Alternatives to Animals in Teaching: Experience in an Indian Medical School
|
|
- Annabelle Whitehead
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Alternatives to Animals in Teaching: Experience in an Indian Medical School Ramasamy Raveendran and Gitanjali Batmanabane Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education (JIPMER), Pondicherry, India Summary In the 1990s, the practical classes in pharmacology for the undergraduate medical course in JIPMER, Pondicherry, India included 15 animal experiments. It was mandatory for students to carry out animal experiments to pass the final examination. With the advent of the new curriculum prescribed by the Medical Council of India in 1997, the number of animal experiments was reduced to seven. A set of clinical pharmacology exercises, computer simulated animal experiments, and a few models developed in-house were introduced to replace animal experiments. A CAL laboratory was set up in the last decade, and the CAL packages developed by us were distributed to others. At present, three live animal experiments and five computer simulated animal experiments are conducted. This paper reports the results of a survey conducted among the teachers on the usefulness, acceptance, and barriers with respect to the use of alternatives to live animal experiments as a teaching tool. Keywords: CAL, alternatives, Indian Medical School, clinical pharmacology exercises, computer simulation 1 Introduction The Medical Council of India (MCI) prescribes the theory and practical curriculum for all medical subjects taught in the undergraduate medical course in India. Pharmacology for the basic medical degree (MBBS) course is taught for 18 months during the second and third year of the course. Currently, animal experiments are taught to students in the practical classes, and they have to perform these animal experiments to get hands-on experience. Students are evaluated in the summative examination on the animal experiments, and those who fail to clear the practical examination are not promoted. The authors have worked as medical teachers in the Department of Pharmacology in the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education (JIP- MER) for the past 25 years and would like to share their experiences in developing, introducing, and implementing alternatives to animals in teaching pharmacology to medical undergraduate students in their department. 2 Background1980s Pharmacology practical classes in the 1980s In the 1980s, the practical curriculum in JIPMER included 15 animal experiments. The details of species used and the titles of experiments are given in Table 1. Each experiment would be ini- Tab. 1: The list of experiments taught to medical students in the 1980s Species Frog Rat and mouse Guinea pig Rabbit Dog Title of experiments Effect of drugs on the frog heart Demonstration of drugs on the frog rectus muscle preparation Effect of saline purgative on frog intestine Effect of drugs on the frog aorta (hind limb perfusion) Effect of drugs on the ciliary movement of frog esophagus Effect of drugs on strychnine induced convulsions Evaluation of local anesthetics using hind limb preparation Evaluation of analgesics by chemical (writhing) and tail flick methods Effect of drugs on locomotor activity Effect of drugs on electrical and chemical convulsions Demonstration of routes of administration Evaluation of local anesthetics Bioassay of histamine using guinea pig ileum Effect of drugs on the rabbit eye Effect of drugs on dog blood pressure and heart rate (demonstration only; 3-4 times a year) Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8 355
2 tially demonstrated by teachers to 5-7 groups of 4-5 students each, and then the students would be asked to collect data by doing the experiments themselves in groups. The students were asked to perform the experiments in formative and summative examinations. Approximately 200 frogs, 100 rats, 100 mice, 15 guinea pigs, 20 rabbits, and 3-4 dogs would be used every year for teaching a single batch of undergraduate medical students. The problems In the 1990s the students started protesting that performing animal experiments just to demonstrate the actions of drugs was unnecessary. During this period, the animal rights movement, which started in the West, gained momentum and slowly spread to India. Though there were not many animal rights groups here, and they were less aggressive than their counterparts in the West, they succeeded to some extent in making people aware of animal ethics. At the same time, the usefulness of animal experiments for medical undergraduate students was questioned. The skills acquired from conducting animal experiments were not perceived to be of use to medical students who would pursue clinical medicine as doctors. Very few medical students would end up doing animal research after completing their course. Given the circumstances, the concept of using alternatives to animals for teaching started to evolve, and we began planning to introduce alternatives in the early 90s. In the late 90s, the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) came into existence, and the awareness of animal rights and alternatives became widespread. 3 The solution It was decided to introduce alternatives to animals without compromising the course objectives. Three types of alternatives were developed in-house, i.e., clinical pharmacology exercises, computer simulations, and models: Clinical Pharmacology Exercises (CPE) Ten clinical pharmacology exercises were prepared. The list of CPEs is given in Table 2. Each exercise was formulated with learning objectives, brief explanatory material, and simulated tasks that would be solved by students in small groups. The practical class on CPE started with an introduction of the subject by a teacher. The objectives and the tasks were clearly explained Tab. 2: List of clinical pharmacology exercises Fixed dose drug combinations Adverse drug reaction monitoring Therapeutic drug monitoring Effective doctor-patient communication Essential drugs list Randomized controlled clinical trials Rational use of antimicrobials Medical ethics and informed consent for research Management of common stings/bites/poisoning Critical appraisal of drug advertisements Fig. 1: Alternatives to animal experiments CPE (clinical pharmacology exercise), CS (computer simulation) and a model 356 Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8
