Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd

Transcription

1 Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines EIA and EMP Heritage Impact Assessment Issue Date: 12 July 2012 Revision No.: 2 Project No.: Professional Grave Solutions (Pty) Ltd T/A PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants

2 Declaration of Independence The report has been compiled by PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants an appointed Heritage Specialist for Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd. The views stipulated in this report are purely objective and no other interests are displayed during the decision making processes discussed in the Heritage Impact Assessment Process that includes the Scoping as well as this final report HERITAGE CONSULTANT: PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants CONTACT PERSON: Wouter Fourie Tel: +27 (0) SIGNATURE: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF RECEIPT CLIENT: Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd CONTACT PERSON: Liam Whitlow. Tel: (011) Fax: (011) SIGNATURE: Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page ii of vii

3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants was appointed by Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd to undertake a Heritage Impact Assessment that forms part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines EIA and EMP, in Mpumalanga Province. Heritage resources are unique and non-renewable and as such any impact on such resources must be seen as significant. During the field work 8 heritage sites were identified that are on or inside the boundary of the proposed alternatives buffer areas. Along with this the evaluation of the cultural landscape took cognisance of farmsteads and homesteads scattered over the study area. Impacts and mitigation measures as evaluated for the alternative sites is as follows: 1.1 Cemeteries Four cemeteries were identified within the alternative alignments and sites surveyed. These cemeteries contained a total of 103 graves. Mitigation recommendations Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; Fence must be palace with a 10 meter buffer from the closest grave; If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a full grave relocation process must be followed. 1.2 Homesteads Three ruined homesteads were identified within the alternative alignments and sites surveyed. The exact age and time span of occupation of the homesteads are unknown. The architectural design, construction techniques and the artefacts found on the site were used Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page iii of vii

4 to assume a relative age for the site. These structures and thus the identified homesteads seem to be from within the last 60 years and are therefore not protected under the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999). The structures themselves have little or no heritage value or significance due to their relevant recent origins from within the last 60 years. The structures, however, should be avoided, due to the possibility of infant human remains underneath the remains of the structures. Mitigation recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a qualified archaeologist must monitor construction activities as stipulated in Section 5.2 must be followed. 1.3 Cultural Landscape The larger study area is already impacted and sensitised towards transmission lines and power generation structures, notably the Amajuba Power Station as well as the UGG infrastructure close to Alternative 3. However the addition of the new alignments and substation may aggravate the cumulative effect of this infrastructure type on the landscape The visual impact of the proposed transmission lines and substation will be addressed in the Visual Impact Assessment of the EIA, as well as the possible mitigation measures. These mitigation measures will in most instances also alleviate impacts on the cultural landscape. 1.4 Fatal Flaws No fatal flaws have been identified during this study. 1.5 Assessment of Alternatives An assessment of the proposed alternatives with regards to impact on heritage, none of the finds during the field work constitute a non-mitigatable issue. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page iv of vii

5 1.5.1 Substation alternatives No heritage resources were found within the boundary of any of the proposed substation sites, and as such from a direct impact all four alternative sites score the same Transmission line alternatives These alternative transmission line alignments are foremost influenced by the choice of substation position. As none of the four substation alternatives are excluded from heritage findings, the alignments must all be evaluated by means of their relative positions in relations to heritage structures. Seven heritage sites have been identified as being very close or under proposed alignments, but even these sites can be avoided by micro adjustment of the pylon positions in the field. The biggest impact of transmission lines from a heritage perspective is on the cultural landscape and its impact on sense of place. The larger study area is already impacted and sensitised towards transmission lines and power generation structures, notably the Majuba Power Station as well as the UGG infrastructure close to Alternative 3. However the addition of the new alignments and substation may aggravate the cumulative effect of this infrastructure type on the cultural landscape. Table 1 - Impact Evaluation Scoring of Heritage Resources Alternative Alignment Number of heritage structure under or close by Alt3: Majuba Lambda1 400kV Loopin Alt3: Majuba Lambda2 400kV Loopin Alt 4: Lambda Majuba TX 400kV LAM4 (Close vicinity) LAM5 (Close vicinity) LAM6 (Close vicinity) LAM7 (Close vicinity) LAM4 (Close vicinity) LAM5 (Close vicinity) LAM6 (Close vicinity) LAM7 (Close vicinity) LAM5 (Close vicinity) LAM6 (Under alignment) LAM7 (Under alignment) LAM8 (Close vicinity) Significance rating of cumulative impact of alignment on structure Significance rating of impact of alignment on cultural landscape Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page v of vii

