Windows Server 2008 Versions Hard Drives & File Systems

Transcription

1 Windows Server 2008 Versions Windows 3.1, 95, 98, ME, NT, XP, Vista, 7, 8, 2000, 2003, 2008, 2012 All are a GUI environment (icons, mouse). Common items in Windows : Start button, My Computer, Network Neighborhood or My Network Places, Control Panel, Administrative Tools. Bar at the bottom of your screen is the Taskbar. Command Prompt Windows (DOS Prompt) cmd.exe Windows Directory: C:\Windows or C:\WINNT (System32 dir) Other common directories: C:\Documents and Settings, C:\Users, C:\Program Files Directory paths use backslash \ in Windows. (Compared to forward slash / in Unix/Linux) Hard Drives & File Systems Types of Hard Drives: PATA: Parallel ATA (aka ATA, IDE, EIDE, ATAPI) - Slow, up to 2 drives per channel (Primary/Secondary channel, Master/Slave per channel). 133Mb/s. Very inexpensive. SATA: Serial ATA - Fast, 1 drive per channel. 1.5Gb/s, 3.0Gb/s, 6.0Gb/s. Generally inexpensive. Desktop hard drives, Enterprise hard drives, Solid State Drives (SSDs). SCSI: Small Computer System Interface (SCSI-1, Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI, Ultra2 SCSI, Wide SCSI, etc) Fast, can daisy chain up to 7 SCSI devices (hard drives or tapes) together per SCSI interface (requires SCSI terminator). 40Mb/s 5Gb/s. Very expensive. SAS: Serial Attached SCSI Fast, Using SATA drives in a SCSI way. SAS uses the SCSI command set, but doesn't need terminator, can also support other types of devices (scanners, printers, etc). Speeds are similar to SATA, but caching and drive commands of SAS make them a better choice over SATA. Less expensive then SCSI. Fibre Channel: Extremely Fast, up to 16Gb/s. Very expensive. Managing your Hard drives in Windows Server: Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Computer Management -> Disk Management: Allows you to see how your hard drive is partitioned and the types of file systems that your partitions are using. You can also create and delete partitions. My Computer -> C: (hard drive): Right-clicking and selecting Properties will allow you to see usage/free/capacity, file system type, along with perform different operations like Error-checking, Backup, Defragmentation. Command line tools: chkdsk for checking hard drive. fdisk in Windows 3.1/95/98/ME and partman in Windows 2003/2008 recover console, for partitioning drives. When Windows isn't shut down properly, chkdsk runs automatically on bootup. Partitions are given Drive Letters like C:, D:, E:, etc... File Systems:

2 FAT: FAT16/FAT32 (File Allocation Table). Very limited in the amount of data that can be stored on these file systems. File size limits, file count limits, hard drive size limits. Used by 3.1, 95, 98, ME, NT. 2000, 2003, 2008, XP supports it, but you shouldn't be using it! The FAT file system has concept of read only, hidden, and system file types, however no concept of ownership, so anyone can change these file attributes. No security! Used to only support 8.3 characters, Windows 3.1, 95, 98 tweaked FAT to handle 256 characters. NTFS: (New Technology File System). Supports journaling, lazy writes, mirrors Master File Table and Boot Sector. MFT holds info on each file and directory including owner, permissions, file location on hard drive, etc. Filenames can be up to 256 characters. Supports compressed files and directories. Support quotas. Much more reliable then FAT. Much more secure than FAT. Supported in all recent versions of Windows. WinFS: (Windows Future Storage). Microsoft tried to develop a database like file system for Vista, which they abandoned, because it never worked out. Database file systems are great ideas, but very difficult to implement. Advanced File System Features: Logical Volumes: Extending file systems (partitions) across multiple disks to create larger volumes and make it easier to expand in the future. RAID - Redundant Array of Independent Disks (Inexpensive Drives): 0 Stripping: 2 or more disks, data is split equally to both disks for fast reading and writing. If one disk dies, all your data will be lost. 1 Mirroring: 2 or more disks, data is written to both disks so that if one disk fails, you won't lose any data. Slows down writing to disk, since data must be written twice. 5 Parity: 3 or more disks, data is stripped but there are parity bits stored on all disks that allow for the failure of one drive without the loss of data. Software RAID is usually available in most operating systems. Bootup/Shutdown During the Windows install, some code is written to your hard drive's MBR (Master Boot Record) which tells your computer what files to load from your hard drive to load Windows. This boot loader (NTLDR) is what boots Windows and allows you to hit F8 during bootup. Safe Mode: Allows you to troubleshoot system problems Last Known Good Configuration: Useful when your system gets corrupted, you can revert to a previous system snapshot. When was the machine last booted? Command Prompt: net statistics server more System Shutdown: Must be shut down properly via Windows Shutdown command. DOS was very simplistic and didn't do any file caching or lazy disk writes, so there was no need to have a special shutdown function. Locking Screen or Logging off: via Task Manager (Ctrl-Alt-Delete or rightclick on Taskbar and choose from pop-up menu)

