DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE

Transcription

1 WisdomTree Research 0 DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE + Co-authored by JEREMY SCHWARTZ [ CFA, WisdomTree Director of Research ] CHRISTOPHER GANNATTI [ CFA, WisdomTree Associate Director of Research ]

2 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 1 When investors buy overseas assets, they have to sell U.S. dollars and buy euros or yen to purchase those overseas stocks. Unless a currency (foreign exchange, "") hedge 1 is made to mitigate this risk 2, investors are fully exposed to fluctuations. Recently, currency-hedged equities have gained traction as a way to neutralize the risk and target local stock market returns. We have been talking to clients about currency-hedged strategies for much of the last five years, and virtually all conversations start like this: "Why should I hedge my currency risk?" But that is perhaps the wrong starting point. A more natural starting point to us is: Why is it beneficial to add currency risk on top of local equities? Let's go through common rationalizations. ONE ANSWER: A MISPERCEPTION THAT HEDGING FOREIGN CURRENCIES IS EXPENSIVE One direct cost is the trading commission paid on currency instruments. We have estimated that the cost to trade our currency hedges which are implemented monthly runs two to three basis points per year. 3 The currency trading team emphasizes that currencies are the most liquid instruments in the world, and the bid-ask spreads 4 of these markets are tight enough to make trading costs a non-factor in our minds. A more important cost of hedging is based on interest rate differentials. We see in figure 1 that this can be a valid concern in some countries today: Brazil, India, Turkey and South Africa, for example. These are all countries that have very high short-term interest rates when measured against U.S. interest rates. We'd agree that the case to hedge these emerging market currencies is diminished, as these currencies have to depreciate more for the hedge to pay off. 1 Hedge: Apply strategies meant to mitigate the impact of currency movements on equity returns. Hedging can help returns when a foreign currency depreciates against the U.S. dollar, but it can hurt when the foreign currency appreciates against the U.S. dollar. 2 Risk: Also 'standard deviation,' which measures the spread of actual returns around an average return over a specific period. Higher risk indicates greater potential for returns to be farther away from this average. 3 Source: Bank of New York Mellon, as of 12/31/14. 4 Bid-ask spread: This is essentially the difference in price between the highest price that a buyer is willing to pay for an asset and the lowest price for which a seller is willing to sell it.

3 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 2 FIGURE 1: COST OF HEDGING CURRENCY WITH 1-MONTH FORWARDS PRIMARILY BASED ON INTEREST RATE DIFFERENTIALS [ Trailing 12-Month Ending 12/31/15 ] Annualized Interest Rate Differentials Relative to U.S. 14.0% 12.0% 10.0% 8.0% 6.0% 4.0% 2.0% 0.0% -2.0% -1.5% -0.6% -0.6% 0.2% 1.1% 2.1% 4.4% 6.5% 7.0% 11.1% 11.6% 12.9% -0.2% -0.2% 0.0% 0.1% 0.3% 4.9% Sources: WisdomTree, Bloomberg, with data as of 12/31/15. WisdomTree International Hedged Quality Dividend Growth Index was formerly WisdomTree International Hedged Dividend Growth Index and WisdomTree International Equity Index was formerly WisdomTree DEFA Index. But figure 1 also shows that the cost to hedge developed world currencies, such as the euro and the yen, has been brought down to virtually zero because all their interest rates are pegged near zero. The U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) was the first major central bank to increase short-term interest rates in December The European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of Japan (BOJ) have set their forward guidance to keep interest rates low for a long period, and the ECB even cut its rates into deeper negative territory in December 2015 so it is possible to collect positive returns to hedge the euro and yen in 2016 and beyond. This environment makes currency hedging particularly relevant in the developed world today because investors are starting to get paid the interest rate differentials of higher rates in the U.S. to put on the currency hedge. Note that this is not the first time U.S. investors have been paid to hedge foreign currency exposures. Looking back over the last 30 years, an investor has been paid on average approximately 40 basis points to hedge the developed world currencies and as much as 2.5% per year to hedge the yen.