3 to the students, who would be divided into groups and asked to solve the problem. The plenary included presentation of solutions/suggestions by each group. Other groups were encouraged to ask questions and criticize the solutions presented. The teacher facilitated the session. The CPEs provided the students with the knowledge and skills required by future prescribers. Computer Simulations (CS) Five computer software modules were written for the following experiments: 1. Effect of drugs on the rabbit eye 2. Bio assay of histamine using guinea pig ileum 3. Effect of drugs on the frog heart 4. Effect of drugs on dog blood pressure and heart rate 5. Effect of drugs on the ciliary movement of frog esophagus The design, programming, and development were carried out using exclusive in-house expertise. The software package was named ExPharm. It was made available to other medical and pharmacy trainers, initially through floppy discs and compact discs and later via free download on the internet. The software packages available abroad were not only too costly be affordable but were unsuitable for the practical classes conducted by us in India. Models Giving injections intravenously is a relatively difficult task, as compared with other routes, both in animals and in humans. We designed and developed a model (Fig. 1) using commonly available cheap material such as latex gloves, cotton, red ink, and polythene catheters for practicing administration of intravenous (i.v.) route injections. Many of these models were produced, and students were asked to practice on them to acquire and develop i.v. administration skills. We also used oranges as models for students to practice giving intramuscular injections, and we prepared cotton-and-gauze models resembling mice for practicing subcutaneous injections. 3.1 Implementation In 1997, the MCI announced a new curriculum that provided us with the much-awaited opportunity to change the pharmacology practical scheme. Ten CPEs were newly introduced, and the number of animal experiments was reduced to 7-8 (from 15). All animal experiments that were considered slightly cruel to animals were removed. The experiment on dogs was completely abolished, and a CAL exercise was introduced in its place. Though we have produced five CAL exercises, none could be introduced due to lack of infrastructure and regulatory requirements. The models we produced were put to good use to train students in the skill of administering injections. In 2005, a computer lab was set up at the institute (Fig. 2), and one more computer simulation (effect of drugs on the frog heart) was included in the practical scheme. Live animal experiments were reduced to five in number. During 2010 and 2011, MCI further relaxed its regulations on animal experiments. CAL Fig. 2: CAL laboratories in JIPMER Students performing computer simulated animal experiment. Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8 357
4 is now accepted in place of live animal experiments. An exclusive CAL laboratory was set up in our department with 25 personal computers (Fig. 2). All frog experiments were removed. The number of animal experiments was reduced to three and the number of CAL experiments was increased to five. 3.2 Challenges The development and implementation of alternatives did not come easily. The challenges faced at each stage and how they were overcome are outlined below: 1. Software No software was available in India. Software available in the West was very costly, and procuring it was difficult. Hence, we started designing software for various experiments. We coded them and made a package. CPEs were conceived, developed, and improved after many brainstorming sessions with the faculty members of the department. 2. Hardware In the 1990s computers and accessories were very costly and acquiring them in large numbers was not possible. In the new millennium, the prices fell, and they became cheap and affordable. This helped us set up a computer laboratory in our institute. 3. Personnel The teachers who were not familiar with CAL were given training. 4. Evaluation The experiments taught using CAL could not be evaluated in the examination due to lack of computers in the department and university regulations regarding the examination system. A CAL lab with 25 PCs was later set up in the department itself, which made evaluation possible. Furthermore, the institute became autonomous (university status was given to the institute), and hence we could modify the examination pattern. It is planned to include CAL for evaluation from the year 2011 onwards. 5. Validation Informal feedback from students and teachers was obtained and modifications/corrections were carried out continuously. 3.3 Does it work? Yes it does, as evidenced by the good feedback received from the students and the teachers. The students stated that they believed CPEs would be useful for rational use of medicines in their clinical practice. The fact that the alternatives instituted by JIPMER are also followed by many other colleges in India is proof of their success. Previously, we could not use the CAL experiments for evaluation, although the CPEs were used. This problem is sorted out as of 2011, and the use of all types of alternatives for evaluating students is now possible. 4 Survey The CAL package ExPharm we produced was put on the internet 1 for free download. Feedback was obtained from those who downloaded ExPharm. The acceptance, usefulness, and barriers of CAL-based education were evaluated using an questionnaire survey. The results are presented here: Participants Approximately 1,050 s were sent to those who downloaded the software from the website. Sixty nine from India and 15 from other countries responded. Out of eighty four, 63 were faculty members and 8 were postgraduate students. Thirty four were working in medical colleges, 42 in pharmacy colleges, and the remaining in veterinary and dental colleges. Sixty eight indicated they have a computer laboratory at their institute, and 14 said they did not. Acceptance 53 stated that, given a choice, they would use CAL software instead of live animals for reasons such as: ethics, convenience, concern for animals, to avoid killing animals, and to save time. 13 said they would use live animal experimentation for gaining practical knowledge and a better understanding, as well as to acquire skills and to get a proper perception of animal experiments. 16 said they would use both, since they would use CAL to train students before they move on to live animal experiments. Tab. 3: Reasons for acceptance of CAL The figures indicate the no. of participants who gave the rank (n=84; figures do not tally since some participants did not give ranks). Reason Rank Concern for animals Novelty of CAL method Difficulties with animal experiments Cheap/free CAL software Others (total cost, manpower, ethical problems, better understanding before live experiment, better responses assured in CAL) Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8
