ANALYSIS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF IRAN HISTORICAL HOUSES (ISFAHAN-CADKHODAEI)

Transcription

1 ANALYSIS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REPAIR OF IRAN HISTORICAL HOUSES (ISFAHAN-CADKHODAEI) Abdolreza Koohi Faegh Dehkordi 1 ¹, Akbar Alidadi Shamsabadi², and Ahmad Aghaei³ ¹ Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch, faculty of Art and Architecture, Shahrekord, Iran ² Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, faculty of Environment and Energy, Tehran, Iran ³ Islamic Azad University, Semirom branch, faculty of Art and Architecture, Semirom, Iran. (Corresponding author: Abdolreza Koohi Faegh Dehkordi, alidadi_ss@yahoo.com) ABSTRACT This paper is based on research conducted in the field of architecture of traditional houses in the Isfahan city to discuss the restoration and repair plan of Cadkhodaee house. This beautiful old place after reconstruction, change the usage and with new usage was saved from deterioration and destruction. This study is consists of three sections. First, historical and research studies and field information for recognition of the building. Second, pathology of the different parts of the building. And the third, the method of repair and rehabilitation of the building. KEY WORDS: Cadkhodaei house, Isfahan, restoration and repair plan, pathology, Safavid period. INTRODUCTION After Tehran and Mashhad, Isfahan is the third most populous city in Iran (Ghaedrahmati et al., 2011) and the cultural center of Islam world in the east at the fields of (Persian) languages, art and architecture (Sexton, 2002). It was a big city at the center of Iran and the magnificent capital of Saljugi and Safavid dynasties. The Isfahan s precious historical collection includes the oldest and most valuable historical buildings which have a unique style of Architecture Moosavi Nor and Shah, 2012). Nowadays from those historical and top architectures, except public buildings in old quarters, there are few traces that because of lack of attention and care have faced destruction and oblivion. Most cities of developing countries, like Iran, nowadays have faced with some issues such as Rapid population growth, violent Pressure from urban development, increasing the area of historical districts and destruction of cultural heritage Yung and Chan, 2011). Preserving the Historical urban areas and traditional houses is preserving and revival of architectural heritage or in one sense, preserving the culture (Ipekoglu, 2006). Traditional houses are the most important for showing the past life style, the lack of recognition and appreciation of these buildings on the part of authorities, and the public too, will gradually lead to their destruction and replacement by contemporary buildings (Habib et. al., 2012). Isfahan is full of valuable historical houses that unfortunately, because of lack of enough care, are being deteriorated and destroyed. Some emergency actions are needed to preserve, revive and repair them. This ancient building that because of time passage and lack of necessary care met destruction dust, was bought by municipality. Isfahan municipality renovation and rehabilitation organization has started repair and organizing this house since 21 May 2003 and its construction operation ended at 21 November This ancient and beautiful place s usage has changed after revival, and considering to its new role (Administrative usage, the new establishment location of renovation and rehabilitation organization) was saved from deterioration and destruction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Research Method At first, according to the building importance and field information, library and research studies, it is necessary to, investigating and recognizing the building present situation exactly; study its pathology in order to present a suitable and effective solution for repair and rehabilitation of this unique building. The first level: historical and research studies and field information for recognition of the building. The second level: pathology of the different parts of the building. And the third step: the method of repair and rehabilitation of the building. Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 13