4 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 3 FIGURE 2: 3 YEAR ROLLING ANNUALIZED INTEREST RATE DIFFERENTIAL (IRD) GAINED FROM HEDGING MSCI TO USD Interest Rate Differential 3% 2% 1% 0% -1% -2% 100% Passive Hedge Signal Overlay Interest Rates Contribution Value and Momentum Contribution Paid to Hedge 0.05% -0.05% Cost to Hedge -3% Source: WisdomTree, Record Currency Management, with data measured from 12/31/1988 to 12/31/15. Two additional arguments for taking on currency risk are: 1. Currency provides increased diversification to my portfolio. 2. U.S. dollar bears want protection from a falling U.S. dollar. We are going to explore each premise in some detail here. We believe that one can make just as strong a case that the U.S. dollar should appreciate versus at least half of the most common exposures to developed international currencies in the MSCI Index universe (approximately 31% euro and 23% yen). 5 We also will discuss why the "diversification" argument also seems unconvincing. REALITY CHECK FOR U.S. DOLLAR BEARS Figure 3 shows the historical three-year cumulative impact that currency has had on the MSCI Index for U.S. investors. This is the additional exposure from an investor gets unless that risk is hedged. Figure 3 shows clearly that can enhance or drag down returns significantly. There was a three-year period when the added over 80% cumulatively to the returns of the MSCI. But there also have been times when subtracted more than 20% cumulatively on a three-year basis. This additional return component has gone from a fairly large booster in the late 2000s to a drag in the most recent three-year stretch, as of December 31, Source: Bloomberg, with currency exposure of the MSCI Index measured as of 12/31/15.

5 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 4 FIGURE 3: JUDGING THE 3-YEAR CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF CURRENCY ON MSCI INDEX RETURNS 100% 80% Cumulative Return 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -18.2% -40% Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, 12/31/69 12/31/15. Past performance is not indicative of future results. WHERE DOES GO FROM HERE? IMPORTANCE OF CENTRAL BANK DIVERGENCE If there was one word that could characterize the landscape across major developed market central banks today, it would be divergence. Take a look at what the respective leaders of the BOJ and ECB are saying: + Haruhiko Kuroda, governor of the Bank of Japan: "For firms and households with a deflationary mindset to start thinking that 'from now, we will act based on the assumption that prices will rise by about 2% every year,' it is necessary above all that the central bank fully commits itself to achieving 2% inflation. Based on these considerations, the Bank committed itself to achieving the price stability target of 2% at the earliest possible time, with a time horizon of about two years, and to maintaining the target in a stable manner. And as a means to this end, the Bank introduced large-scale monetary easing in the form of QQE." 6 + Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank: "[The Governing Council of the ECB] decided to launch an expanded asset purchase program, encompassing the existing purchase programs for assetbacked securities and covered bonds. Under this expanded program, the combined monthly purchases of public and private sector securities will amount to 60 billion. They are intended to be carried out until end- September 2016 and will in any case be conducted until we see a sustained adjustment in the path of inflation which is consistent with our aim of achieving inflation rates below, but close to, 2% over the medium term." 7 6 Haruhiko Kuroda, 'Quantitative and Qualitative Monetary Easing: Theory and Practice,' Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan, 3/20/15. 7 Mario Draghi, 'Introductory Statement to the Press Conference,' European Central Bank, 1/22/15.

6 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 5 THE COMMON THEME Both Kuroda and Draghi are pursuing policies meant to increase the rate of inflation within their respective markets, a consequence of which could be the weakening of their respective currencies. On the other hand, the U.S. Federal Reserve, led by Janet Yellen, is having the opposite discussion. The Fed hiked interest rates in December 2015 in its first step to tighten monetary policy, and many observers are expecting as many as three further interest rate hikes in THE BOTTOM LINE Given the divergence and respective central bank policies, it is difficult to argue for a sustainable trend of strengthening in either the yen or the euro against the U.S. dollar. A speech by James Bullard, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, offered an apt summary of the situation: Traditional effects of "easier monetary policy" include (1) higher inflation expectations (2) currency depreciation (3) higher equity valuations (4) lower real interest rates. All of these have been associated with QE in the U.S. 8 We see the QE in eurozone and QQE in Japan as supportive for a strengthening U.S. dollar versus these currencies and this is not a short-term, one- or two-year cycle but more likely something that should remain in place for three to five years. CURRENCY HEDGING AS STRATEGIC ALLOCATION CURRENCY BET Many clients who are already invested internationally believe that they have to make a currency call to adopt a currency-hedged approach and feel uncomfortable making the "currency call." In many ways, this is backward thinking. Investors who take on risk unhedged must recognize that they are implicitly expressing a bearish view of the U.S. dollar. Without a hedge, an investor is implementing a tactically bearish view on the U.S. dollar when holding foreign equities but this does not have to be the case. Currencyhedged options could allow an investor to be neutral with no opinion on the direction of the U.S. dollar by just targeting the local equity market return. We believe that this should be considered in a broader fashion as a strategic, core allocation to international equity markets. 8 James Bullard, 'Monetary Policy in a Low Policy Rate Environment,' Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, OMFIF Golden Series Lecture, London, 5/23/13.

