16.400/ Human Factors Engineering. Anthropometry/Ergonomics
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1 16.400/ Human Factors Engineering Anthropometry/Ergonomics 1
2 Definition Anthropometry = Anthro + metry (human) (measurement) 2
3 16.400/453 Anthropometry Anthropometry is the scientific measurement and collection of data about human physical characteristics and the application (engineering anthropometry) of these data in the design and evaluation of systems, equipment, manufactured products, human environments, and facilities. Cockpits, air traffic control work stations, maintenance, passengers, other crew stations 3
4 Anthropometry/Ergonomics Measuring the Human Size Determining Workplace Locations Verifying Required Forces and Physical Loads 4
5 Workspace Design /453 Monitoring ATC Process control Medical applications Control Cockpit Remotely piloted vehicles UAVs, UGVs, UUVs Remote surgery Supervisory control Must consider human-environment interactions as well as physical and cognitive limitations 5
6 How to Accomplish the Interface Make the Man Fit the Job Selection Training Motivation Make Job Fit the Man (or Woman) Adjustability Load Regulation 6
7 Some Common Errors Using the Wrong Subject Population Age Gender Race Fitness 7
8 Design Considerations /453 Design reference points and zones o Seat reference points o Arm rotation points o Eye reference points or zones o Visual envelopes o Mobility and/or comfort adjustment ranges Dynamic measures o Range & strength o Grip o Grasp o Exerted forces Push, pull, vertical 8 Lifting & carrying
9 C/D Layout Central Limit Theorem assures Normality, BUT Beware of the 3 Sigma outliers Measurements co-vary (e.g. height, and reach) BUT Significant variations exist among the various measures 9
10 Principles for C/D Layout Location Operational importance of C/Ds Frequency of use of C/Ds Grouping Functional Sequential Topological C/D Identification Stereotypical Layouts Individual C/D Constraints Manipulability of control Visibility of display 10
11 Ergonomics Design Flow Priorities Primary visual tasks & their controls Emergency controls Control/display relations Functional/sequential grouping Frequency-of-use and consistency in layout Priorities in automobile WS Image removed due to copyright restrictions. 11
12 Standing Operator Workplace This image is in the public domain. Source: Department of Defense. 12
13 Vehicle Operator Workplace Image removed due to copyright restrictions. 13
14 Control/Display Locations 28 cm (11") 10 o 60 o 0 o 30 o 10 o Primary Display and Control Area 45 o 165 cm (65") 25 cm (10") 152 cm (60") 168 cm (66") 81 cm (32") 107 cm (42") 31 cm (12") 25 cm (10") 10 cm (4") 14 cm (5.4") 14 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
15 Reach Far High Shoulder Distance above SRP (cm) Optimum Area Far Low Near Low Near High Backrest 0 Seat Reference Point (SRP) Distance forward of SRP (cm) 15 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
16 Standing Control/Display Areas Preferred Display Area Preferred Control Area 165 cm (65") 135 cm (53") 127 cm (50") 86 cm (34") 16 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
17 Representative Human Models A small group of humanoids representing a designated percentage (e.g., 90%) of the target population for product design based on anthropometric data Benefits of RHMs in anthropometric design Efficient ergonomic design and evaluation Good fit between products and the target users. 17
18 Applied Anthropometry Figures 13.1 and 13.4 removed due to copyright restrictions. Source: Sanders, Mark S., and Ernest J. McCormick. Human Factors in Engineering and Design. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, ISBN:
19 Reference Planes These images are in the public domain. Source: NASA. 19
20 Body Size Measurements Type Height Breadth Depth (Thickness) Length Circumference Curvature Description A straight-line, point-to-point vertical measurement from a reference plane (floor or seat-pan). A straight-line, point-to-point horizontal measurement running across the body or segment. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement running fore-aft. A straight-line, point-to-point measurement between landmarks on the body. A closed measurement that follows a body contour. A point-to-point, but not closed, measurement that follows a body contour. 20
21 General approach Workplace Design Plan the whole, then the detail Plan the ideal, then the practical Systems requirements process/equipment Process/equipment workplace layout Evaluate alternatives: models, mockups Workplace layout Define what the operator needs to see outside ws, inside ws, other people/equipment Define what operator needs to hear to communicate to with others, signals, alarms, equipment Specify what operator needs to control hand/foot controls, latches, seat adj, emergency Determine body clearances 21
22 Reach Measurements Images removed due to copyright restrictions. 22
23 Preferred Postures Images removed due to copyright restrictions. 23
24 Measurement Techniques Technique Mechanical device Photogrammetry Laser scanner Description The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts directly. The body sizes are obtained by measuring the body parts on the photographic image. The body sizes are extracted from the digital body. 24
25 Factors Effecting Body Size The distributions of body sizes are known to be normal or similar to normal Sources of variability Age Gender Racial and ethnic group Occupation Diurnal Secular trend 25
26 Height Growth in Japan Stature (cm) MALE Conscripts Students Students General Population FEMALE General Population Year of Birth 26 Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
27 27 This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.
28 28 This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation.
29 This image is in the public domain. Source: US Dept. of Transportation. 29
30 Design for Repetitive Tasks Work related Musculoskeletal Disoreders Housemaids Knee Instrumentalists Finger Overuse Carpal tunnel syndrome (most of us) Force over 1kg Time < 10 sec Repetitive operations Lack of regular breaks 30
31 Lifting Disorders Safe techniques for Lifting Safe loads Maximum number of lifts The EU guideline sates manual handling should be avoided as much as possible Lower Back Injuries Effectiveness of Training Abdominal Belts 31
32 MIT OpenCourseWare / Human Factors Engineering Fall 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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