A Comparative Study on Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs Prospects and Challenges

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1 A Comparative Study on Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs Prospects and Challenges Dr. R.Sivanesan Asst. Prof. in Commerce, St.Jerome s College of Arts and Science, Anandhanadarkudy, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu Abstract Rural and Urban woman constitutes the family, which leads to society and Nation. Social and economic development of women is necessary for overall economic development of any society or a country. Entrepreneurship is the state of mind which every woman has in her but has not been capitalized in India in way in which it should be. Due to change in environment, now people are more comfortable to accept leading role of women in our society. Our increasing dependency on service sector has created many entrepreneurial opportunities especially for women where they can excel their skills with maintaining balance in their life. This study is intended to find out various Problems, motivating and de-motivating factors of women hip in both rural and urban areas in Kanyakumari district of Tamilnadu. It will also suggest the way of eliminating and reducing hurdles of the women hip in rural and urban areas. Keywords Problems, Prospects, Challenges, Rural, Urban Introduction In the advanced countries of the world, there is a phenomenal increase in the number of self employed women after the Second World War. In the Indian context, participation of women as commenced from 1970s onwards. Earlier, women were associated with 3 K s Kitchen, Kids and Knitting. Then came 3 P s Powder, Papad and Pickles. In urban India, women, are found in 4 E s- Electricity, Electronics, Energy and Engineering. However, women in rural India have confined themselves to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Majorities of rural women are concentrated in low-paid, lowskilled, low-technology and low-productivity jobs. They have basic indigenous knowledge, skill and potential to establish and mange enterprise. Government of India (1984) has defined woman entrepreneur as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 percent of employment generated in the enterprise to women. This definition does not suit to rural women in India. Any rural woman or a group of rural women which innovates, imitates or adapts an economic activity may be referred as a rural woman entrepreneur. Secondly, rural woman entrepreneur could be defined as `an adult rural woman who creates, owns, and runs an enterprise in rural area. Rural women hip can be viewed as rural women indivisible process which flourishes when the inter-linked dimensions of individual psychological entrepreneurial traits, social encouragement and business opportunities coverage towards the common goal of opportunity creation and exploitation. From this point of view, rural women hip is a frame of mind and a continuous forward societal process. This state in which one does not become entrepreneur or does not act as an hip by the mere act of starting or owning an enterprise. Indian women are in no way inferior to men in all walks of life and they can be as good as men in the country. Therefore, it is essential to exploit the potentials of Indian women. Women s participation in trade, industry and commerce, requiring hip, is still poor mainly because of the problems associated with their gender roles. Therefore, promotion of hip and economic empowerment of women poses a challenge to the government, funding agencies and nongovernment organizations. It is important for these people to focus on the limitations faced by the women and to plan supporting systems to enhance the women hip in India. Review of Liturature The following are the important previous studies related to the present study: Kamala Singh (2006) in his article found that a women entrepreneur is a confident, innovative and creative woman capable of achieving economic independence individually or in collaboration generates employment opportunities for others through initiating establishing and running an enterprise by keeping pace with her personal, family and social life. Meanwhile and Dilipkumar (2006) they are elaborated on some of the issues faced by entrepreneurial women, such as a shortage of finances, male dominance, limited mobility, a lack of education, required motherly duties and a lack of achievement motivation. According to Rizvi and Gupta (2009), government-sponsored development activities have benefited only a small section of women, namely the urban middle class. This may be primarily due to their level of education, access to information and family support. Mathew and Panchanatham (2009) in their article found that the female workforce in India was mainly employed in non-managerial, subordinate or low-profile positions. Now, they occupy almost all categories of positions in the workplace. These changes in work culture have added to women s duties and responsibilities to their family as well as to society. Despite this new found work culture, and even though more and more women are joining the workforce, women in entrepreneurial roles are limited. The probable reason for this phenomenon are the conflicts between competing work demands and personal and family needs. Statement of The Problem Rural and Urban are playing an important role in the economic development of underdeveloped country. Women s 28