7 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 6 WisdomTree was not the first to argue that currency hedging should be considered more as a strategic baseline. In their 1988 paper, "The Free Lunch in Currency Hedging: Implications for Investment Policy and Performance Standards," Andre F. Perold and Evan C. Shulman wrote: In this article we argue that it is better to formulate long-run investment policy in terms of hedged portfolios than unhedged portfolios. The key to our argument is that, from the perspective of long- run policy, investors should think of currency hedging as having zero expected return. Therein lies the free lunch. On average, currency hedging gives you substantial risk reduction at no loss of expected return. Our prescription does not say the prescient investor should not selectively lift a hedge, just that hedging should be the policy, and lifting the hedge an active investment decision. 9 Further, Perold and Shulman responded to a common argument that if you hedge your currency risk and these foreign currencies appreciate there is an opportunity cost from not having that foreign currency. Perold and Shulman retort: The same can be said about avoiding any other kind of risk, however. For example, consider another strategy, roulette, which like currency risk, has a low correlation with other assets. Not playing roulette also has opportunity costs: There is always the "risk" that your number comes up and you miss out. Avoiding currency risk by hedging is much like avoiding roulette by not playing. 10 Also framing currency risk through this gambling lens was Steve Scoles, who wrote in the paper "Currency Risk: to Hedge or Not to Hedge Is That the Question?": My view is that currency risk should almost always be hedged. Instead of asking whether to hedge or not, the questions that should be asked are: "To make a bet or not to make a bet?" and "Do we truly have the ability to predict currency movements?" 11 Scoles starts his paper by discussing the Kelly formula a strategy for betting that maximized the bettor's bankroll and that was devised by an AT&T Bell Labs scientist. Scoles wrote: Fraction of bankroll to wager = 2p -1, (where p = probability of winning). + For example, let's say you are betting on a fair coin flip. Whether you pick heads or tails, your probability of winning is 50%. In this bet, the Kelly formula would say to wager nothing: 2 x 50% - 1 = 0% 9 Andre F. Perold and Evan C. Schulman, 'The Free Lunch in Currency Hedging: Implications for Investment Policy and Performance Standards,' Financial Analysts Journal, May June Perold and Schulman, Scoles, Steve, 'Currency Risk: To Hedge or Not to Hedge Is that the Question?' Risks and Rewards: Society of Actuaries, February 2008 (Issue 51).

8 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 7 + If it was an unfair coin such that heads comes up 60% of the time, the Kelly formula says to wager 20% of your bankroll on heads: 2 x 60% - 1 = 20% + And if the coin always comes up heads, you should wager 100% of your bankroll: 2 x 100% - 1 = 100% The main idea of the formula is that the size of your bet should be a function of how large your edge or advantage is The formula forces you to think about whether you truly have an edge in a proposition and to focus only on situations where you do have an edge. 12 The question then becomes: Do you have an edge and ability to predict currency moves with meaningful accuracy? If you do not, then should you default to always taking on the currency risk unhedged as is the most common default in allocations today? If you do have foresight, then it could be worthwhile to wager on currencies and add in the risk when it looks desirable to do so. But again, if you have no edge in predicting when to add in currency return, the Kelly formula would suggest not making this unnecessary bet where you have no edge. Simply, it would argue for strategic hedging always (assuming it is a free option, as it is in the developed world). 13 WHAT ABOUT DIVERSIFICATION? Does provide a level of diversification not offered by the local equity markets? Let's review the case for allocating to as a standalone investment: + Over the history of the MSCI Index, has added 1.1% annually to the returns of the MSCI Index. This means the U.S. dollar declined by 1.1% per year over this period. How much is 1.1% per year? We see in figure 4 that it is associated with a negative Sharpe ratio 14. That means the 1.1% per year was not enough to outpace the risk-free rate 15 for a U.S. investor over this period of approximately 45 years. + This return stream of had an annualized volatility 16 of 8.4% per year, a little more than half the volatility of equities (in local currencies shown in figure 4 as no ). + The correlation 17 of to the S&P 500 over the full period was fairly low only But note a very important correlation trend: This correlation to the S&P 500 has been higher in more recent periods. In the last three years, the correlation between and the S&P 500 was 0.15, so is not providing the same type of diversification as it did historically. 12 Scoles, Refers to the annualized differences in short-term interest rates shown in figure 1 between the United States and the United Kingdom, Swiss, Eurozone and Japanese markets, shown as of 12/31/ Sharpe ratio: Measure of risk-adjusted return. Higher values indicate greater return per unit of risk, specifically standard deviation, which is viewed as being desirable. 15 Risk-free rate: Typically an interest rate on a bond issued by a government entity, where the risk of default is so small as to be deemed nonexistent. 16 Volatility: A measure of the dispersion of actual returns around a particular average level. 17 Correlation: Statistical measure of how two sets of returns move in relation to each other. Correlation coefficients range from -1 to 1. A correlation of 1 means the two subjects of analysis move in lockstep with each other. A correlation of -1 means the two subjects of analysis have moved in exactly opposite directions.