5 Twenty-five participants said their students fully accept CAL, 41 said to some extent and 8 said their students do not accept CAL. Similar results were seen with acceptance by colleagues of the participants (fully accept: 20; to some extent: 41; not at all: 14) The participants were asked to rank the listed reasons for accepting CAL. The results are presented in Table 3. Thirty-five participants ranked concern for animals as the foremost reason for accepting CAL. Cheap/free CAL software is least attractive. Usefulness The usefulness of ExPharm was evaluated. The software was rated high on all counts except evaluating students (Tab. 4). It must be noted that the experiments in the package do not have separate evaluation modes. The participants were asked how they would rank the effectiveness of methods to teach the actions of drugs. Both live animal experiments and the CAL software were equally ranked as effective methods (Tab. 5). 5 Barriers Among the barriers, the lack of computers and the lack of enthusiasm of colleagues and staff have been ranked as foremost (Tab. 6). When the participants were asked how they overcame the difficulties, the following responses were received: 1. By downloading/purchasing the software Tab. 4: Usefulness of CAL 1 Very useful; 2 Moderately useful; 3 Useful; 4 Slightly useful; 5 Useless (n=84; figures do not tally since some participants did not give ranks). ExPharm (CAL software) is useful to Usefulness scale Impart knowledge Reinforce actions of drugs Replace/reduce animals in teaching Evaluate students Self-learning Stimulate interest in learning Tab. 5: Effectiveness of methods to teach drug actions The figures indicate the no. of participants who gave the rank (n=84; figures do not tally since some participants did not give ranks). Method Rank Lecture Tutorial Small group discussion Live animal experiments CAL software Tab. 6: Barriers The numbers indicate how many participants gave the respective rank (n=84; figures do not tally since some participants did not give ranks). Barriers in implementing CAL Rank Lack of computers Lack of software Cost of software Lack of enthusiasm of colleagues and staff Lack of enthusiasm of students Lack of cooperation from the administrators Rules/regulations Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8 359
6 2. By convincing colleagues and administrators 3. Trying to impress everyone involved in teaching and administration about the advantages of using alternatives 4. By encouraging the students to use the CAL software 5. Trying to include CAL-based experiments in the curriculum; Demonstrating the software-based experiments, and generating interest 6. Using the LCD projector for demonstrations in small groups for UGs (to overcome the lack of computers) 7. By creating awareness by conducting workshops 6 Discussion and conclusions The types of alternatives for animal experiments used in JIP- MER, a medical school in southern India, and the implementation of these alternatives were discussed. Computer simulations and clinical pharmacology exercises can fulfill the learning needs of UG medical students to a reasonable extent, with reference to understanding the actions of drugs and its optimal use. While computer simulations help the student learn drug actions and develop analytical skills, clinical pharmacology exercises prepare him for rational use of medicines in clinical practice. Both are effective as alternatives to animals in teaching. Though the computer simulations and clinical pharmacology exercises produced by us were not formally validated, their usefulness and acceptance can be gauged by the fact that these modules were downloaded from our website and used by many medical colleges in India. The software package ExPharm is used by almost all medical, pharmacy, and veterinary colleges in India. The survey results show that 1. CAL is widely accepted. 2. Concern for animals is the major reason for using the alternatives. 3. Teachers would like to avoid using animals. 4. CAL software is useful to teach drug actions and reduce animal use in teaching. 5. CAL is equally effective for teaching drug actions. 6. Lack of computers and enthusiasm by colleagues are the major barriers in implementing CAL. 7. Various approaches are followed to overcome the barriers. It should be noted that concern for animals is the major reason for acceptance of CAL. The wide acceptance of CAL in India was made possible by many factors, including the affordability of hardware and software, growing awareness, and the restrictions imposed by the CPCSEA. Many teachers said they would avoid using animals if they could, and some of them wanted to use both with the intention of training students with CAL first so that they can perform better with live animal experiments. Though ExPharm, a CAL software, is meant for replacement of animals, we have learned that it is also used for refinement. The various approaches used for overcoming the barriers can be used by the readers when they implement CAL as an alternative to animal experiments in their institutes. Correspondence to Ramasamy Raveendran, MD JIPMER Pondicherry India Phone: dr.ravee@gmail.com 360 Altex Proceedings, 1/12, Proceedings of WC8
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. Programme Specification. MEng Mechanical Engineering
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment Programme Specification MEng Mechanical Engineering Date of Course Approval/Review Version Number Version Date December
Education and Training for the humane care and use of animals in research, training and testing.