2 International Journal of Research in Management & skills and knowledge, their talents and abilities in business and a compelling desire of wanting to do something positive are some of the reasons for the women to organize industries. According to World Bank, investing more in business of women rather in men leads to greater development of a nation. Empowering women in hip leads to break the inequalities and reduces the poverty. Entrepreneurship plays an important role in developing society of a fast developing country like India. Nowadays it has been realized that enterprising women have cast entrepreneurial talents which could be harnessed so as to convert them from the position of Jobseekers to Job givers. The government has realized the importance of women hip. As a result, it offers a variety of programmes for women. The state of Tamilnadu is the industrially developing area in which some of the excel in small scale industry. Even though the government organizes women by various associations, they are not ready to undertake the business. As compared to men, women are less motivated to start business units due to some unwanted fear, lack of motivation and kind of activities. Rural and urban women face different challenges. Thus, the study aims at undertaking the prospects and challenges among rural and urban women highlights their motivational forces and relationship between socio-economic background of women and challenges. Objectives The present study has been carried out with the following objectives in 1. To study the socio-economic background of the rural and urban women in Kanyakumari District. 2. To analyze the motivational factors and other factors that influence rural and urban women to become. 3. To analyze the major strength and weakness of rural and urban women and the environmental opportunities and threats which promote the hip. 4. To offer suggestions to improve the satisfaction of rural and urban women. Hypothesis of The Study In the present study the researchers frame ten hypotheses to test the goodness of fitness. In this regard the following null hypotheses are framed: H1 = There is no significant difference between age of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H2 = There is no significant difference between age of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H3 = There is no significant difference between Marital status of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H4 = There is no significant difference between Marital status of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H5 = There is no significant difference between education of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H6 = There is no significant difference between education of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H7 = There is no significant difference between size of family of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H8 = There is no significant difference between size of family of the urban women and level of satisfaction. Scope of The Study The present study focuses on the rural and urban women in selected places in Kanyakumari district. The selected places with its good infrastructural facility, offers sound prospects for industrial developments. The scope of the study encompasses rural and urban women in Kanyakumari District and the problems faced by women who are engaged in stating a new enterprise in rural and urban areas of Kanyakumari district of Tamilnadu. The study is limited only to the rural and urban women of selected groups in Kanyakumari District of Tamilnadu. Research Methodology Research Methodology Conducted here is descriptive technique in nature. The technique of sampling used Judgmental sampling and interview schedule designed with help of secondary data and respondents interview and opinion. The primary data collected from rural and urban women in Kanyakumari district of Tamilnadu. The researchers select 50 sample respondents from urban area and 50 sample respondents from rural area. The present study covers the period of one year from June 2013 to June Sources of Data and Sample Size The following are the sources of data used by the researcher 1. Primary Data: The Primary data will be collected using survey as a mode of data collection. To conduct surveys separate sets of structured interview schedule would be prepared for rural and urban women. 2. Secondary Data: The secondary data shall be collected from various Books, Journals, Magazines and websites. The study is based on secondary as well primary data. A interview schedule was administered in five villages (five rural panchayat i.e., North Thamaraikulam (V1), Arumanallor (V2), Melasankarankuzhi (V3), Muthalakurichy (V4) and Vakkathurai (V5)) and five urban areas (four municipality i.e., Nagercoil (U1), Padmanabhapuram (U2), Kolachel (U3) and Kuzhithurai (U4) and one town panchayat i.e., Thiruvattar (U5)). These five villages and five urban areas are from Kanyakumari district. From each village and urban areas, 10 are selected. Retail stores, vegetable sellers, Tailors, small eateries and beautiesions are the samples. Table-1 shows sample size and samples. Table 1 : Sample size and sample of rural and urban women Entrepreneurs Sl. No. Entrepreneur s Business V1 U1 V2 U2 V3 U3 V4 U4 V5 U5 V Total U Total Total 1 Retail Stores Vegetable Sellers Tailors Small eateries Beautiesions All Rights Reserved, IJRMBS