6 Alt5: Lambda Venus 765kV part 1 Alt5: Lambda Majuba part 1 Alt8: Lambda Majuba TX 400kV1 and 2 LAM2(Under alignment) LAM3 (Close vicinity) LAM7 (Under alignment) LAM8 (Close vicinity) LAM6 (Close vicinity) LAM7 (Under alignment) LAM8 (Close vicinity) LAM8 (Under alignment) LAM6 (Under alignment) LAM7 (Close vicinity) Evaluation of the alternative alignments 3 and 8 has shown that although the visual impact on Alternative 3 and 8 may seem high, the existing power and transmission lines and infrastructure has sensitised the area and residents to such infrastructure. In the case of Alternatives 4 and 5, and specifically Alternative 5, the absence of existing transmission lines and associated infrastructures will lead to a much higher visual impact and impact on the cultural landscape and sense of place. Taking in to consideration the existing Transmission line corridors and infrastructure associated with power generation in the area, Alternative 8 and its alignments may have a smaller cumulative impact on heritage resources overall, only impacting on two identified heritage points. The close proximity of the Rietpoort farmstead to the Alternative 8 Substation position may be problematic from a cultural landscape perspective and must be addressed in the Visual Assessment. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page vi of vii

7 CONTENTS Page 1 INTRODUCTION Scope of the Study Specialist Qualifications Assumptions and Limitations Legislative Context Terminology and definitions 3 2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT 7 3 CURRENT STATUS QUO Site Description 8 4 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES Management Guidelines The purpose of a watching brief is: 46 5 IMPACT MANAGEMENT Pre-construction phase Construction phase 48 6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 49 7 REFERENCES 52 List of Appendices A Legislative Requirements Terminology and Assessment Criteria B Heritage Assessment Methodology C The Significance Rating Scales for the EIA D Heritage Map Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page vii of vii

8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Human and Cultural Time line in Africa (Morris, 2008)... 6 Figure 2 - Locality map of proposed substation alternatives and transmission line route alignments... 8 Figure 3 - View of study area and alignments on Alternative Figure 4 - General conditions in survey areas... 9 Figure 5 - Majuba Power Station in north western corner of study area Figure 6 - Majuba Power Station in north western corner of study area Figure 7 - Position of cemeteries of the South African Conflict Possible Fatal Flaws Figure 8 Map developed for possible heritage resources in the study area Figure 9 -Sensitivity map developed for possible heritage resources in the study area Figure 10 View of cemetery (Low stone walling on both sides clearly visible) Figure 11 Foundation of hut Figure 12 Kraal wall foundation Figure 13 View of cemetery Figure 14 Cemetery with surrounding wall Figure 15 Well maintained graves Figure 16 Cemetery close to homestead Figure 17 View of site Figure 18 View of site Figure 19 Alignment 3 with 500m buffer and farmsteads/homesteads and other heritage sensitive area indicated in red Figure 20 Alignment 4 with 500m buffer and farmsteads/homesteads and other heritage sensitive area indicated in red Figure 21 Alignment 5 with 500m buffer and farmsteads/homesteads and other heritage sensitive area indicated in red Figure 22 Alignment 8 with 500m buffer and farmsteads/homesteads and other heritage sensitive area indicated in red Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page viii of vii

9 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Impact Evaluation Scoring of Heritage Resources... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 2 Abbreviations used in report... 3 Table 3 - Sensitivity rating Table 4 Possible heritage resources to be identified during ground thruthing Table 5 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 2 Alternative Table 6 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 3 Alternative Table 7 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 4 Alternative Table 8 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 5 Alternative Table 9 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 6 Alternative 3 and Table 10 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 7 Alternative Table 11 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 8 Alternative 8 Alignment Table 12 - Impact Evaluation: Cultural Landscape Alternative Table 13 - Impact Evaluation: Cultural Landscape Alternative Table 14 - Impact Evaluation: Cultural Landscape Alternative Table 16: Roles and responsibilities of archaeological and heritage management Table 17 - Impact Evaluation Scoring of Heritage Resources Table 18: Site significance classification standards as prescribed by SAHRA Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines ESKOM Page ix of vii

