A Standard Modest WebSite
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1 A Standard Modest WebSite 3-tier application using Servlets and JDBC HTTP Servlet JDBC JSP Servlet DBMS Clients Application Server
2 Roadmap Want to grow to robust enterprise-scale systems: replicated application and DB servers load balancing and failover J2EE, EJBs, EAI, MOM, QWERTY,... distributed txns, workflow, sagas,...
3 Replicating the Application Server Load Balancing Session Tracking C. Kopparapu, Load Balancing Servers, Firewalls and Caches. Wiley, 2002.
4 Goals Scalability multiple servers for performance Availability server fails Manageability do not route to it take servers on/off line decouple application from server partition content across servers Security NAT & firewall functions QoS e.g. identify high priority clients
5 The Picture Note we re not replicating the DBMS (yet) Load Balancer DBMS Application Servers
6 DNS Load Balancing Ordinary DNS Lookup
7 DNS Load Balancing Round-Robin DNS Lookup
8 DNS Load Balancing - Drawbacks DNS has no access to server state balances hits, not server load no fault tolerance DNS client behavior (caches)?
9 Dedicated Load Balancer - Basic Structure Clients Servers Network Load Balancer Server farm has a Virtual IP address (VIP) VIP is routed to load balancer Load balancer forwards to Real Servers
10 Which Layer to Switch? Layer 7 Layer 6 Layer 5 Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical HTTP etc TCP/UDP IP MAC Switching can be done in layer 2, 2/3, 4/7
11 VIP to Real Server Mappings VIP= Load Balancer Servers RS1: Web+FTP RS2: Web+SMTP RS3: SMTP VIP:80 (HTTP) VIP:21 (FTP ) VIP:82 (SMTP) RS1:80 + RS2:80 RS1:21 RS2:82 + RS3:82 NAT here is subtle here
12 NAT Issues VIP A D NAT B C A: ClientIP:ClientPort VIP:80 B: XXX :80 C: : D: VIP:80 ClientIP:ClientPort I don t care what XXX is, but... Client requires VIP:80 as source of packet D NAT (Load Balancer) must translate?
13 A E RIP Router [M1] B VIP[M2] Direct Server Return Balancer A: ClientIP:ClientPort VIP:80 B: ClientIP:ClientPort[M1] VIP:80[M2] C: ClientIP:ClientPort[M1] VIP:80[M3] D: VIP:80[M3] ClientIP:ClientPort[M1] D: VIP:80 ClientIP:ClientPort Configure VIP as loopback address on server Balancer translates MAC address but not IP Reply need not go through Balancer! reply is usually bigger than request D C [M3] VIP is loopback (switched) local network Mi = MAC address
14 Port-Address Translation Map to multiple ports on same real server VIP:p RS1:p1 + RS1: p RS1:p17 Run 17 instances of service on RS1 Some services work better that way!
15 Session Persistence Techniques They interaction with load balancing...
16 client SYN TCP Protocol server SYN ACK ACK Data Exchange FIN FIN ACK
17 HTTP Transaction client SYN SYN ACK ACK HTTP request HTTP response FIN FIN ACK server Newest version of HTTP allows (but does not require) clients to keep TCP connection open for multiple request/response. So session!= TCP connection No guarantee all TCP connections in a session will map to the same server.
18 Identifying Sessions Balancer has two kinds of information: server conditions - load, crashed,... client data - information in the SYN packet Only client data contributes to session ID
19 SYN Based Session Identification All connections with similar information in the SYN are part of same session, subject to session persistence timeout Source IP all activity from a given host Source IP + VIP + Port all activity from given host to given service Source IP + VIP allows switch HTTP to SSL
20 SYN Based Session Identification - II Port Grouping first connection to given VIP and port group choses based on server load subsequent connections to same VIP and port group respect existing session Concurrent connections e.g. passive FTP
21 Proxies Proxy servers introduce two problems: load balancing session persistence
22 Load Balancing with Proxies Clients Proxy Servers Network Load Balancer All client connections appear to come from the same host - the proxy server itself!
