Diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park and along the Mediterranean river Cetina (Croatia)

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1 Aquatic Insects International Journal of Freshwater Entomology ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: Diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park and along the Mediterranean river Cetina (Croatia) Aleksandar Popijač & Ignac Sivec To cite this article: Aleksandar Popijač & Ignac Sivec (2009) Diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park and along the Mediterranean river Cetina (Croatia), Aquatic Insects, 31:sup1, , DOI: / To link to this article: Published online: 24 Nov Submit your article to this journal Article views: 171 View related articles Citing articles: 3 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at Download by: [ ] Date: 22 August 2016, At: 17:57

2 Aquatic Insects Vol. 31, Supplement 1, 2009, Diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park and along the Mediterranean river Cetina (Croatia) Aleksandar Popijac a * and Ignac Sivec b a Department of Zoology, Division of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia; b Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia (Received 29 October 2008; final version received 29 December 2008) The stonefly fauna of Croatia is poorly known with only 28 species so far officially recorded. This number should be much higher because for some neighbouring countries about 100 stonefly species are known. The aim of this work was to investigate and to compare the diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the continental and the Mediterranean part of the Western Dinaric region in Croatia. The results are based on identification of adult insects and larvae. Adult Plecoptera were collected at the Plitvice Lakes National Park during two years using pyramid-type emergence traps and window traps with 28 stonefly species collected. The research of stonefly fauna of Cetina River was conducted during a one-year period and adults of 15 stonefly species were found. Among 37 stonefly species recorded for both study areas only six species are shared, and 19 species are new for the Croatian fauna as important new findings for the Croatian part of Dinaric region. Keywords: Plecoptera; diversity; Western Dinarids; Croatia; Plitvice Lakes; Cetina River Introduction The distribution and the zoogeography of European stoneflies are better known than for most insects (Zwick 1980). This is not true, however, of all parts of former Yugoslavia. For Slovenia (Sivec 2001), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Kac anski 1976), and Macedonia (Ikonomov 1986) they are relatively well known, whereas only fragmentary data are available from other regions of former Yugoslavia and almost none from Croatia (Sivec 1980, 1985). Due to lack of material, it is virtually impossible to evaluate several old records (Klapa lek 1899, 1906a, 1906b; Pongra cz 1913, 1914). We have therefore ignored them together with recent data of ecological and limnological studies based only on unreliable determination of larval stages (Matonickin 1959a, 1959b, 1987; Matonickin and Pavletic 1959, 1961, 1965, 1967a, 1967b; Matonickin et al. 1969, 1971; Pavletic and Matonickin 1972; Habdija and Primc 1987; Habdija 1988; Habdija et al. 1994, 1997, 2000a, 2000b, 2002, 2004; Zˇ ganec 2005). *Corresponding author. apopijac@zg.biol.pmf.hr ISSN print/issn online Ó 2009 Taylor & Francis DOI: /

3 732 A. Popijac and I. Sivec Therefore the stonefly fauna of Croatia is poorly known with only 28 species so far officially recorded (Sivec 1980, 1985), based on reliable determination of adult insects and eggs. Most likely, this number represents just a small part of the species present in Croatia, because about 100 stonefly species are known for the neighbouring Slovenia (Sivec 2001), making Slovenia one of the areas with the richest and most diverse stonefly fauna in Europe. Because Croatia borders several limno-geographical regions (Illies 1978), many additional stonefly species for Croatia should be found, including perhaps endemic species and some species new to science. The aim of this work was to study and to compare the diversity and distribution of stoneflies in the continental and the Mediterranean part of the Western Dinaric region in Croatia. In addition, our goal was to find additional records of stonefly species for the poorly known stonefly fauna of Croatia. Study area One part of this study was carried out in the Plitvice Lakes National Park, located in the mountainous NW region of Croatia, in the Lika region, and presenting a part of Danube River drainage network. For details on the study area in the Plitvice Lakes National Park, see Previsˇ ic et al. (2007). The second part of this study was carried out along the Mediterranean river Cetina, in the Dalmatinska Zagora region, southern Croatia. The Cetina River is the longest Mediterranean drainage area river in Croatia (about 105 km) that never dries out and belongs to the permanent hydrological systems. For details on the study area in the Cetina River system, see Ivkovic et al. (2007). All sampling sites are located on permanent hydrological systems. Figures 1 3 and Tables 1 2 show the sampling sites at both study areas. Materials and methods The results are based mostly on identification of adult insects and only in some cases are larvae taken into consideration. Adult Plecoptera were observed at five sampling sites in the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Table 1, Figure 2) during two years (2000 and 2001) using pyramidtype emergence traps and window traps (Previsˇ ic et al. 2007). Qualitative samples of the adult Plecoptera were collected manually at these locations occasionally from 2002 until recently. The study of stonefly larvae of Cetina River was conducted from August 2004 until August Quantitative samples of larvae were collected with Surber net and D-net at 11 different locations through the whole flow of the Cetina River and spring area of its main tributary, the Ruda River (Table 2, Figure 3). Qualitative samples of the adult Plecoptera and larvae were collected manually and with entomological nets at locations at the same time and occasionally until recently, and at additional springs of two tributaries, spring Sveti Spas and the spring of the stream Grab (tributary of Ruda River). All samples were fixed in 80% ethyl alcohol. In the laboratory they were analysed under a stereomicroscope and stored in 80% ethyl alcohol. Stonefly species or genera were identified using available literature of the nearest regions of Europe (Illies 1955; Aubert 1959, 1963; Kac anski and Zwick 1970; Sowa 1970;