Education and Training for the humane care and use of animals in research, training and testing. The intent of this policy is to describe the requirements for education and training for personnel involved
Masters Learning mode (Форма обучения)
Program Title (Название программы): Pharmacology Degree (Степень) Masters Learning mode (Форма обучения) Full-time and part-time Duration of study (Продолжительность программы) 2 years (4 years part time)
ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS IN TEACHING AND RESEARCH
International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences www.ijmrhs.com Volume 4 Issue 3 Coden: IJMRHS Copyright @2015 ISSN: 2319-5886 Received: 16 th Apr 2015 Revised: 17 th May 2015 Accepted: 29 th
Standards of Practice for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians
Standards of Practice for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians Introduction These standards are made under the authority of Section 133 of the Health Professions Act. They are one component of the law
Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) Response to HEE Call for Evidence on Non-Surgical Cosmetic Interventions. February 2014
Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) Response to HEE Call for Evidence on Non-Surgical Cosmetic Interventions February 2014 About the FGDP(UK) The Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) is based at
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION COURSE TITLE: MSc Advanced Accounting
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION COURSE TITLE: MSc Advanced Accounting PLEASE NOTE. This specification provides a concise summary of the main features of the course and the learning outcomes that a typical student
JOB DESCRIPTION. 1. JOB TITLE: Lecturer in Human Resource Management
JOB DESCRIPTION 1. JOB TITLE: Lecturer in Human Resource Management 2. REFERENCE NUMBER: HRMS/13161 3. ROLE CODE: FINLEC 4. DEPARTMENT: Marketing, Human Resource Management, Tourism and Events Management
1) Chemical Engg. PEOs & POs Programme Educational Objectives
1) Chemical Engg. PEOs & POs Programme Educational Objectives The Programme has the following educational objectives: To prepare students for successful practice in diverse fields of chemical engineering
Emerging Use of ICT for Teaching and Learning in Schools of Pakistan
Article Summary Tazmeen Sultan is part of the Educational Technology team at a Private School, in Lahore, Pakistan. Her responsibilities include facilitating the effective use of computers and other instructional
IMA NOTES ON THE ISSUE OF PHYSIOTHERAPISTS
IMA NOTES ON THE ISSUE OF PHYSIOTHERAPISTS Few points The physiotherapist all over India and in the state of Kerala is defined as a Rehabilitation professional under section 2 (i) [n] (xvii) of the Rehabilitation
UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER COURSE SPECIFICATION COURSE TITLE: Postgraduate Diploma/MSc in Political Lobbying and Public Affairs 1.
UNIVERSITY OF ULSTER COURSE SPECIFICATION COURSE TITLE: Postgraduate Diploma/MSc in Political Lobbying and Public Affairs 1. AWARDING University of Ulster INSTITUTION/BODY 2. TEACHING INSTITUTION University
Recommended Dose Volumes for Common Laboratory Animals IQ 3Rs Leadership Group - Contract Research Organization Working Group
NOTE: This document includes dose volume guidelines that have been researched and published as well as standards that have gained acceptance through empirical use across multiple members of the IQ 3Rs
Adjuvants and Excipients
Adjuvants and Excipients The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) transferred the official responsibility to evaluate adjuvants and excipients used in Veterinary Biologics back to the Animal and Plant
CAREERS IN PHARMACY. Contrary to popular perception, a career in pharmacy is not only challenging but lucrative as well says Dr. U.B.
CAREERS IN PHARMACY Contrary to popular perception, a career in pharmacy is not only challenging but lucrative as well says Dr. U.B. Hadkar Traditionally a qualification in Pharmacy was associated with
JOB DESCRIPTION. 1. JOB TITLE: Senior Lecturer in Electronic and Electrical Engineering
JOB DESCRIPTION 1. JOB TITLE: Senior Lecturer in Electronic and Electrical Engineering 2. HRMS REFERENCE NUMBER: HRMS/13173 3. ROLE CODE: FINSLTSR4 4. DEPARTMENT: Department of Electronic and Electrical
Stimulating Science Education:
Stimulating Science Education: NIH Summer Research Program Engages Students and Teachers in Science Jennifer A. Hobin, Ph.D. FASEB Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 1 ith funding
1. Programme title and designation Biomedical Engineering. value equivalent. 420 with 60 credits at level 7 360 180 N/A
PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM: TAUGHT PROGRAMMES SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation Biomedical For undergraduate programmes only Single honours Joint Major/minor 2. Final
Preliminary Study on the Pharmacology Practical Teaching Reform in Pharmacy in Higher Vocational Colleges
Asian Social Science; Vol. 12, No. 8; 2016 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Preliminary Study on the Pharmacology Practical Teaching Reform in Pharmacy
College of Pharmacy. Pharmacy Practice and Science
520 SPECIAL TOPICS IN PHARMACY LAW. (2) Discussion of the legal framework and special legal issues in pharmacy practice. Topics will include application of antitrust laws to pharmacy, patent and trademark
1. Programme title and designation Biomedical Engineering. For undergraduate programmes only Single honours Joint Major/minor
PROGRAMME APPROVAL FORM SECTION 1 THE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION 1. Programme title and designation Biomedical Engineering For undergraduate programmes only Single honours Joint Major/minor 2. Final award
University of Cambridge: Programme Specifications CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRIPOS
University of Cambridge: Programme Specifications Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information in this programme specification. Programme specifications are produced and then reviewed
Theme : Social Justice Sub Theme :Scaling up quality education for all
Blended Learning Approach to Training School Counselors: A Case Study of COL-NCERT Collaborative Programme Theme : Social Justice Sub Theme :Scaling up quality education for all Dr. B. Phalachandra, Regional
The Importance and Impact of Nursing Informatics Competencies for Baccalaureate Nursing Students and Registered Nurses
IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science (IOSR-JNHS) e-issn: 2320 1959.p- ISSN: 2320 1940 Volume 5, Issue 1 Ver. IV (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 20-25 www.iosrjournals.org The Importance and Impact of Nursing
Master of Science in Vision Science and Investigative Ophthalmology MVSIO
Master of Science in Vision Science and Investigative Ophthalmology MVSIO Global Leadership in Eye Care, Vision Research and Ophthalmology Education Bascom Palmer Eye Institute is pleased to introduce
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION
MANCHESTER METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY PS/1 PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION Basic Programme Details 1 Programme title MSc Sport and Exercise Science (MScSES) 2 Mode(s) and duration MScSES : Full -time study : 12 months,
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY Brandon University Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science Phone (204) 727-9677 Fax (204) 728-7346 This document is meant as a planning guide only. Students are advised to consult
Augmented reality enhances learning at Manchester School of Medicine
Augmented reality enhances learning at Manchester School of Medicine Welcome to the Jisc podcast. The University of Manchester is taking a unique approach to prescription training for its medical students
RefWorks investigated An appropriate bibliographic management solution for health students at King s College London?