23 Session Maintenance with Proxies Clients Proxies Servers Network Load Balancer Client connections in same session may come from different proxy servers
24 How Serious is Proxy Problem? Requires many clients behind small number of proxies all accessing my site
25 Delayed Binding Suppose load balancer wants to use information from the data? e.g. the URL in the HTTP header Balancer must peek into the TCP data
26 TPC Sequence Numbers SYN [seq 100] SYN ACK [seq 500, ack 101] ACK [seq 101, ack 501] data [seq 102, ack 501] data [seq 501, ack 103] data [seq 103, ack 502] data [seq 502, ack 104] sequence number in one direction is initialized by the server so how can the Balancer look at the data before chosing the server?
27 TPC Sequence Numbers - II Balancer must adjust seq numbers in every TCP packet! SYN [seq 100] SYN ACK [seq 500, ack 101] ACK [seq 101, ack 501] data [seq 102, ack 501] data [seq 501, ack 103] data [seq 103, ack 502] data [seq 502, ack 104] SYN [seq 100] SYN ACK [seq 600, ack 101] ACK [seq 101, ack 601] data [seq 102, ack 601] data [seq 601, ack 103] data [seq 103, ack 602] data [seq 602, ack 104]
28 Cookies We all know what cookies are... HTTP GET request HTTP GET reply contains cookie (server=2) next HTTP GET request includes cookie (server=2)
29 Cookie-Read Technique Each server creates server=myid cookie at start of session Balancer uses delayed binding to read the cookies and respect existing sessions Note: this requires changes to the server apps!
30 Cookie-Insert Technique Balancer inserts a server=17 cookie in the reply stream when server 17 replies to a request that creates a new session Balancer uses delayed binding on reverse TCP connection Server applications completely unchanged! Disadvantage: Balancer must rewrite the TCP data stream, very expensive
31 Cookie-Rewrite Technique Each server creates server=xxx cookie at start of session Balancer uses delayed binding to XXX by actual server ID in reply Balancer uses delayed binding to read cookies in requests Minimal change to server application Balancer does not need to change length of the reply stream
32 Encryption? Must decrypt to interpret session data This requires a delayed binding implementation
33 Sessions and SSL SSL V 3.0 and above supports session IDs in the protocol SSL initiation request with optional SSL session ID Server response includes SSL session ID Encrypted HTTP request Encrypted HTTP reply But: there is no precise specification of how clients use the SSL session ID, when it expires,...
34 Sessions and Failures If an application server fails, how much session state will be lost? Obviously, we want to minimize this But at reasonable expense
35 Approach 0 - State in Cookies Pass cookies back and forth between client and server encoding all session state. Cookies can hold only a limited amount of information But this makes the sessions stateless at the application servers
36 Approach 1 - Brute Force Keep session state in the database... Commit frequently. Not widely used because of expense of storing session state to disk
37 Approach 2 - Group Communication Multicast session state to all (or a group of) application servers e.g. use Spread toolkit Can switch between application servers without loss of session state Application servers keep session state in volatile memory loss of all app servers results in loss of session data - unlikely
38 Approach 3 - Compromise Commit session state to the data base at the important points after significant changes HTTP to HTTPS change hope important is infrequent
39 URL Switching An obvious technique we should mention... Balancer can use delayed binding to examine the URL in an HTTP request header choose the server accordingly commercial products support patternmatching languages to specify this
40 URL Switching Caveat HTTP 1.1 protocol supports more than one request on same TCP connection... What if two successive HTTP requests on the same TCP connection should map to different servers? this gets real hard
41 Single Points of Failure Router here Load Balancer Load Balancer L2 switch here
42 Single Points of Failure Router Router Load Balancer Load Balancer L2 switch L2 switch
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