10 1 INTRODUCTION PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants was appointed by Environmental Impact Management Services (Pty) Ltd to undertake a Heritage Impact Assessment that forms part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines EIA and EMP, in Mpumalanga Province. 1.1 Scope of the Study The aim of the study is to identify possible heritage sites and finds that may occur in and on the areas where infrastructure will be sited. The Heritage Impact Assessment aims to inform the development of a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and consequent Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to assist Eskom in managing the discovered heritage resources in a responsible manner, in order to protect, preserve, and develop them within the framework provided by the National Heritage Resources Act of 1999 (NHRA)(Act 25 of 1999). 1.2 Specialist Qualifications This Heritage Impact Assessment Report was compiled by PGS Heritage & Grave Relocation Consultants (PGS). The staff at PGS has a combined experience of nearly 40 years in the heritage consulting industry. PGS and its staff have extensive experience in managing HIA processes. PGS will only undertake heritage assessment work where they have the relevant expertise and experience to undertake that work competently. Wouter Fourie, Principal Archaeologist for this project, is registered with the Association of Southern African Professional Archaeologists (ASAPA) and has Cultural Resources Management (CRM accreditation within the said organisation. 1.3 Assumptions and Limitations Not subtracting in any way from the comprehensiveness of the fieldwork undertaken, it is necessary to realise that the heritage resources located during the fieldwork do not necessarily represent all the possible heritage resources present within the area. Various factors account for this, including the subterranean nature of some archaeological sites and the current dense vegetation cover. As such, should any heritage Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 1

11 features and/or objects not included in the present inventory be located or observed, a heritage specialist must immediately be contacted. Such observed or located heritage features and/or objects may not be disturbed or removed in any way until such time that the heritage specialist has been able to make an assessment as to the significance of the site (or material) in question. This applies to graves and cemeteries as well. In the event that any graves or burial places are located during the proposed development s activities, the procedures and requirements pertaining to graves and burials will apply as set out in the report. 1.4 Legislative Context The identification, evaluation and assessment of any cultural heritage site, artefact or find in the South African context is required and governed by the following legislation: i. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) Act 107 of ii. National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) Act 25 of iii. Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) Act 28 of iv. Development Facilitation Act (DFA) Act 67 of The following sections in each Act refer directly to the identification, evaluation and assessment of cultural heritage resources. i. National Environmental Management Act (NEMA) Act 107 of 1998: a. Basic Environmental Assessment (BEA) Section (23)(2)(d); b. Environmental Scoping Report (ESR) Section (29)(1)(d); c. Environmental Impacts Assessment (EIA) Section (32)(2)(d); and d. EMP (EMP) Section (34)(b). ii. National Heritage Resources Act (NHRA) Act 25 of 1999: a. Protection of Heritage resources Sections 34 to 36; and b. Heritage Resources Management Section 38. iii. Minerals and Petroleum Resources Development Act (MPRDA) Act 28 of 2002: a. Section 39(3). iv. Development Facilitation Act (DFA) Act 67 of 1995: a. The GNR.1 of 7 January 2000: Regulations and rules in terms of the Development Facilitation Act, Section 31. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 2

12 The NHRA stipulates that cultural heritage resources may not be disturbed without authorization from the relevant heritage authority. Section 34 (1) of the NHRA states that no person may alter or demolish any structure or part of a structure which is older than 60 years without a permit issued by the relevant provincial heritage resources authority. The NEMA (No 107 of 1998) states that an integrated EMP should (23:2 (b)) identify, predict and evaluate the actual and potential impact on the environment, socio-economic conditions and cultural heritage. In accordance with legislative requirements and EIA rating criteria, the regulations of SAHRA and ASAPA have also been incorporated to ensure that a comprehensive legally compatible AIA report is compiled. 1.5 Terminology and definitions Table 2 Abbreviations used in report Abbreviations AIA ASAPA CRM DEA DWA EIA practitioner EIA ESA GPS HIA I&AP LSA LIA MSA MIA NEMA NHRA PHRA PSSA ROD SADC SAHRA Description Archaeological Impact Assessment Association of South African Professional Archaeologists Cultural Resource Management Department of Environmental Affairs Department of Water Affairs Environmental Impact Assessment Practitioner Environmental Impact Assessment Early Stone Age Global Positioning System Heritage Impact Assessment Interested & Affected Party Late Stone Age Late Iron Age Middle Stone Age Middle Iron Age National Environmental Management Act National Heritage Resources Act Provincial Heritage Resources Agency Palaeontological Society of South Africa Record of Decision Southern African Development Community South African Heritage Resources Agency Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 3