Author s final draft of paper published in Library & Information Research Volume 30 - number 94 Spring 2005 RefWorks investigated An appropriate bibliographic management solution for health students at
ASSOCIATE DEGREE IN NURSING (ADN)
ASSOCIATE DEGREE IN NURSING (ADN) Judson s nursing program curriculum is in accordance with the Alabama Board of Nursing regulations for nursing education programs. The program is designed to provide a
The Nursing and Midwifery Council
MSc/PGDip Public Health Nursing For students entering in 2008 Awarding Institution: Teaching Institution: Faculty: Programme length: Date of specification: Programme Director: Board of Studies Accreditation:
Nottingham Trent University Course Specification
Nottingham Trent University Course Specification Basic Course Information 1 Awarding Institution: Nottingham Trent University 2 School/Campus: School of Animal, Rural & Environmental Sciences / Brackenhurst
CCAC Animal Data Report
2013 CCAC Animal Data Report Canadian Council on Animal Care Conseil canadien de protection des animaux ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The CCAC extends its sincere thanks to all those responsible for submitting annual
Programme Specification (Postgraduate) Date amended: 25 th March 2015
Programme Specification (Postgraduate) Date amended: 25 th March 2015 1. Programme Title(s): MSc/PGDip in Advanced Engineering with Management MSc in Advanced Engineering with Management and Industry Engineering
A competency framework for all prescribers updated draft for consultation
A competency framework for all prescribers updated draft for consultation Consultation closes 15 April 2016 Contents 1 Introduction... 3 2 Uses of the framework... 4 3 Scope of the competency framework...
Factors Influencing the Delivery of information technology in the Secondary Curriculum: a case study
Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education ISSN: 0962-029X (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rtpe19 Factors Influencing the Delivery of information technology
DEVELOPING MANUFACTURING SUPPLYING. Naltrexone Implants. Manufactured by NalPharm Ltd WWW.NALPHARM.COM
DEVELOPING MANUFACTURING SUPPLYING Naltrexone Implants Background to Nalpharm NalPharm is a specialist pharmaceutical company supplying proprietary branded medications and generic drugs in the area of
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. Undergraduate Programme. Programme Specification
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment Undergraduate Programme Programme Specification BEng (Hons) Electronic Engineering Date of Course Approval/Review Version
IC 25-38.1-3 Chapter 3. Veterinarians; Veterinary Technicians; Licenses, Special Permits, and Registration
IC 25-38.1-3 Chapter 3. Veterinarians; Veterinary Technicians; Licenses, Special Permits, and Registration IC 25-38.1-3-1 License and permit requirements; exceptions Sec. 1. (a) A person may not practice
Integrated Dual Degree Programme
Curriculum Model Integrated Dual Degree Programme (B.Tech + MBA) K L UNIVERSITY Green Fields, Vaddeswaram 522 502, Guntur District, A.P., INDIA. Ph: 08645 246948, Fax: 08645 247249 CONTENTS S. No Page
A. Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) for the M.S. Degree: Students will
1 A. Student Learning Outcomes (SLO) for the M.S. Degree: Students will 1. Demonstrate general content proficiency in three subject areas of the chemical sciences, and specific content proficiency within
Guidance on Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs) and other medicinal products used in Clinical Trials
EUROPEAN COMMISSION ENTERPRISE AND INDUSTRY DIRECTORATE-GENERAL Consumer goods Pharmaceuticals Guidance on Investigational Medicinal Products (IMPs) and other medicinal products used in Clinical Trials
Medicine is an ever-changing field. Have we been taught about bioethics???
Medicine is an ever-changing field Undergraduate medical education focuses on clinical skills - diagnosis and treatment of diseases Bioethics too is an ever-changing field Have we been taught about bioethics???