9 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 8 More importantly, one has to wonder if the past gain in can be repeated. We know with hindsight that the U.S. dollar declined. But do we know the U.S. dollar will decline going forward? Theoretical models suggest that there is no expected return to owning currency. So why would an investor want to take on this risk embedded in foreign equity exposure unless that investor is a tactical U.S. dollar bear? + The correlation to the S&P 500 for with and with no shows minimal differentials over the last three-, five-, 10- and 20-year periods. There is a slightly lower correlation to with over the full period, but that does not appear to be a compelling case to add currency exposure on top of the local equity market return, given the uptick in total volatility from adding and the unpredictability of future currency moves. + The Sharpe ratio (which we mentioned above) on was negative over every period examined in figure 4. We struggle to understand the rationale to take on risk, given the volatility profile, the rising correlation to the S&P 500, the lack of return expectations from investing and the very low cost of hedging these currencies today. FIGURE 4: DOES LOOK INTERESTING AS A STANDALONE ASSET CLASS? Returns Volatility Levels Sharpe Ratio Correlations to S&P 500 Period w/ no w/ no S&P 500 w/ no S&P 500 w/ no 12/31/69-12/31/15 8.8% 7.6% 1.1% 17.0% 14.4% 8.4% 15.3% (0.45) Year 5.0% 12.3% -6.5% 12.6% 11.4% 5.6% 10.6% (1.15) Year 3.6% 7.9% -3.9% 15.0% 12.2% 6.3% 11.7% (0.62) Year 3.0% 3.2% -0.2% 18.5% 14.9% 7.6% 15.1% (0.17) year 4.4% 4.9% -0.5% 16.7% 14.8% 7.4% 15.3% (0.38) Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, Kenneth French Data Library, 12/31/69 12/31/15. w/ refers to the MSCI Index priced in U.S. dollars. no refers to the MSCI Index priced in the local currency refers to the underlying currency exposure of the MSCI Index. Past performance is not indicative of future results Framing the data in a slightly different way, one of the noticeable attributes of is how the volatility compared to its local equity market has increased dramatically in recent years. While the 20-year correlation was close to zero, the correlation over the last five years was Record Currency Management wrote a paper that attributed this increase in correlation to the U.S. dollar's "countercyclical behavior," or the tendency for investors to favor U.S.-dollar-denominated assets during volatile times. 18 These correlation regimes can change, but what is important even when there was close to zero correlation between and equities expressed in local currency terms over the full period of available data, as well as over the past 20 years is that currency risk still increased the volatility of by approximately percentage points, depending on the period. 18 Market capitalization: Market cap = share price x number of shares outstanding.

10 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 9 However, even though the volatility of embedded currency exposure doesn't look that different over the period of the last five years, the volatility increase attributable to currency rose. What changed? The answer: Correlation. As the correlation between currency and equity expressed in local terms went from 0.04 to 0.24, the volatility increase attributable to currency increased to 2.8%. The increasing correlation is the mechanism through which more of the volatility of embedded currency exposure gets transferred into the volatility of MSCI in U.S. dollars (unhedged). FIGURE 5: HOW CURRENCY EXPOSURE CAN IMPACT VOLATILITY Period Volatility of MSCI in U.S. dollors (unhedged) Volatility of MSCI expressed in local currency terms Volatility of embedded currency exposure Volatility increase attributable to currency Correlation between currency and equity expressed in local terms 1 Full Period (12/31/1969 to 12/31/2015) 17.0% 14.4% 8.4% 2.6% 0.04 Last 20-Years (12/31/1995 to 12/31/2015) 16.7% 14.8% 7.4% 2.0% 0.04 Last 5-Years (12/31/2010 to 12/31/2015) 15.0% 12.2% 6.3% 2.8% Correlation between currency and equity expressed in local terms: Correlation between returns and the MSCI equity returns that are expressed in local currency terms. Sources: MSCI, for period from 12/31/69 12/31/15. Concept for chart from Managing Currency Risk, Record Currency Management, March ASSET LIABILITY MANAGEMENT Steve Scoles made a further important point about the supposed diversification benefit of "the uncorrelated risk" when applied to insurance companies and pension funds that have liabilities 19 in a certain currency: The idea that uncorrelated risk is good comes from the mean-variance framework of modern portfolio theory. In the context of looking at only assets, that may be fine. However, it is important to remember that insurance companies and pension plans are highly leveraged propositions. Our long-term guarantees to policyholders and plan members require us to measure risk vis-à-vis the liabilities rather than simply looking at the assets. That is, asset value fluctuations are not important as long as the liability value fluctuates in the same way. In this asset-liability context, currency risk adds to the overall risk rather than reduces it. 20 We agree, and what is true for the pension fund that owes liabilities to retirees in a certain currency is also true for an individual investor who is consuming goods in a certain currency. Unless U.S. investors believe that a significant amount of their future consumption will be in euros say if they have a house in the French Riviera then euro exposure adds unnecessary volatility to their future consumption profile. 19 Liabilities: Future streams of payments that will be owed in accordance with previously stated policy parameters. 20 Scoles, 2008.