13 Archaeological resources This includes: i. Material remains resulting from human activity which are in a state of disuse and are in or on land and which are older than 100 years including artefacts, human and hominid remains and artificial features and structures; ii. Rock art, being any form of painting, engraving or other graphic representation on a fixed rock surface or loose rock or stone, which was executed by human agency and which is older than 100 years, including any area within 10m of such representation; iii. Wrecks, being any vessel or aircraft, or any part thereof which was wrecked in South Africa, whether on land, in the internal waters, the territorial waters or in the maritime culture zone of the republic as defined in the Maritimes Zones Act, and any cargo, debris or artefacts found or associated therewith, which is older than 60 years or which SAHRA considers to be worthy of conservation; and iv. Features, structures and artefacts associated with military history which are older than 75 years and the site on which they are found. Cultural significance This means aesthetic, architectural, historical, scientific, social, spiritual, linguistic or technological value or significance. Development This means any physical intervention, excavation, or action, other than those caused by natural forces, which may in the opinion of the heritage authority in any way result in the change to the nature, appearance or physical nature of a place or influence its stability and future well-being, including: i. Construction, alteration, demolition, removal or change in use of a place or a structure at a place; ii. Carrying out any works on or over or under a place; iii. Subdivision or consolidation of land comprising a place, including the structures or airspace of a place; iv. Constructing or putting up for display signs or boards; v. Any change to the natural or existing condition or topography of land; and vi. Any removal or destruction of trees, or removal of vegetation or topsoil Early Stone Age The archaeology of the Stone Age between and years ago. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 4

14 Fossil Mineralised bones of animals, shellfish, plants and marine animals. A trace fossil is the track or footprint of a fossil animal that is preserved in stone or consolidated sediment. Heritage That which is inherited and forms part of the National Estate (Historical places, objects, fossils as defined by the National Heritage Resources Act 25 of 1999). Heritage resources This means any place or object of cultural significance. Holocene The most recent geological time period which commenced years ago. Late Stone Age The archaeology of the last years associated with fully modern people. Late Iron Age (Early Farming Communities) The archaeology of the last 1000 years up to the 1800 s associated with iron working and farming activities such as herding and agriculture. Middle Stone Age The archaeology of the Stone Age between years ago associated with early modern humans. Palaeontology Any fossilised remains or fossil trace of animals or plants which lived in the geological past, other than fossil fuels or fossiliferous rock intended for industrial use, and any site which contains such fossilised remains or trace. Refer to Appendix A for further discussions on heritage management and legislative frameworks. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 5

15 Figure 1 - Human and Cultural Time line in Africa (Morris, 2008) Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 6

16 2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT Eskom has applied for environmental authorisation for the construction of a new Lambda 400/765kV Substation and the associated 400kV and 765kV Transmission lines. The following specific activities pertain to the application and will be assessed in the EIA: Construction of the Eskom Lambda 400/765 kv Substation. Construction of 2 X 400kV transmission lines to link the existing Majuba Substation to the proposed new Lambda Substation (each 400kV transmission line will require a servitude of 55m wide). Construction of loop-in of the Majuba- Umfolozi 765kV transmission line to the proposed new Lambda Substation (the 765kV transmission line will require a servitude of maximum 80m wide). Construction of loop-in of the Majuba-Venus 765kV transmission line to the proposed new Lambda Substation. In addition to the construction of the substation and the transmission lines the following ancillary activities will be required: Telecommunications mast (approximately 40m in height); Heavy vehicle access roads to the substation for the construction and operation; and Construction camps for the purposes of housing construction workers during the construction process. 3 CURRENT STATUS QUO The Scoping Report (SR) has been completed and public comment received. The main outcomes of the SR included the following: The identification of three alternative sites for the location of the Substation (Sites 3, 4 and 5 (Refer to Figure 2); The identification of preliminary transmission line route options for each of the three alternative sites; The identification of impacts which require detailed assessment in the EIA Phase (Refer to Section 3.1.1); and As part of the EIA a fourth alternative site, Site 8 with its proposed alignments was evaluated as a possible position for the proposed Substation. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 7

