RFID and its impact on society

Transcription

1 RFID and its impact on society Edip Niver Electrical and Computer Engineering Department New Jersey Institute of Technology Newark, NJ June 12, 2010 on board of RV Academic Vavilov 70 th Anniversary of Academician Robert I. Nigmatulin

2 Outline Review of RFID concept Applications o Temperature and weight sensing o Transportation o Tag Location Estimation Conclusions

3 RFID History and technology background In 1945 Léon Theremin invented a tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. IFF transponder invented in the United Kingdom in 1915, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by most powered aircraft to this day. Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp , October 1948). Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. An early demonstration of reflected power (modulated backscatter) RFID tags, both passive and semi passive, was performed by Steven Depp, Alfred Koelle, and Robert Freyman at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1973.The portable system operated at 915 MHz and used 12 bit tags. This technique is used by the majority of today's UHFID and microwave RFID tags. The first patent to be associated with the abbreviation RFID was granted to Charles Walton in 1983 U.S. Patent 4,384,288.

4 Current uses of RFID systems Payment by mobile phones Transportation payments Economical alternative to car ownership: car sharing Season parking tickets Toll roads Public transit (bus, rail, subway) Asset management and retail sales Product tracking IT asset tracking Transportation and logistics Animal identification RFID tracking and tracing for meatpackers Inventory systems / RFID mandates Wal Mart mandate Department of Defense mandate Promotion tracking Libraries Human identification Passports Schools and universities Museums Social retailing Race timing Lap scoring Ski resorts Human implants

5 Typical RFID tags and readers RFID Tags RFID Readers

6 Near field based RFID operation

7 132 khz tag, 1 cm

8 Far field based RFID system

9 Far field based RFID tags

10 Various frequency Bands in RFID

11 RFID Biomedical Information System with Passive Sensor Tags Salman Naqvi, Phong Pham, Jaskiran Singh, Avneesh Vig and Edip Niver, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, NJIT William Carr, and Ramakrishnan Prasannasarathy NJ Microsystems (NJM) Allow data accessibility through a user-friendly interface Enhance management of farm animals biomedical information system using Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology Motivations: USDA s initiative of electronic & wireless management of farm animals information for disease traceability Some local laws require passive tags for 300 million cattle

12 RFID System Overview

13 Methodology Proof of performance: Tests conducted in different environments show passive tag range between feet Standard cattle ear tags on the market have a transmission distance of just five or six feet while his [NJM s] work up to 50 feet --Star Ledger --

14 LabVIEW Graphical User Interface (GUI)

15 Sensor Systems Signal Processor: TI- MSP430F2013 low power microcontroller, SPI Interface with sensor, Assembly Language Temperature sensor: Housed in IDS-SL900A Controller, Measurement range: -40 o C to +110 o C, accuracy +0.5 o C Strain sensor: Acam PICOStrain PS081 Chip Extreme low power system (1.5 µa total current consumption) High resolution: 24-bit noise-free strain measurement

16 Commercialization Future work include: Miniaturizing the sensor systems Reducing power consumption Investing in a database system for advancing querying Embedding other sensor applications (humidity sensors)

17 References Animal Management Smart Animal TM. RFID Sensors and Systems. 21 Oct 2009, 23:30 UTC. Bonsor, Kevin, and Candace Keener. "How RFID Works." 05 Nov HowStuffWorks.com. 16 April 2009, 20:00 UTC. Introduction to NAIS. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 26 Oct, :30 UTC. onais.pdf

18 Edip Niver, Kyriacos Mouskos New Jersey Institute of Technology Thomas Batz and Peter Dwyer Transcom

19 EZ Pass Toll Collection System

20 Benefits E ZPass offers you a number of different benefits: E ZPass saves you money through automatic discount programs on many E ZPass facilities. E ZPass can process 250 to 300 percent more vehicles per lane, thus reducing toll plaza delays and traffic congestion. E ZPass helps to reduce congestion and reduce auto emissions. E ZPass helps reduce fuel consumption.