MA in International Development
MA in International Development Overview International development is an exciting field of study at the forefront of international affairs exploring questions of poverty, inequality, social orders and
Awarding Institution: Institute of Education, University of London. Teaching Institutions: Institute of Education, University of London
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION MA Primary Education (Policy and Practice) Awarding Institution: Institute of Education, University of London Teaching Institutions: Institute of Education, University of London
Technical and Vocational Education in Kuwait
The Vocational Aspect of Education ISSN: 0305-7879 (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rjve19 Technical and Vocational Education in Kuwait Salahaldeen Al Ali To cite this
POST-MASTER S CERTIFICATES in ADVANCED QUALITY ASSURANCE or REGULATORY AFFAIRS
Temple University - School of Pharmacy 425 Commerce Drive, Suite 175 Fort Washington, PA 19034 Phone: 267.468.8560 Fax: 267.468.8565 POST-MASTER S CERTIFICATES in ADVANCED QUALITY ASSURANCE or REGULATORY
The Effects of ALA Accreditation Standards on Library Education Programs Accredited by the American Library Association
The Effects of ALA Accreditation Standards on Library Education Programs Accredited by the American Library Association Michael E. Mounce Assistant Professor Delta State University Contact Information:
Temple University - School of Pharmacy 425 Commerce Drive, Suite 175 Fort Washington, PA 19034. Phone: 267.468.8560 Fax: 267.468.
Temple University - School of Pharmacy 425 Commerce Drive, Suite 175 Fort Washington, PA 19034 Phone: 267.468.8560 Fax: 267.468.8565 POST-MASTER S CERTIFICATE in CLINICAL TRIAL MANAGMENT Designed for Pharmaceutical
2. SUMMER ADVISEMENT AND ORIENTATION PERIODS FOR NEWLY ADMITTED FRESHMEN AND TRANSFER STUDENTS
Chemistry Department Policy Assessment: Undergraduate Programs 1. MISSION STATEMENT The Chemistry Department offers academic programs which provide students with a liberal arts background and the theoretical
Traditional Lecture Format Compared to Computer-Assisted Instruction in Pharmacy Calculations
Traditional Lecture Format Compared to Computer-Assisted Instruction in Pharmacy Calculations Jeffrey C. Delafuente, Oscar E. Araujo and Sue M. Legg College of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, PO Box 100486,
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to a brief overview of the
Demystifying Anesthesia By William E. Feeman III, DVM ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to introduce readers to a brief overview of the process of anesthesia and the various options available. A
Collaborative Biomedical Engineering / Physical Therapy Clinical Data Collection Learning Module
Collaborative Biomedical Engineering / Physical Therapy Clinical Data Collection Learning Module Heather L. Lai Biomedical Engineering Department Wayne State University Detroit, MI 48201 Email: heather.lai@wayne.edu
JOB DESCRIPTION. 1. JOB TITLE: Lecturer in Spanish//Hispano-American Studies 2. HRMS REFERENCE NUMBER: HR14497 3.
JOB DESCRIPTION 1. JOB TITLE: Lecturer in Spanish//Hispano-American Studies 2. HRMS REFERENCE NUMBER: HR14497 3. ROLE CODE: FINLEC 4. DEPARTMENT: Modern Languages 5. ORGANISATION CHART: Reports to the
Assessing Teaching Skills in Higher Education
Assessing Teaching Skills in Higher Education Regulations How the demand for demonstrated teaching skills should be handled when appointing or promoting teachers in higher education is regulated in Higher
Evaluation Method Degree candidates are asked to document their immediate post-graduation employment decision.
Academic Assessment Plan University of Florida Academic Affairs Academic Colleges Veterinary (DVM) DVM Veterinary The UF (CVM) is the state s only veterinary college, graduating its first class of veterinarians
Exporting US quality assurance models in professional programs
Paper ID #5749 Exporting US quality assurance models in professional programs Dr. Russel C. Jones, World Expertise LLC Dr. Russel C. Jones is a private consultant, working through World Expertise LLC to
Programme Specification
Programme Specification Title: Marketing Final Award: Master of Science (MSc) With Exit Awards at: Postgraduate Certificate (PG Cert) Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip) Master of Science (MSc) To be delivered
Pharmacy Technician Certificate Program with Clinical Externship
Columbia Southern University Dept. of Continuing Education 21982 University Lane Orange Beach, AL 36561 http://www.columbiasouthern.edu/ Contact: Laurie Coleman 800.977.8449 x1840 laurie.coleman@columbiasouthern.edu
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. Undergraduate Programme. Programme Specification
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment Undergraduate Programme Programme Specification Date of Course Approval/Review Version Number Version Date 7 May 2009 3.03
Survey Results and Further Issues in Construction Automation Education
327 Survey Results and Further Issues in Construction Automation Education Dr. R. Navon Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering Senior Research Engineer, National Building Research Institute Technion -
Subject Experience Survey Instrument Questions
Quality of Teaching and Learning - Subject Review Procedure SCHEDULE A Subject Experience Survey (SES) SCHEDULE Subject Experience Survey Instrument Questions The SES is structured so as to have a group