17 Figure 2 - Locality map of proposed substation alternatives and transmission line route alignments 3.1 Site Description The alignments and substation alternative sites traverse a landscape that can be classified as rural farming landscape. Most of the landscape is still utilised for farming purposes and is characterised by undulating grasslands. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 8

18 Figure 3 - View of study area and alignments on Alternative 3 Figure 4 - General conditions in survey areas Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 9

19 Figure 5 - Majuba Power Station in north western corner of study area Figure 6 - Majuba Power Station in north western corner of study area Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 10

20 3.1.1 Findings of Heritage Scoping Report From a Fatal Flaw analysis the four alternative sites evaluated during the Heritage Scoping study reflected no Fatal Flaws that could be identified during the archival and desktop evaluation. Some possible sensitive area were identified that required further evaluation in the field. In the larger study area possible fatal flaws are the existing cemeteries and graves specifically associated with the conflict of the South African War (Figure 8). Four specific sites on the farms, Mezigt, Witkoppies and Rietpoort were identified. The farm Palmietspruit also contains cemeteries but the position of the cemeteries is not known. Figure 7 - Position of cemeteries of the South African Conflict Possible Fatal Flaws Potential Sensitivities The same data set developed for the Fatal Flaw analysis was utilised for the sensitivity analysis. This data was then combined to develop a map of possible heritage resources (Figure 9) from which a sensitivity map of heritage resources was created (Figure 10). In a few cases where reference was made in archival records of farms with war graves on, the whole farm was marked as sensitive, but more focused with field work during the EIA phase. The sensitivity rating utilised for the study area is reflected in Table 3. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 11

21 Table 3 - Sensitivity rating Category Description Rating Restricted Negotiable Preferred All confirmed and potential sites of heritage significance together with a 100m buffer. No confirmed heritage sites. Potential for unidentified sites (e.g. Palaeontological features not currently identified). No confirmed heritage sites and little to no potential for heritage sites Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 12

22 Farms and position areas containing possible heritage resources Figure 8 Map developed for possible heritage resources in the study area Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 13

23 Figure 9 -Sensitivity map developed for possible heritage resources in the study area Potential Impacts and Further Work for EIA Phase The site evaluation has shown that the possibility exists of finding heritage resources in the proposed Substation Sites. The Scoping Phase site evaluation did however not exclude the need for proper ground Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 14

24 thruthing during the EIA phase of the project. Table 4 provides a guideline on possible finds that could be made during ground thruthing and the next steps to be taken during the site evaluation in the EIA Phase. Table 4 Possible heritage resources to be identified during ground thruthing ISSUE DISCUSSION EXISTING IMPACT PREDICTED IMPACT Impact on archaeological sites As seen from the archival work and discussion the possibility of archaeological finds have been identified and thus further fieldwork is required to develop a comprehensive Heritage Management Plan for the construction activities. None known. Unidentified archaeological sites. Fieldwork can thus provide valuable information on in the study area and provide timeous management of such through the realignment of the construction activities. EIA INVESTIGATION Archaeological field survey of selected sites. REQUIRED CUMULATIVE EFFECT None foreseen at this stage. ISSUE DISCUSSION EXISTING IMPACT PREDICTED IMPACT Impact on historical sites As seen from the archival work and discussion the possibility of historical finds have been identified as being high and thus further fieldwork is required to develop a comprehensive Heritage Management Plan for the construction. None known. Unidentified historical structures. Fieldwork can thus provide valuable information on the study area and provide timeous management of such through the realignment of the proposed construction. EIA INVESTIGATION Archaeological field survey of selected sites will identify possible REQUIRED impacted sites. CUMULATIVE EFFECT None foreseen at this stage. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 15

25 ISSUE DISCUSSION EXISTING IMPACT PREDICTED IMPACT Impact on graves and cemeteries site The existence of graves and cemeteries has not been verified during the archival research. It has however been found that such structures are rarely noted in maps and documents and can only be identified during field work. None known. Unidentified graves and cemeteries and the discovery of such structures during prospecting can seriously hamper construction timelines. In the event that graves and cemeteries could not be avoided a grave relocation process needs to be initiated bearing in mind that such a process impacts on the spiritual and social fabric of the next of kin and associated communities. Fieldwork can thus provide valuable information on the study area and provide timeous management of such through the realignment of the proposed construction. EIA INVESTIGATION Archaeological field survey of selected areas will identify possible REQUIRED impacted sites. CUMULATIVE EFFECT None foreseen at this stage Findings of the Heritage Field work The field work was based on the guidelines provided in the Heritage Scoping document dated 25 November The guideline stipulated that when the alignments and positions of the proposed alternative sites have been determined a survey of each alignment and substation position will be required to identify possible heritage sensitive areas. To comply with this requirement, a field survey of the preferred Sites 3, 4 and 5 as well as the transmission route alignments was done in the week of the 30th of November While field work on Site 8 and its alignments was completed on the 9th of July Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 16