2 Building recognition Position Cadkhodaei house is located in the downtown in the district three. This house is located in north-western side of Kohne square (Atiq) and the Jame' mosque and in Paderakht Mahalleh (In traditional Iran, cities were divided into several residential quarters named Mahalleh (Sharifi and Murayama, 2013) and east of KadKhoda alley (Figure 1). Historical Background The safavid period architecture is an important era in evolution of Iranian architecture and history (Shahedi et al., 2012) it can be considered as the beautiful symbol of Iranian architecture and urbanism (Utaberta et. al., 2012; Falahat and Shirazi, 2012). Safavid period was started with the advent of Safavid dynasty from 1500 to 1722 (Reid, 1978). Cadkhodaei houses, with more than three hundred years old, based on its architectural pattern of that time has been designed and manufactured with Shahneshin (Nosratpour, 2012) sashes and very beautiful and exquisite bedrooms. Unfortunately, due to passage of time and lack of necessary care, it met darkness and destruction. Introducing This building built in a land with 1600 square meter area and arena with about 1230 square meter area and substructure with about 2000 square meter area in three facades. The main space of the main façade (the north one) has a remarkable and unique decoration because of the social position of the owner and doing some social affairs in it. Totally this building has one main entrance, one (Vestibule Nosratpour, 2012) and fourteen primary spaces and some secondary spaces such as corridors and stairs. (Figure 2 and 3). Examination of the image and style of the building decorations According to the period and techniques of constructing the building, there are some exquisite and beautiful decorations in different spaces which give them a special view. The exquisite Mogharnas and golden and turquoise painting gives a particular view to the main space (Shahneshin) of this building. Every other space has its own tore and Mogharnas. Also, the most rooms of this house have fireplace decorated with tore. (Figure 4) Pathology After recognition of the building position, historical background, covers, facades, decorations and other frameworks, the main disruptive factors are introduced as following: Human factors Human, in destruction and Erosion of this house, plays different roles such as: - Erosion and detritions of the materials because of frequent use - Unskilled manipulation in building and amateur adding of equipment to it - Lack of recognition about the past Relics and paying little attention to preserving the cultural works - Paying little attention to its correct and continual repair and preserve. Natural factors Different natural factors have had Immediate and rapid, or continual and long effects on destruction of the building in various ways: - Natural physical factors; Temperature, wind, humidity. - Chemical and electrochemical factors; Combination of Mortar and materials (erosion of mortar), combination of water, mortar and materials. Mixed factors The effective disruptive factors destroying and damaging the building are the ascending humidity from earth, descending humidity from ceilings and walls, human and combined disruptive factors. Repairing the building Historical studies and archaeological research should always be examined before repairing every building. Then, the disruptive factors must be recorded and understood for effective preserve and, next, the potential of repair interventions should be examined (Illampas et. al., 2013). Two notes are of great importance in repair process: firstly, preserve and revival of a historical building is successful when the materials and methods for repair are similar to that of original construction (Oxley, 2003). Proposed repairs that are reversible and do not cause damage to important fabric if they have to be removed (Vissilia and Villi, 2010) of the most beautiful and valuable repaired houses in Isfahan is the historical Cadkhodaei house which was built in Safavid period and is used as an organizational space. It is among the few historical houses have experienced a scientific and methodological plan during the past decade. In table (1), the description of damages and method of repairing the important parts of the building are shown. Among other repaired parts of the building are completions of Painting decorations mirror work and Stucco, repair and reconstructing the pool and gardens around it, lightweight of the roof and finishings of the whole building. Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 14

3 Other main damages to the building are: - One side of waterspouts used in the building is connected to the roof and the other side is free in the space. Water of rain and snow enters them and falls down the yard. When the wind blows, this falling water is scattered on the façade and leads to damages like inflation, weakness and separation of the façade bricks from the main structure. - Destruction of sewage wells and blockage of sewage and rainwater disposal channel. - Destruction of the stone pool located in the middle of yard. - Destruction of the gardens around the pool. - Plastering of many spaces is inflated and fallen because of destruction of the ceiling covers and increasing the humidity level of walls. RESULTS Considering to above, it can be concluded that rehabilitation of this house is not just limited to some factors which tries to keep and preserve the framework condition of the building; namely repair. Table. 1 Examining the damages to the building and its repair method Study of repair Explanation Description of damage Because of penetration of humidity behind the plinth stones and their inappropriate connection to the wall, most of the plinth stones all around the yard have been displaced displacement of plinth stones and their separation from other parts 1 Disruptive factors Internal and human disruptive factors and ignoring some notes at the time of building Weakness of mortar behind the plinth stones, ugly perspective, their separation from the building wall Using resistant-to-humidity scopes and metal fastener for connecting the plinth stones to the building wall (Fig. 5) Description of damage Because of blockage of the sewage and accumulation of water on the yard floor, the substructure of yard was hurt and led to separation of stones from the floor Decaying the yard Paving 2 Disruptive factors External and human disruptive factors Non-flatting of yard floor Reconstruction of yard floor using the available stones and otherwise, the polished stones are used according to the proposed plan (Fig. 6) Description of damage Destruction of parts of building and accumulation of its debris on the foot of walls leads to absorption and accumulation of humidity Humidity on the foot of some building walls 3 Disruptive factors External, natural, physical, climatic factors and ascending humidity Ugly perspective, Weakness of mortar between bricks of façade and decaying of mortar between them, Inflation and falling the brick facade and walls plaster Accumulating and transferring the yard Debris to outside Supplementary Repair Constructing Water disposal channels according to the proposed plan (Fig. 7) Description of damage Because the floors of yard and rooms are lower than that of alley and streets, the soil humidity penetrate into the foundation and walls that leads to inflation and falling the plaster of walls Increasing humidity penetration into external and internal walls of the building. 4 Disruptive factors External, natural, physical disruptive factors and humidity Weakness of walls bases and low resistance between bricks and adobes and inflation and falling the plaster in the spaces Using techniques for preventing from humidity including: making humidity absorbent channel on the foot of the wall and re-plastering the spaces Description of damage Rotting the beams, sashes and wooden windows because of humidity penetration and termites 5 Disruptive factors Humidity penetration and termites Rotting parts of wooden materials Removing the termites from ceiling and wooden works, lubrication of windows and beams and replacement of the broken and doubtful parts Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 15