BM3375 ADVANCED MARKET RESEARCH
Module Number: Module Title: BM3375 Advanced Market Research Number of Aston Credits: 10 Total Number of ECTS Credits: 5 (European Credit Transfer) Contributing School: Aston Business School Percentage
MARY T. INC. PROGRAM POLICY MANUAL
MARY T. INC. PROGRAM POLICY MANUAL POLICY Safe Medication Assistance and SECTION: 2-2C TITLE: Administration Policy REVISED BY: Jane Strobel, RN PAGE: 1of 6 APPLIES TO: All Services Operating Under Rule
Nottingham Trent University Course Specification
Basic Course Information Nottingham Trent University Course Specification 1. Awarding Institution: Nottingham Trent University 2. School/Campus: School of Science & Technology 3. Final Award, Course Title
GUIDELINES for BIH translational Ph.D. grants
GUIDELINES for BIH translational Ph.D. grants The BIH aims at training a new generation of translational scientists and will establish different interlinked training programs. This includes funding of
PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF SINGAPORE (PSS) CERTIFIED PHARMACY TECHNICIAN COURSE WSQ ADVANCED CERTIFICATE IN HEALTHCARE SUPPORT (PHARMACY SUPPORT)
AC ANNEX 1 & 2 PHARMACEUTICAL SOCIETY OF SINGAPORE (PSS) CERTIFIED PHARMACY TECHNICIAN COURSE WSQ ADVANCED CERTIFICATE IN HEALTHCARE SUPPORT (PHARMACY SUPPORT) 29th CPTC intake 12/01/16 to 17/11/16 (updated
UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN JOB DESCRIPTION. JOB NUMBER CSS016 GRADE 8 DATE May 2015 CONTEXT
UNIVERSITY OF LINCOLN JOB DESCRIPTION JOB TITLE DEPARTMENT LOCATION Senior Lecturer in Accountancy Lincoln Business School Brayford JOB NUMBER CSS016 GRADE 8 DATE May 2015 REPORTS TO Deputy Head of School
Utilising Online Learning in a Humanities Context
Utilising Online Learning in a Humanities Context Context Name of Course: Introduction to Cultural Studies Level: 1 st Year Undergraduate BA degree courses Number of Students: 150-200 per semester intake
CREATING ON-LINE MATERIALS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING COURSES
1 CREATING ON-LINE MATERIALS FOR COMPUTER ENGINEERING COURSES Abstract Suxia Cui 1, and Yonghui Wang 2 1 Electrical and Computer Engineering Department 2 Engieering Technology Department Prairie View A&M
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. Undergraduate Programme. Programme Specification
Birmingham City University Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment Undergraduate Programme Programme Specification BSc (Hons) Computer Networks and Security Date of Course Approval/Review
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Baccalaureate Study in Engineering Goals and Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING Baccalaureate Study in Engineering Goals and Assessment of Student Learning Outcomes Overall Description of the School of Engineering The School of Engineering offers bachelor s degree
How To Teach The Cambridge Philosophy Course
Programme Specifications MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY PUBLIC POLICY 1 Awarding body University of Cambridge 2 Teaching institution Department of Politics and International Relations 3 Accreditation details None
A model to integrate pathology teaching using technology
Original Research Paper A model to integrate pathology teaching using technology Chumba D 1, Macharia B 1, Smith J 2, Wade J 2 Abstract Purpose: Use of technology to integrate pathology teaching in the
3 Mode of delivery Intramural, distance, blended
Course Title MG6026 NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS Version: July 2011 Course Code 506.605 Level 6 Credits MIT credits 15 NQF List Unit Standards, Credit, Level and Version Special notes Course Hours N/A N/A
Veterinary Compounding
Veterinary Compounding Veterinarians occasionally use compounded preparations to meet a specific patient s medical need. The purpose of this brochure, created jointly by the Animal Health Institute (AHI),
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION
PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION Course record information Name and level of final award: Name and level of intermediate awards: BSc (Hons) Pharmacology and Physiology The BSc (Hons) Pharmacology and Physiology
Programme Specification
Programme Specification Title: Forensic Science Final Award: Master of Science (MSc) With Exit Awards at: Master of Science (MSc) Postgraduate Certificate (PG Cert) Postgraduate Diploma (PG Dip) To be
MSc Accounting and Financial Management (A&FM)
UNIVERSITY OF YORK POSTGRADUATE PROGRAMME REGULATIONS This document applies to students who commence the programme(s) in: Awarding institution University of York Department(s) The York Management School
Nettitude Ltd. (FHEQ) level 7] MSc Postgraduate Diploma Postgraduate Certificate. British Computer Society (BCS) Master s Degree in Computing
Faculty of Engineering and Informatics Programme Specification Programme title: MSc Cyber Security Academic Year: 2015/16 Degree Awarding Body: Partner(s), delivery organisation or support provider (if
Program Specification for Master Degree in: Physiology
Cairo University Faculty of Medicine Program Specification for Master Degree in: Physiology Program type: Single Department offering the program: Department of Physiology Total credit points: 45 Code:
TRAINING CHIROPRACTORS FOR CAREERS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH. Cynthia R. Long Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, United States long_c@palmer.
