rather than being a result of it What about affect in RF? Revisited 1. How well does the RF-construct represent variations in the capacity for higher order reflection about (and integration of) affect? 2. Should it do so? 3. What role do affects play in reflective function? 4
5 From the perspective of affect integration theory and the affect consciousness construct: 1. Perhaps not as well as we could hope 2. Yes, please! 3. Probably an important one - we would like to investigate it more closely! Our hopes are therefore 1. An extended operationalization of the RFconstruct that includes the following: Differentiation between RF for affective and cognitive content Perhaps differentiation between RF for self and others (likely highly intercorrelated) Sufficient aggregation across items/rating dimensions so that the internal structure of the measure can be assessed Studies that relate multi-facet measures of affect integration (eg., the ACI) and this proposed advanced measure of RF in terms of convergent and discriminant validity coeffecients. How does AC and RF relate under current circumstances? A project in Linkøping, Sweden is attempting to answer this question (Falkenstrøm, Solbakken, Lech & Holmqvist, 2012): Therapists in training were interviewed with the ACI and a short version of the AAI (n = 42) AC and RF was assessed along with a number of self-report measures (among others the ASQ) Preliminary Results 5
6 Cont Cont Still A number of important limitations with the study But an early and interesting examination of the inter-relationships between these constructs 6
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