11 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 10 DECLINING DIVERSIFICATION OF OWNING THE EURO Figures 6 and 7 illustrate the same charts for the European Monetary Union () 21 that we showed in figures 4 and 5 for. The bottom line is that we're seeing a similar case of what we saw for, namely: 1) flat to negative returns for ; 2) average annual volatility for of about 10%; and 3) declining diversification benefit from exposure to. Specifically: + The as a standalone asset class historically had 10% volatility consistently over most major periods again, just about half the volatility of the local equity market. + The long-term returns to the MSCI Index currencies were -0.6% per year this means the risk-return trade- off for European currencies as a standalone asset class showed relatively miniscule historical returns with large volatility (a bad combination). + This bad combination is further emphasized with a negative Sharpe ratio in every period shown in figure 6 for just as we saw in figure 4 with. + over the long run had a correlation of 0.14 versus the S&P 500, but that has risen significantly to 0.26 over the last three years and 0.46 over the last five years. This rising correlation means there has been less diversification benefit to owning the euro. + While the had actually a zero correlation to the MSCI stocks over the last 20 years (shown in figure 7), even over that period, the increased the risk by 2.3 percentage points when packaged with the MSCI equities. With the rising correlation in more recent times up to 0.21 in the last five years the added volatility of currency risk was 4.2 percentage points. FIGURE 6: DOES LOOK INTERESTING AS A STANDALONE ASSET CLASS? Returns Volatility Levels Sharpe Ratio Correlations to S&P 500 Period w/ no w/ no S&P 500 w/ no S&P 500 w/ no 12/31/ /31/ % 3.0% 0.0% 21.8% 18.7% 10.3% 14.4% (0.01) (0.10) (0.48) Year 5.2% 12.2% -6.3% 15.7% 14.3% 8.5% 10.6% (0.74) Year 3.0% 7.5% -4.1% 19.6% 15.5% 9.3% 11.7% (0.45) Year 2.2% 3.1% -0.8% 23.3% 17.6% 10.9% 15.1% (0.18) year 5.9% 7.0% -1.1% 21.1% 18.8% 10.1% 15.3% (0.34) Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, 12/31/87 12/31/15. w/ refers to the MSCI Index priced in U.S. dollars. no refers to the MSCI Index priced in the local currency. refers to the underlying currency exposure of the MSCI Index. Past performance is not indicative of future results. 21 : Refers to the currency exposure of the MSCI Index universe, measured against the U.S. dollar.

12 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 11 FIGURE 7: HOW CURRENCY EXPOSURE CAN IMPACT VOLATILITY Period Volatility of MSCI in U.S. dollors (unhedged) Volatility of MSCI expressed in local currency terms Volatility of embedded currency exposure Volatility increase attributable to currency Correlation between currency and equity expressed in local terms 1 Last 20-Years (12/31/1995 to 12/31/2015) 21.1% 18.8% 10.1% 2.3% Last 5-Years (12/31/2010 to 12/31/2015) 19.6% 15.5% 9.3% 4.2% Correlation between currency and equity expressed in local terms: Correlation between returns and the MSCI equity returns that are expressed in local currency terms. Sources: MSCI, for period from 12/31/95 12/31/15. Concept for chart comes from Managing Currency Risk, Record Currency Management, March DO YOU REALLY WHAT TO OWN YEN WITH JAPAN EQUITIES AS A DIVERSIFIER? The Japanese yen, evaluated on a standalone basis, looks like an interesting asset class to diversify S&P 500 exposure, as the yen displays a negative correlation to the S&P 500 over the approximately 45 years of data and a sharper negative correlation in more recent years. But does this mean that investors should take on the yen risk by packaging it on top of Japan equities? Not necessarily, as the Japanese yen is even more negatively correlated to Japanese stocks than it is to the S&P 500, and Japanese stocks can thus take a bigger hit if the yen rises. + The three-year correlation of the S&P 500 and the yen was -0.43, but the three-year correlation of the yen and the MSCI Japan Index (in yen) was If an investor really wanted a hedge for a bearish scenario in the U.S. equity markets, the historical correlation data would suggest that the yen could serve that choice as a standalone investment, but not when it's packaged with Japanese equities. It's possible to see the yen rising during a time when the U.S. economy slowed down significantly or China's economy had a particularly bad stretch. That does not seem to be a time when investors would want to also own Japan's stocks, which could potentially take away some of the benefit of holding the yen. + The historical volatility profile of the yen and Japanese equities also reveals an interesting characteristic. During the period we call "the Abe period," we show how a strongly weakening currency of about 12% per year led to significant gains in the equity markets up nearly 26% per year. This led to higher volatility for Japanese stocks. But this was volatility that should be desired stocks were doing well as the currency was declining. Owning both the yen and the stocks in Japan over this period led to returns of about 12% per year approximately 15% lower than the equities alone. The fact that packaging the equity risk and currency risk lowered volatility does not seem like a desirable goal for international equities; rather, it is the ultimate reason to own many of these foreign markets.