26 The substation positions and route alignments were surveyed by an archaeologist and field assistant from PGS over 4 days by foot and vehicle with the aim of identifying all heritage resources on or close to the substation and route alignments. Site LAM 2 GPS: ,1 S ,5 E A small informal cemetery with 26 graves was identified at this location. The cemetery was demarcated with a low stone packed wall. The cemetery was situated right on the proposed transmission line route. The graves were placed in one line next to each other and all were orientated from west to east. A few small (children) graves were placed at the feet of some of the larger (adult) graves. Two of the graves had formal granite dressings which were filled with soil and gravel. These graves also had inscribed granite headstones, but they had fallen over. The one grave dated from The rest of the graves had informal oval shaped or rectangular shaped mounds of packed rocks as dressings. The cemetery seemed to be maintained by the family as the grass cover on the graves was only from the last season. Site size: Approximately 30m x 15m. Figure 10 View of cemetery (Low stone walling on both sides clearly visible) Heritage Significance: GP.A High Significance Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 17

27 Table 5 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 2 Alternative 5 Impact name: Destruction of cemeteries Alternative: Transmission Alignments - Alternatives 5 Description of impact: Destruction of cemeteries during construction Environmental Risk Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of graves sites and removal of these site can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; Fence must be palace with a 10 meter buffer from the closest grave;d If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a full grave relocation process must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 18

28 Site LAM 3 GPS: ,0 S ,0 E The remains and the foundations of a cluster of dilapidated structures were identified at this location. These dilapidated structures formed part of an abandoned homestead which was most probably occupied within the last 60 years. The remains consisted basically of packed lines of rocks which were used in the foundations of these structures on which mud-brick walls were built. These structures were predominantly square or rectangular in shape and the rooms measured approximately 5m x 5m. Two of the structures were round (rondawels) and were most probably used as a kitchen and/or storeroom. A few metal artefacts such as wire and cans were observed amongst the remains of the structures. A stone walled cattle kraal was also identified approximately 25m further north of the abandoned homestead. The kraal measured approximately 15m x 15m and had an entrance on the northern side. The walls were in a dilapidated state, but measured approximately 0,5m high and 0,5m wide. Branches were most probably used to create a higher enclosure. The homestead and associated kraal structure were situated approximately 50m to the south of the cemetery identified at site LAM 2. The exact age and time span of occupation of the above mentioned site are not known. The architectural design, construction techniques and the artefacts found on the site were used to assume a relative age for the site. These structures and thus the identified homestead seem to be from within the last 60 years and are therefore not protected under the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999). The structures themselves have little or no heritage value or significance due to their relevant recent origins from within the last 60 years. The identified settlement and structures falls within the proposed area for Alignment 5. The structures, however, should be avoided, due to the possibility of infant human remains underneath the remains of the structures. Through experience of similar sites and the knowledge of cultural customs and traditions it is known that stillborn babies and deceased infants occasionally were being buried within the occupational settlement. These children were sometimes buried underneath the floors and walls of houses and huts. These burials were not marked, but were known to the immediate family. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 19

29 Customs and traditions like these were common in the rural African communities during the earlier parts of the 20th century. It is therefore not only possible, but rather likely that some of these structures may be on top of some of these infant remains. Site size: Approximately 60m x 30m. Figure 11 Foundation of hut Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 20

30 Figure 12 Kraal wall foundation Heritage Significance: GP.B - Low/medium significance. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 21

31 Table 6 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 3 Alternative 5 Impact name: Destruction of historical structures with possible infant burials Alternative: Alternative Transmission Alignments 5 Description of impact: Destruction of structures at homesteads where possible infant burials can occur Environmental Risk Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of homesteads and associated structures where infant burials could be present can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; and If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a qualified archaeologist must monitor construction activities as stipulated in Section 4.2 must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 22