3 Limitations of The Study 1. The present study is mainly focused in Kanyakumari District s selected rural and urban areas. 2. It is not possible to study the entire universe due to lack of time and resources. So, the study is based only on the information obtained from 50 respondents from rural areas and 50 respondents from urban areas. 3. All the respondents might not give the accurate information because there is lot of difference in what they say and what they do. Framework of Analysis The consumer survey would be conducted using Judgmental sampling method and various questions designed. The sampling type for the consumer survey data was collected using a standardized interview schedule. The present study the researcher used simple percentage analysis, Garrett Ranking Technique and hypothesis analysis Table 2 : Domographic Profile Demographic Characteristics Rural Women Factor Analysis of Prospects and Challenges of Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs The challenges faced by rural and urban women while conducing hip or business are assessed here based on primary data; which was collected from five villages and five urban areas of Kanyakumari district. This part the researcher analyses Profile/Socio-economic background of the rural and urban women respondents. Analyze the Motivational factors that influence rural and urban women become an Analyze the major prospects and challenges of rural and urban women Demographic profile is playing very important role in the prospects and challenges of rural and urban women. The Table 2 shows the demographic profile of rural and urban women Entrepreneurs (N=50) Urban Women Entrepreneurs (N=50) Total (N=100) Resp. Perc. Resp. Perc. Resp. Perc. Below Age Above Married Marital Status Un-Married Up-to HSC Degree Education PG Degree Professional Others Three Four to Five Size of Family Six to Seven Eight to Nine Above Nine Below Rs Rs to Rs Annual Income Rs to Rs Rs to Rs Above Rs Source: Primary data It is clear from Table 2 that, 56 percent (28 respondents) of the rural women are in the age group of 40 50, 20 percent (10 respondents) of them are lies in the age group of 30 40, 14 percent (7 respondents) are lies in the age group of above 50 and only 10 percent (5 respondents) are lies in the age group of At the same time 60 percent (30 respondents) of the urban women are lies in the age group of 20-30, 30 percent (15 respondents) are lies in the age group of 30-40, six percent (03 respondents) are lies in the age group of and only two percent (1 respondents) are lies in the age group of above 50. Marital Status is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 48 rural women (96 percent) are married and only two of them (4 percent) are unmarried. At the same time, 26 urban women (52 percent) are married and the remaining 24 of them (48 percent) are unmarried. 30

4 International Journal of Research in Management & Education is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 24 rural women (48 percent) are qualified with up-to HSC, 16 of them (32 percent) are qualified with Under Graduate Degree, five respondents (10 percent) are qualified with P.G. Degree and only four women (8 percent) are qualified with Professional Courses. At the same time, 30 urban women (60 percent) are qualified with Degree, nine of them (18 percent) are qualified with P.G. Degree, six of them (12 percent) are qualified with Professional courses and only four of them (8 percent) are qualified with HSC. Size of Family is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 23 rural women (46 percent) have four to five family members, 15 of them (30 percent) have six to seven family members, five of them (10 percent) have three family members, five of them (8 percent) have eight to nine family members and only three of them (6 percent) have above nine family members. At the same time, 21 urban women (42 percent) have three family members, 14 of them (28 percent) have four to five family members, 10 of them (20 percent) have six to seven family members, four of them (8 percent) have eight to nine family members and only one of them (2 percent) have above nine family members. Annual Income is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women in rural and urban areas, 20 rural women (40 percent) are earned Rs to Rs.40000, 16 of them (32 percent) are earned below Rs.20000, 10 of them (20 percent) are earned Rs to Rs.60000, three of them (6 percent) are earned Rs to Rs and only one of them (2 percent) are earned above Rs At the same time, 21 urban women (42 percent) are earned Rs to Rs.60000, 13 of them (26 percent) are earned below Rs.20000, six of them (12 percent) are earned Rs to Rs and only two of them (4 percent) are earned