13 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 12 FIGURE 8: THE YEN HAS EXHIBITED NEGATIVE CORRELATION TO THE S&P 500 INDEX Rolling 3-Year Correlation Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, 12/31/69 12/31/15. Past performance is not indicative of future results. FIGURE 9: BUT THE YEN IS MORE NEGATIVELY CORRELATED TO JAPANESE EQUITIES Rolling 3-Year Correlation Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, 12/31/69 12/31/15. Past performance is not indicative of future results.

14 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 13 FIGURE 10: DOES THE YEN LOOK INTERESTING AS A STANDALONE ASSET CLASS? Period Returns Volatility Levels Sharpe Ratio Correlations to S&P 500 Correlations to MSCI Japan Japan Japan Japan Yen Japan S&P Yen w/ Yen no Yen w/ Yen no Yen 500 Japan Japan S&P Yen w/ Yen no Yen 500 Japan Japan Yen w/ Yen no Yen Yen 12/31/69-12/31/15 8.9% 6.4% 2.4% 21.1% 18.6% 11.1% 15.3% (0.23) (0.02) (0.07) 11/30/ /31/2015 (Abe Period) 11.7% 26.3% -11.5% 13.5% 17.4% 8.0% 10.5% (1.45) (0.41) (0.65) 3-Year 10.2% 23.0% -10.4% 13.4% 17.0% 7.8% 10.6% (1.34) (0.43) (0.63) 5-Year 4.4% 12.9% -7.6% 14.0% 18.1% 7.9% 11.7% (0.96) (0.36) (0.66) 10-Year 0.9% 1.1% -0.2% 15.5% 19.3% 9.5% 15.1% (0.01) 0.00 (0.14) (0.26) (0.62) 20-year 0.4% 1.1% -0.8% 18.0% 18.1% 10.6% 15.3% (0.11) (0.07) (0.30) (0.04) (0.30) Sources: WisdomTree, MSCI, 12/31/69 12/31/15. Japan w/yen refers to the MSCI Japan Index priced in U.S. dollars. Japan no yen refers to the MSCI Japan Index priced in the local currency. Yen refers to the underlying currency exposure of the yen against the U.S. dollar. Past performance is not indicative of future results. Abe period is from 11/30/12 to 12/31/15. JAPAN IS NOT A UNIQUE CASE Japan's experience of having quite strong returns when its currency was declining is not unique in history. Earlier, we discussed how the S&P 500 was showing a strong negative correlation between the U.S. dollar and the S&P 500. Over long-term periods, the MSCI Index performed better, measured in local currencies, when the was declining, and so did the MSCI Index. The MSCI Index has 45 years of data, but the differentials are striking 13.2% average annual returns when currencies were declining versus just 1.4% average annual returns when the was rising. These points illustrate that some of the best returns to foreign markets came when currencies were declining and the U.S. dollar was rising but one must hedge the risk to achieve those returns. Whereas many traditionally have thought that getting bullish on the U.S. dollar should mean allocating less to foreign stocks to avoid the hit, the reverse is actually true: Investors should increase exposure to foreign stocks when the dollar is rallying, just in a currency-hedged manner. FIGURE 11: THE BEST TIME TO OWN INTERNATIONAL EQUITIES WERE DURING PERIODS OF DECLINING CURRENCIES RELATIVE TO THE U.S. DOLLAR Period Down MSCI Index Up All Periods Down MSCI Index Up All Periods 12/31/1969 to 12/31/ % 5.4% 7.6% 13.2% 1.4% 8.8% Source: MSCI, with data through 12/31/15.