32 Site LAM 4 GPS: ,6 S ,9 E A small informal cemetery with 31 graves was identified at this location. The cemetery was not fenced, but was demarcated with a low stone packed wall. The cemetery was situated near or possibly inside the reserve of the proposed power line route. The graves were placed in 6 unequal lines next to each other and all were orientated from west to east. One of the graves had a large rectangular shaped brick and cement outline which was filled with gravel. An inscribed cement headstone was placed at the western end. The rest of the graves had informal oval shaped or rectangular shaped mounds of packed rocks as dressings. The cemetery was not well maintained as the graves were covered with grass and other vegetation. The identified cemetery falls within the proposed area for Alignment 3. Site size: Approximately 20m x 30m. Figure 13 View of cemetery Heritage Significance: GP.A - High significance. Table 7 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 4 Alternative 3 Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 23

33 Impact name: Destruction of cemeteries Alternative: Transmission Alignments - Alternative 3 Description of impact: Destruction of cemeteries during construction Environmental Risk Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of graves sites and removal of these site can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; Fence must be palace with a 10 meter buffer from the closest grave; and If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a full grave relocation process must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 24

34 Site LAM 5 GPS: ,8 S ,2 E A small informal cemetery with 33 graves was identified at this location. The cemetery was situated next the homestead of some of the farm labourers. The cemetery was not fenced, but was demarcated with a low stone packed wall. The cemetery was situated near or possibly inside the reserve of the proposed power line route. The graves were placed in 4 unequal lines next to each other and all were orientated from west to east. Most of the graves had informal oval shaped or rectangular shaped mounds of packed rocks as dressings. One of the structures was round (rondawel) and was most probably used as a kitchen and/or storeroom The identified cemetery within the proposed area for Alignment 3. Site size: Approximately 15m x 25m. Figure 14 Cemetery with surrounding wall Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 25

35 Figure 15 Well maintained graves Heritage Significance: GP.A - High significance. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 26

36 Table 8 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 5 Alternative 3 Impact name: Destruction of cemeteries Alternative: Transmission Alignments - Alternatives 3 Description of impact: Destruction of cemeteries during construction Environmental Risk Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of graves sites and removal of these site can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; Fence must be placed with a 10 meter buffer from the closest grave; and If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a full grave relocation process must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 27

37 Site LAM 6 GPS: ,0 S ,7 E A small informal cemetery with 13 graves was identified at this location. The cemetery was situated near the homestead of some of the farm labourers. The cemetery was not fenced, but was demarcated with a low stone packed wall. The cemetery was situated near or possibly inside the reserve of the proposed power line route alignment. The graves were placed in 2 unequal lines next to each other and all were orientated from west to east. All of the graves had informal oval shaped or rectangular shaped mounds of packed rocks as dressings. The cemetery seemed to be well maintained as the grass cover on the graves was only from the last season. The identified cemetery falls within the proposed area for Alignment 3 and 4. Site size: Approximately 20m x 10m. Figure 16 Cemetery close to homestead Significance: GP.A - High significance. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 28

38 Table 9 - Impact Evaluation: Cemetery LAM 6 Alternative 3 and 4 Impact name: Destruction of cemeteries Alternative: Transmission Alignments - Alternatives 3 and 4 Description of impact: Destruction of cemeteries during construction Environmental Risk Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Pre-mitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of graves sites and removal of these site can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; Fence must be palace with a 10 meter buffer from the closest grave; and If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a full grave relocation process must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 29

39 Site LAM 7 GPS: ,2 S ,2 E The remains and the foundations of a cluster of dilapidated structures were identified at this location. These dilapidated structures formed part of an abandoned homestead which was most probably occupied within the last 60 years. This abandoned homestead was situated near or possibly inside of the indicated reserve for the proposed Alignment 5. The remains consisted basically of packed lines of rocks which were used in the foundations of these structures on which mud-brick walls were built. These structures were predominantly square or rectangular in shape and the rooms measured approximately 5m x 5m. A few metal artefacts such as wire and cans were observed amongst the remains of the structures. The exact age and time span of occupation of the above mentioned site are not known. The architectural design, construction techniques and the artefacts found on the site were used to assume a relative age for the site. These structures and thus the identified homestead seem to be from within the last 60 years and are therefore not protected under the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999). The structures themselves have little or no heritage value or significance due to their relevant recent origins from within the last 60 years. The structures, however, should be avoided, due to the possibility of infant human remains underneath the remains of the structures. Through experience of similar sites and the knowledge of cultural customs and traditions it is known that stillborn babies and deceased infants occasionally were being buried within the occupational settlement. These children were sometimes buried underneath the floors and walls of houses and huts. These burials were not marked, but were known to the immediate family. Customs and traditions like these were common in the rural African communities during the earlier parts of the 20th century. It is therefore not only possible, but rather likely that some of these structures may be on top of some of these infant remains. Site size: Approximately 50m x 30m. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 30