above Rs Reasons for Rural and Urban Women Becoming Entrepreneurs Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. The following table shows the reasons for rural and urban women becomes an with the help of Garrett Ranking Analysis It is clear from Table 3 that, among the rural women, Majority of the rural women select the business Table 3 : Reasons for Rural and Urban Women Becoming Entrepreneurs S l. No. Reason R u r a l W o m e n Urban Women Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs Garrett Mean Score Rank Garrett Mean Score Rank 1 Innovative thinking XIII II 2 Self-identity and social status IX I 3 Education and qualification X IV 4 Support of family members IV XII 5 Role model to others XI VIII 6 Success stories of friends and relatives III IX 7 Bright future of their wards VI XI 8 Need for additional income II V 9 Family occupation I XIII 10 Government policies and procedures V X 11 Freedom to take own decision and be independent VII III 12 Employment generation VIII VII 13 New challenges and opportunities for self-fulfillment XII VI Source: Primary and Calculated data because of their family occupation, it has been obtained first rank (Garrett Mean Score 56.45), second rank (Garrett Mean Score 55.89) has been obtained by need for additional income, third rank (Garrett Mean Score 48.88) has been obtained by success stories of friends and relatives, fourth rank (Mean Score 48.07) has been obtained by support of family members, fifth rank (Mean score 47.34) has been obtained by government policies and procedures, sixth rank (Garrett Mean Score 45.71) has been obtained for bright future of their wards and last rank (Mean Score 33.54) has been obtained by innovative thinking. Among the urban women, Majority of the urban women select the business because of it is a selfidentity and social status, it has been obtained first rank (Garrett Mean Score 63.05), second rank (Garrett Mean Score 61.37) has been obtained by innovative thinking, third rank (Garrett Mean Score 58.23) has been obtained by Freedom to take own decision and be independent, fourth rank (Mean Score 56.90) has been obtained by education and qualification, fifth rank (Mean score 56.65) has been obtained by need for additional income, sixth rank (Garrett Mean Score 56.88) has been obtained for New challenges All Rights Reserved, IJRMBS

5 and opportunities for self-fulfillment and last rank (Mean Score 38.08) has been obtained by family occupation. Challenges Faced by Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs Rural and Urban women entrepreneur s performance is not as much progressive as desired due to various challenges faced by them such as: 1. Personal challenges 2. Social challenges 3. Financial challenges 4. Marketing challenges 5. Managerial challenges 6. Technological challenges 7. Competition challenges 8. Lack of mobility challenges 9. Educational challenges 10. Accounting challenges 11. Lack of Law knowledge challenges It was asked to the respondents, out of above challenges or constraints, which challenges are faced by them the most? Their response after survey is presented in Table 4. It is clear from Table 4 that, among the rural women, majority of the rural women face social challenges, it has obtained first rank (Mean Score 67.87), second rank (Mean Score 66.21) has obtained by financial challenges, third Table 4 : Challenges Faced by Rural and Urban Women Entrepreneurs Sl. No. Challenges Rural Women Entrepreneurs Urban Women Entrepreneurs Garrett Mean Score Rank Garrett Mean Score Rank 1 Personal challenges III II 2 Social challenges I V 3 Financial challenges II I 4 Marketing challenges V IV 5 Managerial challenges VI VI 6 Technological challenges IV VIII 7 Competition challenges VII III 8 Lack of mobility challenges IX VII 9 Educational challenges X X 10 Accounting challenges XI XI 11 Lack of Law knowledge challenges VIII IX Source: Primary and Calculated data rank (Mean Score 66.01) has obtained by personal challenges, fourth rank (Mean Score 65.89) has obtained by technological challenges, fifth rank (Mean Score 62.04) has obtained by marketing challenges, sixth rank (Mean Score 60.12) has obtained by managerial challenges, seventh rank (Mean score 57.72) has obtained by competition challenges, eight rank (Mean Score 56.21) has obtained by Lack of Law knowledge challenges, ninth rank (Mean Score 51.89) has obtained by Lack of mobility challenges, tenth rank (Mean Score 48.21) has been obtained by educational challenges and last rank (Mean Score 45.80) has obtained by accounting challenges. Among the urban women, majority of the urban women face financial challenges, it has obtained first rank (Mean Score 56.89), second rank (Mean Score 56.32) has obtained by personal challenges, third rank (Mean Score 55.78) has obtained by competition challenges, fourth rank (Mean Score 55.12) has obtained by marketing challenges, fifth rank (Mean Score 52.56) has obtained by social challenges, sixth rank (Mean Score 51.89) has obtained by managerial challenges, seventh rank (Mean score 50.21) has obtained by lack of mobility challenges, eight rank (Mean Score 49.50) has obtained by technological challenges, ninth rank (Mean Score 45.71) has