3 Account Management Creating and managing user accounts via Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Computer Management -> Local Users and Groups. Allows you to add, delete and change user accounts. Command line: net user username /add..options... [Add a new user] net user username /delete [Delete a user] net user [List all user accounts] Quotas Enabling Quotas: Right-click on C: drive in My Computer, and under Quota tab, put a check mark next to Enable quota management and click Apply. You can now enable quotas for different users on the system by clicking Quota Entries and adding a new entry for each user. File Permissions Changing ownership and permissions on files and directories: Right-click on file or directory and choose Properties. Under the Security tab, you have the ability to Add or Remove users from the ACL (Access Control List), along with setting different Permissions for each user. 7 different types of Permissions: Full Control, Modify, Read & Execute, List Folder Contents, Read, Write, No Access (no users listed, and no permissions set) [Advanced... button allows for finer control] Windows Memory Management Right-click on My Computer and choose Properties. Under the General tab you'll see how much RAM (Random Access Memory) your computer has. Under the Advanced tab, you can click the Performance button and you'll have access to your Virtual Memory commonly referred to as a paging file in Windows. Virtual Memory can be considered fake memory, the system creates a file on your C: drive and uses it as memory when it runs out of RAM (not good, effects performance). Task Manager: Gives you access to monitor your memory (physical RAM + Virtual) under the Performance Tab. Networking Setting up Windows Networking: Control Panel -> Networking and Dial-up Connections -> Local Area Connection -> Properties. Then go under Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Obtain an IP address automatically means that you are going to use a DHCP server. Use the following IP address means you are going to set static network settings by specifying an IP address/subnet (netmask)/gateway (router), DNS (Domain Name Service). Command line : ipconfig or ipconfig /all hostname, netstat, ping TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): Most commonly used transmission protocol (the entire Internet is based on this protocol). TCP and UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

4 NetBEUI (Windows) Computer Name: Right-click My Computer and choose Properties and under the Network Identification tab you can click the Properties button to change the Computer name and Domain or Workgroup. Domains are usually only used when you have an Active Directory server on your network. Most home systems would use a Workgroup to segment their home network. DNS (Domain Name Service): Hostname to IP address resolution (and reverse). First instance clamshell.rutgers.edu= DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Allows a system to retrieve it's network information from a server simply by giving it's MAC (Hardware) Address. Very useful, a lot of things can be done with a DHCP server (IP address pool, PXE booting, etc). LAN (Local Area Network): A collection of clients and servers, individual LANs are connected via routers. Process/Job Management Task Manager (Ctrl-Alt-Delete or right-click on Taskbar). Under the Applications and Processes tabs you can choose to End Task or End Process to kill applications/processes that are not responding. Under the Processes tab you can see how much CPU resources or Memory a particular process is using, along with that process's PID (process ID #). Job Scheduling Schedule tasks via Control Panel -> Scheduled Tasks. Create new scheduled tasks to run at a specific times (date/time, login, when computer starts, etc.) Example: Schedule hard drive defrags, chkdsk, BACKUPS, etc. Command line: at command at [show jobs waiting] at \\hostname [show jobs waiting on host] at 4:23am c:\directory\command [run command at 4:23am] at 2 /delete [delete job 2 from scheduler] Registry Registry Editor (c:\winnt\regedit.exe): Allows you to modify system configuration database. Left hand side panel refers to keys, right side refers to Values (which have a name/type/value). Services Programs that run in the background to perform some special function (like authentication, Remote Desktop, DHCP, event logging, etc.) Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Services. You can start, stop and disable services from here. Command line: net start [list services started] net start service-name [start service name] net stop service-name [stop service name] net pause service-name [pause service name] net continue service-name [un-pause service name]