15 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 14 THE 50/50 HEDGED MODEL Gary Gastineau, in 1995, wrote a paper titled "The Currency Hedging Decision: A Search for Synthesis in Asset Allocation." His conclusion, with a recommendation for changing the default baseline benchmark, has a nice appeal to it: A portfolio's currency allocation deserves more attention than it typically gets, and the currency allocation decision should be integrated with allocations to other asset classes. The appropriate currency-hedging decision is neither complete hedging back to an investor's base currency nor total avoidance of currency hedging. In the absence of a compelling case for any other ratio, we suggest a 50/50 hedged/unhedged currency benchmark. This benchmark should modestly improve the long-range performance of portfolios with passive currency-management policies. More significantly, the existence of persistent opportunities for adding value with exchange rate forecasting techniques suggests that the 50/50 benchmark is no more and no less than a good place for an active currency manager to start. 22 Deciding when one wants to dial up the hedged allocation or add more currency risk to the 50/50 baseline hedged allocation could be viewed as the active 23 decision. WHY DYNAMICALLY HEDGE CURRENCY EXPOSURES WisdomTree believes there is a strong case to be made that currency-hedged solutions provide a more attractive strategic and baseline exposure for long-run portfolios. However, many investors are reluctant to switch to a fully hedged strategy for fear of missing a period when currency exposure contributes to returns even if using a fully hedged approach could result in lower volatility over the long run. Some investors also have concerns about their ability to decide when to rotate between hedged and unhedged strategies and so have either left that decision to their active managers or have defaulted to their status quo and retained currency exposure. DYNAMIC HEDGING AS LONG-RUN, CORE ALLOCATION WisdomTree created a solution to serve as a core, long-run international equity allocation that embeds a dynamic currency-hedging program that solves the challenge of trying to time the currency hedge. WisdomTree partnered with Record Currency Management (Record) to use its currency research and signals in order to dynamically hedge currency exposures within international equity indexes. We believe this represents an important evolution in currency-hedged strategies. 24 The first step to developing a currency model is to carefully specify the signals that will be used. Adjustments to WisdomTree's currency hedge and how much to hedge are the result of a rules-based, well-researched and codified process developed in conjunction with Record. 22 Gary L. Gastineau, 'The Currency Hedging Decision: A Search for Synthesis in Asset Allocation,' Financial Analysts Journal, May June Active: Funds that attempt to outperform the market by selecting securities that a portfolio manager believes to be the best. 24 No WisdomTree Fund is sponsored, endorsed, sold or promoted by Record Currency Management ('Record'). Record has licensed certain rights to WisdomTree Investments, Inc., as the index provider to the applicable WisdomTree Funds, and Record is providing no investment advice to any WisdomTree Fund or its advisors. Record makes no representation or warranty, expressed or implied, to the owners of any WisdomTree Fund regarding any associated risks or the advisability of investing in any WisdomTree Fund.

16 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 15 The three signals used are as follows: + Momentum: 33.3% of the total hedge ratio is determined by relative price momentum of the foreign currency with reference to two moving average signals on the historically observed spot rates over periods of 10 and 240 business days. Simply put, a downward trend in the currency would signal to put on the hedge, whereas an upward or appreciating trend would signal to take it off. + Interest Rate (Frequently Referred to as Carry): 33.3% of the total hedge ratio is determined by measuring the difference in interest rates, as implied in one-month foreign exchange () forwards, between each currency and the U.S. dollar. If the implied interest rate in the United States is higher than that within the targeted currency, a further 33.33% hedge ratio is applied for this signal. + Value: The final 33.3% of the total hedge ratio is determined by a value signal that references foreign currency spot exchange rates smoothed over 20 business days and a band of over/under-valuation of 20% versus the latest purchasing power parity (PPP) as published by the OECD 25. The signals are equally weighted at one-third each in terms of contribution to the overall index hedge ratio because it is very difficult to know which of the signals will have the greatest influence on a currency's performance against the U.S. dollar from month to month. ANALYZING THE HISTORICAL EFFICACY OF THE SIGNALS ACROSS DEVELOPED INTERNATIONAL CURRENCIES To review how the dynamic hedge might have performed across international equities, we looked at a universe of developed market currency exposures and tested them to see just how much incremental value was added by 1) the application of the individual signals and 2) the application of the Record Signal Overlay over a period of nearly 30 years. Our baselines compared to incremental value are: + A decision to take the full amount of currency risk (also known as an unhedged approach) + A decision to hedge half the currency risk (also known as a 50% hedged approach) + A decision to neutralize all the currency risk (also known as the 100% passively hedged approach) The results were quite interesting: + The Greatest Incremental Value Added: The dynamic hedge added the greatest incremental value when compared to the 100% passively hedged exposure. This is because the dollar declined over this approximately 30-year period, so hedging passively was not helpful. + Incremental Value Added over Taking Currency Risk in Full: The traditional thinking has stated that returns attributable to currency movements should basically "come out in the wash," or in essence be flat. The dynamic hedge (Record Signal Overlay), however, was also able to generate 1.08% per year in incremental added return when compared to the unhedged exposure over a period of nearly 30 years. 25 Stands for the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development. Refers to the most recently available statistical release.