21 TRANSMIT system conceptual operation

22 Geographical map of the TRANSMIT system

23 TRANSMIT system links and RST locations at the GSP and NYST

24 TRANSMIT communication system

25

26 Evaluation Team

27 Goals of the evaluation

28 Data collection

29 Evaluation results

30 Error messages

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32 TRANSMIT incident detection algorithm

33 Performance of the TRANSMIT system

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35 References Niver, E., K. Mouskos, T.Batz, and P.Dwyer, Evaluation of the TRANCOM s System for Managing Incidents and Traffic (TRANSMIT), IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol.1, no.1, pp.15 31, March Mouskos, K, E. Niver, S.Lee, T. Batz and P.Dwyer, TRANSMIT; Evaluation of the Incident Detection System, Transportation Research Record, no. 1679, pp , Zhang, W., L. Spasovic, A.K. Bladikas, L. Pignataro, and E. Niver, A Primer on Electronic Toll Collection Technologies, Transportation Research Record, No. 1516, pp.1 10, 1995.

36 Location Estimation in a 3 D Environment using RFID Wall Mart tracking merchandise in a store and ware house environmet CVS tracking medication in pharmacy and warehouse environment These goals so far have failed due to cost, reliability and other factors.

37 Not fullfilled goals Walmart 100 Top Suppliers Program All merchandise with RFID tags on both pallet and case by Jan 31, 2005 FDA Guideline Secure record to track all drugs to the unit level by (2006 for drugs likely to be counterfeit)

38 IOM Report: To Err is Human...44,000 to 98,000 patient deaths annually due to medical error

39 Can we use ICU design to increase patient safety?

40 If nursing is to get to the patient s bedside the unit must be WIRELESS!

41 CT Scan If medication errors are to be reduced, the system must have computerized physician order entry (CPOE)

42 There have been notable failures in implementing CPOE systems Why? Can RFID help? CT Scan

43 Design: At the start of each shift the nurse will download the standing orders of assigned patients to a PDA

44 The PDA will remind the nurse that an order is due to be filled a signal of yes (intent to fill) will alert medicine closet and patient headwall RFID

45 RFIF Benefits Large amounts of information can be stored and read, far more than bar code Line of sight is not required Batteries not required Multiple transponders can be read simultaneously Tags can be made very small, may be imbedded in most materials No wear, virtually indestructible, tamper proof May be integrated into other systems

46 Patient Safety in ICUs IOM Report: Medication mistakes are responsible for 68% of serious in patient errors Wrong drug/dosage Drug inventory Drug reconciliation Lende Neuroscience Meeting Jan 31, 2005

47 Neurosurgical ICU Most Used Pharmaceuticals Label # Orders Albumin 5% (250ml) Sol 260 Sod chl 0.9% Pot chl 20meq/1000ml 251 Morphine 4mg/1 ml inj 214 Pot chl 20 meq/100 ml 177 Albuterol 0.083% 3 ml 162 Ondansetron 2mg/1ml inj (Zofran) 133 Ipratropium nebulizer sol 0.02% 2.5ml 122 Acetaminophen/oxycodone 325mg/5mg 2 tabs 117 Nafcillin 1 gm vial 108 Propofol 10mg/ml 100ml 104

48 Many of the medications are given as infusions. Will require RFID reading of the rates of the infusion pumps

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50 Medicine Closet (Room) Smart Shelf technology Employs multiple broadband readers (2.45 GHz) Identifies hundreds of tags/sec Uses GPS technology to locate tags in space After initial inventory can identify meds placed in wrong place When coupled with an intent to fill notification, it will alarm if wrong medication or dosage is taken

51 Nurse takes the medication (solution) to bedside RFID scan from head wall CT Scan

52 RFID reader

53 If the medication, dosage, time, and patient are correct Nurse gets fill order signal on PDA

54 When medication given, nurse signals done. Nurse is scanned and medication record is written with nurse s electronic signature

55 Other Applications in Hospitals General inventory Pharmacy inventory and safety OR trays, tables, parts Patient location Equipment location, inventory, theft prevention Prevention of infant abduction

56 Conclusions?

57 It is hard to make predictions especially about the future. Yogi

58 Projection: RFID, coupled with CPOE, will allow accurate, timely filling of patient s medication orders

59 Projection: Medication recording will be automatic and accurate

60 Projection: The system will detect and correct many common medication errors

61 Projection: Patient Safety Will be Improved CT Scan

62 ( ) of RFID systems Exagerated and excessively optimistic forecasts

63 ( ) RFID systems

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66 ( ) impact on society Privacy ID theft Unauthorized tracking of humans and their activities Excessive automatization results in massive job losses Exposure to undesired RF fields?

67 THE END Thank you for your patience and attention. Any questions?