obtained by Lack of Law knowledge challenges, tenth rank (Mean Score 45.11) has been obtained by educational challenges and last rank (Mean Score 44.07) has obtained by accounting challenges. Analysis of Hypotheses The primary data were collected from the respondents tabulated for analysis and interpretation. The data analyzed and interpreted are tested by using the chi-square test. In the present study the researcher frame three hypotheses to test the goodness of fitness. In this regard the following null hypotheses are framed: H1 = There is no significant difference between age of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H2 = There is no significant difference between age of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H3 = There is no significant difference between Marital status of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H4 = There is no significant difference between Marital status of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H5 = There is no significant difference between education of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H6 = There is no significant difference between education of the urban women and level of satisfaction. H7 = There is no significant difference between size of family of the rural women and level of satisfaction. H8 = There is no significant difference between size of family of the urban women and level of satisfaction. The chi-square test is applied in statistics to test the goodness of fitness to verify the distribution of observed data with assumed theoretical distribution. It is defined as (O-E) 2 χ2 =Σ E Where, 32

6 International Journal of Research in Management & O = Observed Frequency E = Expected frequency 1. Age and Level of Satisfaction of rural women H1= There is no significant difference between Age and Level of Satisfaction of rural women. Since the calculated value (08.98) is less than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. So there is no significance difference between age and level of satisfaction of rural women. Table 5 : Analysis of Hypotheses Factor Table Calculated Degrees of Result Value Value Freedom Age and Level of Satisfaction RURAL (H1) Accepted URBAN (H2) Rejected Marital status and Level of RURAL (H3) Accepted satisfaction URBAN (H4) Rejected Education and Level of Satisfaction RURAL (H5) Rejected URBAN (H6) Rejected Size of Family and Level of satisfaction RURAL (H7) Accepted URBAN (H8) Rejected 2. Age and Level of Satisfaction of urban women H2= There is no significant difference between Age and Level of Satisfaction of urban women. Since the calculated value (12.53) is more than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is significance difference between age and level of satisfaction of urban women. 3. Marital status and Level of Satisfaction of rural women H3= There is no significant difference between marital status and Level of Satisfaction of rural women. Since the calculated value (4.21) is less than the table value (5.99). Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. So there is no significance difference between marital status and level of satisfaction of rural women. 4. Marital status and Level of Satisfaction of urban women H4= There is no significant difference between marital status and Level of Satisfaction of urban women. Since the calculated value (8.56) is more than the table value (5.99). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is significance difference between marital status and level of satisfaction of urban women. 5. Education and Level of Satisfaction of rural women H5= There is no significant difference between education and Level of Satisfaction of rural women. Since the calculated value (16.23) is more than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is significance difference between education and level of satisfaction of rural women. 6. Education and Level of Satisfaction of urban women H6= There is no significant difference between education and Level of Satisfaction of urban women. Since the calculated value (17.67) is more than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is significance difference between education and level of satisfaction of urban women. 7. Size of family and Level of Satisfaction of rural women H7= There is no significant difference between size of family and Level of Satisfaction of rural women. Since the calculated value (08.05) is less than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is accepted. So there is no significance difference between size of family and level of satisfaction of rural women. 8. Size of family and Level of Satisfaction of urban women H8= There is no significant difference between size of family and Level of Satisfaction of urban women. Since the calculated value (11.04) is more than the table value (9.49). Hence the null hypothesis is rejected. So there is significance difference between size of family and level of satisfaction of urban women. Findings of The Study The following are the important findings of the present study. 