4 Aquatic Insects 733 Figure 1. Terrain and watercourses map of Croatia with study areas. Tabacaru 1971; Kis 1974; Hynes 1977; Rausˇ er 1980; Ravizza 2002; Ravizza and Vinçon 1998; Sivec and Stark 2002; Graf and Schmidt-Kloiber 2003; Zwick 2004). Cluster analysis using presence/absence data with the Bray Curtis similarity measure (for binary data it is equal to the Sorenson similarity index) and the group average clustering method were used to determine the faunistic similarity of Plecoptera between studied sites. The analysis was performed with PRIMER Version for Windows (Clarke and Warwick 2001). Results A total of 1551 individuals (506 males and 1045 females) of 25 species in 155 emergence trap samples were collected in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park. Furthermore, together with occasional manual sampling, a total of 28 species of adult Plecoptera were recorded (16 new species for Croatia). Ten different genera from four families were recorded, four of which belong to the family Nemouridae (Amphinemura, Nemoura, Nemurella, Protonemura), three to the family Perlodidae (Besdolus, Isoperla, Perlodes), two to the family Taeniopterygidae (Brachyptera, Taeniopteryx), and one to the family Leuctridae (Leuctra). The location with the

5 734 A. Popijac and I. Sivec Figures 2 3. Maps of the study areas with sampling sites in the (2) Plitvice Lakes National Park and (3) Cetina River system. Table 1. Sampling sites in the Plitvice Lakes National Park. Abbr. Locations Elevation (m) Distance from source (km) BR Spring of Bijela rijeka (White River spring) CR Spring of Crna rijeka (Black River spring) PLJ Crna rijeka (Black River), middle reach LA Labudovac travertine barrier KM Kozjak-Milanovac travertine barrier highest diversity in the area of Plitvice Lakes National Park was the middle reach of Crna rijeka (Black River) with 18 stonefly species recorded (Table 3). A total of 4654 larvae of 12 taxa were collected in 154 benthos samples (from a total of 366 samples taken) along the Cetina River. Manual sampling of adults included 15 stonefly species collected (five new species for Croatia). Ten different genera from six families were recorded, three of which belong to the family Nemouridae (Amphinemura, Nemoura, Protonemura), two to the family Perlidae (Perla, Dinocras), two to the family Perlodidae (Besdolus, Isoperla), one to the family Leuctridae (Leuctra), one to the family Chloroperlidae (Siphonoperla), and one to the family Taeniopterygidae (Brachyptera). Locations with the highest diversity in