17 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 16 FIGURE 12: EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SIGNALS OVER TIME 2.5% Baseline: Taking the Developed Market Currency Risk in Full Baseline: Taking half of the Developed Market Currency Risk Baseline: Seeking to Neutralize the Developed Market Currency Risk Fully Incremental Return Difference Due to Currency Hedging Signal Over Specified Baseline 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 1.08% 1.53% 0.40% 1.08% 1.26% 1.68% 0.54% 1.22% 1.56% 1.97% 0.84% 1.51% 0.0% Momentum Interest Rate Difference Value Record Momentum Interest Signal Rate Overlay Difference Value Record Momentum Interest Signal Rate Overlay Difference Value Record Signal Overlay Sources: WisdomTree, Record Currency Management, with data measured from 11/31/1988 to 12/31/15. SUMMARY The discussion of currency-hedged strategies has shaken some of the core beliefs of investors. Traditional investment vehicles that package equity risk plus a secondary currency risk on top of that have been referred to as the traditional "plain vanilla" exposure because they were the first to the market, and these are what investors have been using for a long time. We believe that, for investors starting with a clean slate, adding currency risk on top of the equity market is actually more exotic than currency hedging. We believe that it's necessary to take a harder look at the diversification attained by adding in this risk. If investors evaluated as a pure standalone investment instead of a packaged product, we think they would rarely find themselves convinced of the reason to add in this exposure to their portfolios all the time. Investors should ask themselves: Why am I taking risk in my international portfolio? It is fairly easy now and rather inexpensive especially on a relative interest rate basis to hedge developed world exposure to currencies such as the euro and the yen. We think more and more U.S. investors will come to this view in the coming years.

18 WisdomTree Research DON'T LAYER CURRENCY RISK ON TOP OF EQUITY EXPOSURE 17 Investors should carefully consider the investment objectives, risks, charges and expenses of the Fund before investing. To obtain a prospectus containing this and other important information, call WISE (9473) or visit wisdomtree.com. Read the prospectus carefully before you invest. There are risks associated with investing, including possible loss of principal. Foreign investing involves special risks, such as risk of loss from currency fluctuation or political or economic uncertainty. To the extent that a Fund invests a significant portion of its assets in the securities of companies of a single country or region, it is likely to be impacted by the events or conditions affecting that country or region. Dividends are not guaranteed, and a company's future ability to pay dividends may be limited. A company currently paying dividends may cease paying dividends at any time. Investments in currency involve additional special risks, such as credit risk and interest rate fluctuations. Derivative investments can be volatile, and these investments may be less liquid than other securities and more sensitive to the effects of varied economic conditions. As a Fund can have a high concentration in some issuers, the Fund can be adversely impacted by changes affecting those issuers. The Fund invests in the securities included in, or representative of, its Index regardless of their investment merit, and the Fund does not attempt to outperform its Index or take defensive positions in declining markets. Due to the investment strategy of some Funds, they may make higher capital gain distributions than other ETFs. Please read a Fund's prospectus for specific details regarding a Fund's risk profile. The MSCI information may only be used for your internal use, may not be reproduced or redisseminated in any form and may not be used as a basis for or a component of any financial instruments or products or indexes. None of the MSCI information is intended to constitute investment advice or a recommendation to make (or refrain from making) any kind of investment decision and may not be relied on as such. Historical data and analysis should not be taken as an indication or guarantee of any future performance analysis, forecast or prediction. The MSCI information is provided on an "as is" basis, and the user of this information assumes the entire risk of any use made of this information. MSCI, each of its affiliates and each entity involved in compiling, computing or creating any MSCI information (collectively, the "MSCI Parties") expressly disclaim all warranties. With respect to this information, in no event shall any MSCI Party have any liability for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, punitive, consequential (including lost profits) or any other damages. ( S&P 500 Index: A market capitalization-weighted benchmark of 500 stocks selected by the Standard and Poor's Index Committee, designed to represent the performance of the leading industries in the United States economy. MSCI Index: A market capitalization-weighted index composed of companies representative of the developed market structure of developed countries in Europe, Australasia and Japan. MSCI Index: A free float-adjusted market capitalization-weighted index designed to measure the performance of the markets in the European Monetary Union. MSCI Japan Index: A market capitalization-weighted subset of the MSCI Index that measures the performance of the Japanese equity market. WisdomTree Funds are distributed by Foreside Fund Services, LLC, in the U.S. only. Jeremy Schwartz & Christopher Gannatti are registered representatives of Foreside Fund Services, LLC WisdomTree Investments, Inc. "WisdomTree" is a registered mark of WisdomTree Investments, Inc. WTGM-1048