4 Figure 1. The Contemporary map of Isfahan (Vadiati and Kashkooli, 2011) and position of streets and Passages around the building; source: archive of Isfahan municipality renovation and rehabilitation organization. Figure 2. The plan of Cadkhodaei house; source: archive of Isfahan municipality renovation and rehabilitation organization. Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 16

5 Figure 3. A view from three façades of Cadkhodaei house; source: archive of Isfahan municipality renovation and rehabilitation organization. Figure 4. Tore, Mogharnas, and fireplaces in Cadkhodaei house; source: archive of Isfahan municipality renovation and rehabilitation organization. Figure 5. Method of connecting plinth stones to the building wall. Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 17

6 Figure 6. Proposed plan for repairing the yard floor. Figure 7. Proposed methods for constructing the humidity disposal channels. The important note is keeping the building up to date and its adaptation with the citizens' social behaviour and activity in the present era. What is important in this building is the effect of these organizing and rehabilitations on the building in order of re-presence of human and supporting the public and social activities in organizational space. And the last note is that Cadkhodaei house restoration has performed according to the plan of building restoration and its phases are as following: The first step: examination of the place and exactness in objective observations. The second step: exact field understanding of the building and all of its constituents as well as understanding the damages and Documentation. The third step: Preparing the documents and evaluating using historical and art viewpoint. The fourth step: proposing the program of Interventions in the building The fifth step: making the plan. Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 18

7 REFERENCES Falahat S. and Shirazi M.R. (2012). New urban developments in Safavid Isfahan continuity or disjuncture? Planning Perspectives. 27(4): Ghaedrahmati S., Bastanifar I. and Soltani L. (2011). A Survey of Density Effect on the Vulnerability of Earthquake in Isfahan City (Fuzzy Approach). Geography and Environmental Planning J. 22(1): Habib F., Boudagh M., and Ghaemmaghami P. (2012). Quality Analysis and Typology Assessment of Traditional Settlements in Tabriz. Int. J. Architecture Urban Development. 2(3): Illampas R., Ioannou I. and Charmpis D.C. (2013). Overview of the Pathology, Repair and Strengthening of Adobe Structures. Int. J. Architectural Heritage. 7(2): Ipekoglu B. (2006). An architectural evaluation method for conservation of traditional dwellings. Building Environ. 41(3): Moosavi Nor S.A. and Shah D.R. (2012). Review and identification of tourism potentials of Isfahan using SWOT model. Life Sci. J. 9(3): Nosratpour D. (2012). Evaluation of Traditional Iranian Houses and Match it with Modern Housing. J. Basic Applied Scientific Res. 2(3): Oxley R. (2003). Survey and repair of traditional buildings: A sustainable approach. Donhead, Moretonhampstead, Devon. Reid J.J. (1978). The Qajar uymaq in the Safavid period, Iranian Studies, 11(1-4), Sexton K.S. (2002). Isfahan-half the world. One project of the Walter Chapin Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington. Shahedi B., Daud N.I.M.K.H. and Yaacob N.M. (2012). Users Perceptions of Aesthetic Design Approach of Safavid Architecture, Iran. J. Design Built. Environ. 10:1-9. Sharifi A. and Murayama A. (2013). Changes in the traditional urban form and the social sustainability of contemporary cities: A case study of Iranian cities. Habitat Int. 38: Utaberta N., Mamamni H., Surat M., Che-Ani A.I. and Abdullah N.A.G. (2012). The Study on the Development of Ornamentation in the Architecture of Safavid Dynasty. World Acad. Sci. Engineering Technol. 67: Vadiati N. and Kashkooli A.M.S. (2011). Environmental sustainability of newly developed city squares in historic cities: Case study of Isfahan-Iran. Procedia Engineering. 21: Vissilia A.M. and Villi M. (2010). Adobe and Timber Ties as Main Construction Materials for an Historic Greek Dwelling. Int. J. Architectural Heritage. 4(4): Yung E.H.K. and Chan E.H.W. (2011). issues of public participation in built-heritage conservation: Two controversial cases in Hong Kong. Habitat Int. 35(3): Volume- 1 Issue-1 (2014) ISSN: X (Print); (Online) 2014 DAMA International. All rights reserved 19