6 Aquatic Insects 735 Table 2. Sampling sites in the Cetina River system. Abbr. Locations Elevation (m) Distance from source (km) SS Cemetery (Sveti Spas) spring CS Cetina spring PS Preocani spring PB Preocani bridge RB Red bridge OS Obrovac Sinjski T1 Trilj T2 Trilj Cˇ L Cˇ ikotina la da RM Radmanove mlinice 5 99 RS Ruda spring R2 Ruda GS Grab spring the Cetina River system (eight species recorded) were the main Cetina spring, small lateral Cetina spring at Preocani village (about 1.5 km downstream) and Ruda 2 station, about 150 m downstream the Ruda spring (Table 3). For both studied areas a total of 37 species of Plecoptera were collected and 19 species are new for Croatian fauna (Table 3). Among 37 stonefly species recorded, only six species are shared between the two investigated areas: Isoperla inermis Kac anski and Zwick, 1970; Brachyptera tristis (Klapa lek, 1901); Amphinemura triangularis (Ris, 1902); Nemoura cinerea (Retzius, 1783); Besdolus imhoffi (Pictet, 1841) and Leuctra fusca (Linnaeus, 1758) (Table 3). These results give a similarity index of only 14% between Plitvice Lakes National Park and the Cetina River system. Cluster analysis results grouped the stonefly fauna into these two groups, representing the different study areas. Inside each study area, grouping of sampling sites from upper, middle and lower reaches of the catchment area can be noticed (Figure 4). Discussion The stonefly fauna of Croatia is poorly known with only 28 species so far officially recorded (Sivec 1980, 1985). With this research, the number of confirmed stonefly species for Croatia increased, but also some puzzling stonefly specimens appeared. Some specimens were found that could not be absolutely certainly identified to known species. Problematic cases are listed below: Perlodes cf. intricatus from Plitvice most probably a new species, very similar to individuals collected by Da vid Mura nyi in Albania (W. Graf, pers. comm., July 9, 2007). Perla pallida Type 3 (Greece) eggs, but adults resemble a sister species, P. marginata, and larvae are intermediate between these two species. Isoperla inermis is it really a species or only a Balkan form of I. difformis? Some morphological differences between individuals from Plitvice and Cetina are noted; specifically, males and females from Plitvice are almost double the size of males and females from Cetina River.

7 736 A. Popijac and I. Sivec Table 3. Distribution of recorded stonefly species across sampling sites in the Plitvice Lakes National Park and in the Cetina River system (19 species new for stonefly fauna of Croatia are highlighted in bold). PLITVICE CETINA Species BR CR PLJ LA KM RS R2 GS SS CS PS PB RB OS T1 T2 Cˇ L RM 1. Siphonoperla sp. (female) x 2. Leuctra albida x x x x 3. Leuctra cingulata x 4. Leuctra fusca x x x x x x 5. Leuctra handlirschi x x 6. Leuctra hippopus x 7. Leuctra inermis x x 8. Leuctra major x 9. Leuctra mortoni x x x x 10. Leuctra nigra x x x x x 11. Leuctra prima x x x Leuctra sp. (larvae) x (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) (x) 12. Amphinemura triangularis x x x x x x 13. Nemoura avicularis x x 14. Nemoura cinerea x x x x x x x x x x 15. Nemoura flexuosa x x 16. Nemoura marginata gr. x x x 17. Nemoura minima x x x 18. Nemurella pictetii x x x 19. Protonemura auberti x x x 20. Protonemura autumnalis x 21. Protonemura cf. hrabei x x x 22. Protonemura intricata x x x 23. Protonemura nitida x x x x 24. Protonemura praecox x x x Protonemura sp. (larvae) (x) x 25. Dinocras megacephala x x (continued)

8 Aquatic Insects 737 Table 3. (Continued). PLITVICE CETINA Species BR CR PLJ LA KM RS R2 GS SS CS PS PB RB OS T1 T2 Cˇ L RM 26. Perla pallida x x x x x x x x 27. Besdolus imhoffi x x x x 28. Isoperla illyrica x x x x x x x x 29. Isoperla inermis x x x x x x x x x x x x x 30. Isoperla cf. lugens x x 31. Isoperla oxylepis x 32. Isoperla rivulorum x 33. Isoperla tripartita x x x x 34. Isoperla sp. (female) x Isoperla sp. (larvae) (x) x x 35. Perlodes cf. intricatus x x x 36. Brachyptera tristis x x x x x x x x x x x x 37. Taeniopteryx cf. hubaulti x x x Number of species:

9 738 A. Popijac and I. Sivec Figure 4. Cluster analysis of similarity between sampling sites based on composition of adult stonefly fauna. Isoperla cf. lugens from Plitvice is it really a light coloured and bigger form of the alpine species, I. lugens, which normally lives above 1000 m a.s.l. or is it a new species? Protonemura cf. hrabei from Cetina River is it really P. hrabei or a new species? Females from Cetina emerge from the beginning of summer and they have some morphological differences with individuals from Central Europe, which emerge during autumn. Protonemura autumnalis from Cetina River only one male was collected during autumn 2005, and a few females, with many females of sister species Protonemura cf. hrabei, were collected by the beginning of summer Protonemura auberti from Plitvice some males and females are very similar to the sister species P. aestiva suggesting a mix (hybrids) of these two species. Nemoura marginata group from Plitvice is it N. marginata or some other species from N. marginata group, which are in need of revision? Leuctra inermis group from Plitvice some adults look more like L. handlirschi, and some more like L. inermis. Siphonoperla sp. from Ruda spring only one female was collected by Wolfram Graf on joint fieldwork by the beginning of summer Males still have not been found. Taeniopteryx cf. hubaulti from Plitvice some characteristics of adults are similar to adults of T. auberti, suggesting an intermediate, possibly new species. A cluster analysis of similarity between sampling sites based on composition of stonefly fauna resulted with a similarity index of only 14% between Plitvice Lakes National Park and Cetina River system (Figure 4), because among 37 stonefly species recorded for both study areas only six species are shared. Furthermore, in the Plitvice Lakes National Park much more species of smaller and colder streams like species of Leuctra and Nemoura are present (Table 3).

10 Aquatic Insects 739 The most probable reasons for marked differences in stonefly fauna between the two investigated areas are: different climate cold and humid mountainous continental climate (Plitvice) versus warm and dry submediterranean to mediterranean climate (Cetina), different catchment characteristics mostly forest shaded heterogeneous streams and small springs (Plitvice) versus open sunny main river and quite big spring areas (Cetina), different longitudinal gradient higher elevations from 738 m to 546 m a. s. l. (Plitvice) versus lower elevations from 386 m to 5 m a. s. l. (Cetina), and different degree of human impact lowly inhabited and highly protected area of largest and oldest National Park in Croatia (from 1949, and on UNESCO list from 1979) versus highly inhabited area on almost all reaches of Cetina River, with unsolved reception of wastewater and high flow regulations (springs used for water supply, three reservoirs with dams, five hydroelectric power plants). As a result of this research an increase of 68% in number of confirmed stonefly species for Croatia was noted (from 28 to 47 species). From 37 stonefly species recorded during this study, 19 species are new for the Croatian fauna and represent important new findings for the Croatian part of the Western Dinaric region (Table 3). Conclusions Results of this research confirm the assumption that the stonefly fauna of Croatia is poorly known and more focused stonefly studies on the territory of Croatia will surely result in many more confirmed stonefly species and most probably in the description of some new species for science. Our most recent studies on stoneflies in different parts of Croatia tend to confirm these assumptions (Popijac and Sivec 2006a, 2006b; Popijac 2007). Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to Prof. Dr Mladen Kucinic, Ana Previsˇ ic, Ivan Vuckovic, Ivona Zrinski, Ivana Božak, Mirjana Jelencić, Romana Gracan, Marija Ivkovic, Igor Stanković, Kresˇ imir Zˇ ganec, Martina Kisˇ, Nives Herceg, Tihana Petric, Dr Bogdan Horvat, Matjazˇ Cˇ ernila, and Dr Wolfram Graf for help in collecting and processing the samples. For financial support, we would like to thank Prof. Dr Mladen Kerovec as well as the institution Hrvatske vode (Croatian Waters). For permission to sample in the highly protected area, we thank the Plitvice Lakes National Park authorities. We would like to thank Prof. Dr Bill P. Stark for his corrections of the English language and help with the text. For their warm hospitality during our Cetina research, we would like to thank the family Majstrovic from Donji Bitelic. This research was supported by Croatian Ministry of Science, Education and Sports as a part of the Project No : Invertebrate taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of Croatian aquatic ecotones. References Aubert, J. (1959), Plecoptera, Insecta Helvetica, Fauna 1, Lausanne: Imprimerie la Concorde. Aubert, J. (1963), Quelques Ple copte` res de Yugoslavie, Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 36, Clarke, K.R., and Warwick, R.M. (2001), Change in marine communities: an approach to statistical analysis and interpretation, Plymouth, UK: PRIMER-E Ltd.

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