40 Figure 17 View of site Heritage Significance: GP.B - Low/medium significance. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 31

41 Table 10 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 7 Alternatives 3, 4, 5, and 8 Impact name: Destruction of historical structures with possible infant burials Alternative: Alternative Transmission Alignments 3, 4, 5, and 8 Description of impact: Destruction of structures at homesteads where possible infant burials can occur Environmental Risk Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of homesteads and associated structures where infant burials could be present can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a qualified archaeologist must monitor construction activities as stipulated in Section 4.2 must be followed. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 32

42 Site LAM 8 GPS: S E The remains and the foundations of two dilapidated structures were identified at this location. These dilapidated structures formed part of an abandoned homestead which was most probably occupied within the last 60 years. This abandoned homestead was situated near, but most probably outside of the indicated area for the proposed sub-station. The remains consisted basically of packed lines of rocks which were used in the foundations of these structures on which mud-brick walls were built. The larger structure was a circular stone walled kraal which measured approximately 8m in diameter. The walls measured approximately 0.5m wide and 0.75m high when they were intact. The second structure was the remains of a circular hut. It measured approximately 3m in diameter. Mud brick walls were placed on top of a stone lined foundation. An ash midden with glass fragments, ceramic pot shards and various metal artefacts was situated approximately 20m to the north of the hut structure. The exact age and time span of occupation of the above mentioned site are not known. The architectural design, construction techniques and the artefacts found on the site were used to assume a relative age for the site. These structures and thus the identified homestead seem to be from within the last 60 years and are therefore not protected under the National Heritage Act (Act 25 of 1999). The structures themselves have little or no heritage value or significance due to their relevant recent origins from within the last 60 years. The structures, however, should be avoided, due to the possibility of infant human remains underneath the remains of the structures. Through experience of similar sites and the knowledge of cultural customs and traditions it is known that stillborn babies and deceased infants occasionally were being buried within the occupational settlement. These children were sometimes buried underneath the floors and walls of houses and huts. These burials were not marked, but were known to the immediate family. Customs and traditions like these were common in the rural African communities during the earlier parts of the 20th century. It is therefore not only possible, but rather likely that some of these structures may be on top of some of these infant remains. Site size: Approximately 50m x 30m. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 33

43 Figure 18 View of site Heritage Significance: GP.B - Low/medium significance. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 34

44 Table 11 - Impact Evaluation: Structures and possible infant burials LAM 8 Alternative 4 and 8 Alignment Impact name: Destruction of historical structures with possible infant burials Alternative: Alternative Transmission Alignments 4 and 8 Description of impact: Destruction of structures at homesteads where possible infant burials can occur Environmental Risk Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Attribute Premitigation Post-mitigation Nature of Impact -1-1 Magnitude of Impact 5 2 Extent of Impact 2 2 Reversibility of Impact 3 2 Duration of Impact 5 2 Probability 2 2 Environmental Risk (Pre-mitigation) -7.5 Environmental Risk (Post-mitigation) -4 Degree of confidence in impact prediction: Medium Impact Prioritisation Public Response 1 Cumulative Impacts 2 Destruction of homesteads and associated structures where infant burials could be present can cause social discourse and negativity toward the project Degree of potential irreplaceable loss of resources 3 Cultural resources are irreplaceable Prioritisation Factor 1.5 Final Significance Recommendations: Fence and demarcate as no-go area during construction; and If it is found that the alignment and pylon positions cannot be moved, a qualified archaeologist must monitor construction activities as stipulated in Section 4.2 must be followed. Impact on Cultural Landscape Heritage significance of the cultural landscape is derived from the interaction between the natural landscape, such as valleys, undulating plains and river courses usually framed by mountain ranges or accentuated by ridges and koppies, and access routes, human settlements and farmsteads. Also interacting with these physical entities are intangible and historic landscapes and events that are known to have added to the cultural fabric of a place or area. Lambda 400/765kV Substation and Associated 400kV and 765 kv lines 35