5 Event Viewer Allows you to monitor your system for events (system logs). Control Panel -> Administrative Tools -> Event Viewer GUI vs TEXT Graphical: Point & Click. Difficult to automate a graphical tool. Difficult to work remotely in a graphical environment (slow network connections) Command line: Easy to automate via batch files and scripts. Easy to do remotely (via Telnet server built into Windows). Telnet is insecure though, so it should never be used unless absolutely necessary. DOS Commands Get help with help cmd Some general commands: cd, dir, mkdir, rmdir, del, move, rename, copy, type, echo Updates Windows Update (be careful what updates you install, sometimes they cause more problems then they fix). Hot Fixes & Service Packs (Bundle of Hot Fixes) Windows Genuine Advantage: Anti-piracy system enacted by Microsoft that enforces Microsoft Windows online validation of the authenticity. Plain and simple: Microsoft doesn't trust you... Which causes problems when you perform hardware upgrades on your machine...etc... Updates usually lead to upgrades later for Administrators (going from Windows NT->2000->2003->2008->etc...) Package Management Software you install are packaged into installation programs (some are open source): Windows Installer Package (MSI files) InstallShield, NullSoft, Wise, etc. InnoSetup (open source) Backups & File Compression Start -> Programs -> Accessories -> System Tools -> Backup (only use if really desperate, horrible program using proprietary format which can only be read with this program) Use Commercial or Open Source software for backups! File Compression formats: Most commonly used in Windows is the ZIP file format. Allows you to compress file(s) and/or directories into a single file which can be distributed and opened on most platforms (Windows, Unix/Linux, MACs, etc). Programming A large number of programming languages available for Windows: C, C#, Java, Basic, Python, Perl, etc.

6 File Sharing Client/Server: Client accesses share from Server. UNC (Universal Naming Connection): \\hostname\share_name Server: How to share a folder: Right-click on a folder, under the Sharing tab, select Share this folder and give the share a name. If necessary adjust directory share permissions, along with max number of users allowed. Command line: net share [show all shares] net share sharename = c:\directory1\directory2 [create a new share] net share sharename /delete [delete a share] Shared folders will have a hand under their icon in Windows. Client: How to map a network drive (virtual drive pointing to a network share): Right-click on My Computer and choose Map Network Drive... Specify the drive letter and UNC and if necessary specify a different username and password to use to connect to the share. Command line: net use J: \\hostname\share_name [create virtual J: drive] net use J: /delete [delete virtual J: drive] net use [show current mapped drives] Share Permissions: Per User (or Groups) you can specify no access, read only, write only, or full control. Remote Management RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol): Windows Remote Management built into Windows. You can use grdesktop in Linux to manage a remote Windows machine. VNC (Virtual Network Computing): Remote Desktop protocol that is crossplatform, supported on: Windows, FreeBSD, MAC, Unix/Linux, etc. Careful: Only some VNC servers/client support encryption. RDP & VNC have limitations (sometimes key combos don't always work, some options aren't available via remote management). Be very careful when enabling remote desktop, if you have access to the machine, then so does a hacker. Use firewall to limit connections! Security File/Directory ownership/permissions Windows Firewall (2003, 2008, XP, Vista) Hardware Firewall for better protection Anti-Virus and Anti-Spyware software (ClamWin, AdAware, SpyBot, etc.) Disable unneeded services (UPNP, etc.) Miscellaneous Device Manager: Right-click My Computer, choose Properties and go under the Hardware tab and click Device Manager... Allows you to see what hardware is installed on your system and which drivers are in use.