56 percent (28 respondents) of the rural women are in the age group of 40 50, 20 percent (10 respondents) of them are lies in the age group of percent (30 respondents) of the urban women are lies in the age group of 20-30, 30 percent (15 respondents) are lies in the age group of Marital Status is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 48 rural women (96 percent) are married and only two of them (4 percent) are unmarried. At the same time, 26 urban women (52 percent) are married and the remaining 24 of them (48 percent) are unmarried. Education is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 24 rural women (48 percent) are qualified with up-to HSC, 16 of them (32 percent) are qualified with Under Graduate Degree, At the same time, 30 urban women (60 percent) are qualified with Degree, nine of them (18 percent) are qualified with P.G. Degree. Size of Family is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women, 23 rural women All Rights Reserved, IJRMBS

7 (46 percent) have four to five family members, 15 of them (30 percent) have six to seven family members. At the same time, 21 urban women (42 percent) have three family members, 14 of them (28 percent) have four to five family members. Annual Income is the important factor to analyses the challenges and prospects of women in rural and urban areas, 20 rural women (40 percent) are earned Rs to Rs.40000, 16 of them (32 percent) are earned below Rs At the same time, 21 urban women (42 percent) are earned Rs to Rs.60000, 13 of them (26 percent) are earned below Rs Majority of the rural women select the business because of their family occupation, it has been obtained first rank (Garrett Mean Score 56.45). Majority of the urban women select the business because of it is a self-identity and social status, it has been obtained first rank (Garrett Mean Score 63.05). Majority of the rural women face social challenges (Mean Score 67.87) and financial challenges (Mean Score 66.21). Majority of the urban women face financial challenges (Mean Score 56.89) and personal challenges (Mean Score 56.32). Suggestions of The Study On the basis of the above mentioned problems faced by women and various other problems too, there is a provision of a number of solution measures to overcome the aforesaid problems. Such solutions or remedies can be well understood as under:- In the initial stages rural and urban women may face problems but they must persevere, believe in themselves and not give up mid-way. For rural women need proper training institutes for enhancing their level of work-knowledge, skills, risk-taking abilities, enhancing their capabilities comparing to urban women. For rural women need standards of education in general as well making effective provisions for their training, practical experience and personality development programmes, to improvise their over-all personality standards comparing to urban women.self-help groups of women to mobilize resources and pooling capital funds, in order to help the women in the field of industry, trade and commerce can also play a positive role to solve this problem of rural and urban women. Rural women face minimum legal procedure to get the financial assistance from government but urban women face lot of legal procedure to get the financial assistance, so the government may minimize the legal procedure of at the time of issuing financial assistance to urban women. At the district level, a separate rural and urban women s organization can be formed so as to help women in fulfilling their requirements of financial assistance, marketing aid, obtaining subsides, concessions, technical know-how, raw material assistance, conduct of market surveys to assess the feasibility counseling and follow up guidance. Conclusion It can be said that today we are in a better position wherein women participation in the field of hip is increasing at a considerable rate. Efforts are being taken at the economy as brought promise of equality of opportunity in all spheres to the Indian women and laws guaranteed equal rights of participation in political process and equal opportunities and rights in education and employment were enacted It is evident from the study that rural and urban women are ready to face the challenges associated with setting up of business. Society is very much receptive to the concept of women entrepreneur, so is the family. Women are not into business for survival but to satisfy their inner urge of creativity and to prove their capabilities. Women education is contributing to a great extent to the social transformation. The future will see more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. The socio background including factors, type and mode of business, training programmes are the important problems of women in Kanyakumari District. References [1]. Anil Kumar, Women Entrepreneurs Profile of the Ground relatives, SEDME Vol. 30 No. 4 December 2003 P 1. [2]. S.K. Dhameja, Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance, Problems Deep Publications Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi, P 9. [3]. Anil Kumar, Financing Pattern of Enterprises owned by women Entrepreneurs. The Indian journal of Commerce, Vol. 57 No.2, April June P-73. [4]. Bhandari, Arivid: Women Deserve a Better. The Tribune March 8th [5]. Dhameeja S.K. 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