TRAINING CHIROPRACTORS FOR CAREERS IN CLINICAL RESEARCH Cynthia R. Long Palmer Center for Chiropractic Research, United States long_c@palmer.edu A two-year clinical research curriculum offered in a graduate
Instructions for Clinical Students about the Year-End Review
Instructions for Clinical Students about the Year-End Review For the year-end review of your progress in the clinical program, there are several steps to be completed, the first few by you alone and the
Department of Bioengineering. Master s Student Handbook. Graduate Group in Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania
Department of Bioengineering Master s Student Handbook Graduate Group in Bioengineering University of Pennsylvania INTRODUCTION... 2 UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA... 3 BIOENGINEERING OVERVIEW... 3 GOAL AND
Nottingham Trent University Course Specification. 6. Overview and general educational aims of the course
Nottingham Trent University Course Specification Basic Course Information 1. Awarding Institution: Nottingham Trent University 2. School/Campus: Science and Technology/Clifton 3. Final Award, Course Title
Clinical Research Associate (CRA) - A Growing Career Path in Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical Industry
Clinical Research Associate (CRA) - A Growing Career Path in Biotechnology / Pharmaceutical Industry By http://www.clinicalresearchassociate cra.com/studyguide/ A clinical research associate (CRA) is a
Indeed, everything from incision pressure to size, location, texture and elasticity of internal organs varies between pigs and people.
St. Louis University School of Medicine Patricia Monteleone, M.D., Dean 1402 S. Grand Blvd. St. Louis, MO 63104 ph: 314-577-8201; email: montelpl@slu.edu Dear Dr. Monteleone, I respectfully ask St. Louis
against allergic symptoms thought to be histaminic during a period of 1% minutes. No side effects When a dose of 30 mgm. of benadryl in 50 ml.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIHISTAMINE SUBSTANCES AND OTHER DRUGS ON HISTAMINE BRONCHOCONSTRICTION IN ASTHMATIC SUBJECTS' By JOHN J. CURRY (From the Evans Memorial and Massachusetts Memorial Hospitals, and the Department
Program Overview and Assessment Methodology for Online Instruction in Chemistry at Oregon State University
Program Overview and Assessment Methodology for Online Instruction in Chemistry at Oregon State University Kim Thackray and Michael M. Lerner Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
De Montfort University. Course Template
De Montfort University Course Template 1. Basic information Course Name: PG Cert Practice Education Course Code: PN079T Level (UG, PG): Postgraduate Taught Academic Period: 2015 Faculty: HLS - Faculty
Development of a vocational college course on metro service telephone communication system maintenance based on work process
World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education Vol.12, No.2, 2014 2014 WIETE Development of a vocational college course on metro service telephone communication system maintenance based on
This programme is only offered at: AKMI Metropolitan College (AMC)
UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMME SPECIFICATION BEng (Hons) Electrical and Electronic Systems This programme is only offered at: AKMI Metropolitan College (AMC) Final award BEng (Hons)
Computer Engineering Undergraduate Program (CpE) Assessment report
Computer Engineering Undergraduate Program (CpE) Assessment report During the academic year 2009/2010 the CpE program changed the undergraduate program educational objectives based on recommendations from
School of Pharmacy TEMPLE UNIVERSITY
School of Pharmacy TEMPLE UNIVERSITY Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance Graduate Program Te mple Unive rsity School of Pharmacy Re gulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance Graduate Program 4 25 Comme
CERTIFICATE IN CLINICAL TRIAL MANAGEMENT
Temple University - School of Pharmacy 425 Commerce Drive, Suite 175 Fort Washington, PA 19034-2713 Phone: 267.468.8560 Fax: 267.468.8565 CERTIFICATE IN CLINICAL TRIAL MANAGEMENT Designed for Pharmaceutical
GMP Pharma BV. Netherlands
GMP Pharma BV Netherlands Connecting the European & Indian Pharmaceutical, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Industry for parallel growth and solicitation. About Us: GMP Pharma BV is a multisource organization
Opportunities. Railway Transportation (Engineering and Operations) Areas of Study. University of Kentucky
Opportunities Railway Transportation (Engineering and Operations) Areas of Study University of Kentucky Introduction Railway Engineering and Operations, a branch of civil engineering, has a 180-year history
Careers in Biostatistics and Clinical SAS Programming An Overview for the Uninitiated Justina M. Flavin, Independent Consultant, San Diego, CA
PharmaSUG 2014 Paper CP07 Careers in Biostatistics and Clinical SAS Programming An Overview for the Uninitiated Justina M. Flavin, Independent Consultant, San Diego, CA ABSTRACT In the biopharmaceutical
Care service inspection report
Care service inspection report Full inspection Inspire Huntly Housing Support Service 18 Milton Wynd Huntly Inspection completed on 11 May 2016 Service provided by: Inspire (Partnership Through Life) Ltd
A. Programme Specification and Curriculum Map for Integrated Masters in Complementary Medicine Ayurvedic Medicine
A. Programme Specification and Curriculum Map for Integrated Masters in Complementary Medicine Ayurvedic Medicine 1. Programme title Integrated Masters in Complementary Medicine Ayurvedic Medicine 2. Awarding