INDONESIA-JAPAN-TRAINING ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF DAIRY CATTLE

Transcription

1 INDONESIA-JAPAN-TRAINING ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF DAIRY CATTLE Case Study

2 Task Team on South-South Cooperation Prepared by Ifar Subagiyo University of Brawijaya Malang, Indonesia July, 2010 SUMMARY CASE STUDY It was the intention of the Task Team of South South Cooperation (TT-SSC) to gain better understanding about horizontal partnership among developing countries in order to design evidence-based policy guidance on effective South- South cooperation. In relation to this, a total of 110 case stories concerning South South or triangular technical cooperation among two or more governments or organizations were collected. These comprised wide range of topics, budget and institutional involvement as well as regional and interregional connections. Hence, 15 case stories were selected to be further analyzed as case studies to provide better evidence for policy recommendations. This report deals with one of the case stories submitted under the title of Indonesia-Japan Training on Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle. The analysis works and reporting made in this case study was guided by the TT-SSC analytical work Secondary data analysis, interviewing key respondents and distributing questionnaires were made in this study. The questionnaires were sent to ex-participants of the training via as a means to elucidate impact of the training. The Artificial Insemination (AI) of dairy cattle training was executed under a triangular cooperation including the Government of Indonesia (GOI) and Government of Japan (GOJ) represented by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) as providing countries and the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre (SNAIC) in Indonesia as implementing institution. The training had been implemented in four consecutive years since 2007 during which nineteen countries were participated as receiving countries. A total of 76 personnel from institutions equivalent to the department of animal production had participated. Their educational background and task varied within and between training batches. The training program in each year comprised 95 hours theory and 140 hours practical sessions. This case study found that this triangular cooperation proof good partnership at the side of providing countries in which good commitments between the parties involved ensured transparency and mutual accountability to produce output in the form of higher capacity AI personnel. Such evidence appears to lay on mutual understanding between the parties about their vision and missions which were assembled from their long collaborative work experiences in the past. In term of ownership, Indonesia is well performed as indicated by the 2

3 responsible measures implemented in the training organization. The existence of faith champion had induced the overall management to be carried out. At side of receiving countries, however, indication of ownership was difficult to be found. This may because the training was deliberately made to share out knowledge of the implementing institution with their colleagues in the developing countries. Prior to the formulation of the training there was no process for matching the demand of knowledge of the receiving countries with the supply potential. In overall, however, the training had improved human capacity for sectoral or regional self help efforts, especially on the practice of AI, that enriched the receiving countries at relatively low cost. After the training, communication between ex-trainees with the SNAIC personnel had continued through unofficial information technology based network that unexpectedly emerged post training. Problems of AI faced by individual ex-trainee are discussed in a responsive manner. Impact of the training as an important measure of budgetary efficiency that may affect the training sustainability was not easily measured as there was no instrument outlined in the training program. From small number of questionnaire returned, initial sign of good impacts were identified. These seems related with position of the trainee within the administrative hierarchy and original task. Trainees whose having managerial position and lecturers seems to be able to create positive impacts in more broader sense as compared to field workers. It is proposed that mechanism to measure impact of the training should be embodied in the training program to sustain triangular cooperation on knowledge exchange. In addition, in order to facilitate the receiving countries authorities properly manage the training output, the expected competencies of the training output should be well informed in advance on the general information of the training. The challenges of developing countries to improve their dairy industry embracing large number of issues including technical and socio-economic elements. It seems that the platform had been set by the present dairy cattle AI training need to be expanded to accommodate exchange of knowledge on subjects related to the challenges. 3

4 CONTENT Summary 2 Content 4 Context and background 5 Initiators institutions 5 Invention of the collaboration 6 Foreign policy relations and incentives 7 The activity 7 Ownership and mutual accountability 10 Providers 10 Receiving countries 10 Impact/s 11 Information and results management 12 Balancing supply and demand mechanism 13 Development challenge 14 Champion 15 Sustainability of triangular cooperation 15 Lessons learned 16 Reading materials 18 Annexes 19 Annex 1. Case Story Studied 19 Annex 2. The Syllabuses of Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle for Developing Countries in

5 INDONESIA-JAPAN-TRAINING ON ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION OF DAIRY CATTLE - Case Study- South-South cooperation as a model for horizontal partnerships among developing countries has developed in response to global economic and energy crisis in order to find low cost and effective solution to sensitive development challenges. However, what works and what does not work are still debatable due to the lacking information on what is actually happening. In this circumstances the Task Team on South-South Cooperation (TT-SSC) that was launched in September 2009 under the umbrella of the Working Party on Aid Effectiveness desire to contribute to the understanding of how South-South knowledge exchange could work best. Among the TT-SSC activities, designing good practices and evidence-based policy guidance on effective South-South cooperation is a core one. In order to map South South Cooperation (SSC) practices in the context of aid effectiveness based on evidence hence case stories on experiences that address South South (SS) or triangular technical cooperation among two or more governments or organization were called from late November 2009 to January In nine weeks, 110 wide range case story topics involving 133 countries were submitted. The cases presented wide range of budget and institutional engagements as well as regional and interregional connections. To deepen learning process thus 15 case stories were selected to be further analyzed as case studies to provide better evidence for policy recommendations. The analysis and its reporting method was guided by the TT-SSC analytical work Among the 15 case studies, a case story submitted under the title of Indonesia-Japan Training on Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle (see Annex 1) was selected. Results of the study are presented below. Context and background Initiators institutions The Government of Indonesia (GOI) and Japan (GOJ) already had a long relationships before they became the providing countries of the case study discussed in this report. Since 1986 to 2002, under the framework of Artificial Technical Assistance (ATA) 233 project, Japan through JICA had supported the advancement of Indonesian capacity on Artificial Insemination (AI) to serve the development of dairy and beef cattle sector industry. In relation to this, various 5

6 programs had been implemented at the Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre (SNAIC) in the village of Toyomarto, Singosari District, Malang Regency in East Java Province of Indonesia. Administratively, the SNAIC is responsible to the Director General of Livestock Services (DGLS) of the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture. In the case study discussed in this report the SNAIC is acknowledged as the implementing institution. With the support of ATA-233 project, the SNAIC become a leading AI centre in Indonesia. After the project terminated, the SNAIC consistently upgrade its reputation through partnerships with Indonesian universities or self supportive learning programs. Beside producing prime frozen semen of dairy and beef cattle needed in Indonesia, the SNAIC that holding ISO and ISO 9001:208 certificates also produce sexed frozen semen, fish frozen semen and exported bovine and caprine semen to Malaysia. Annually, since 1986, the SNAIC conduct training on AI and its related fields like pregnancy diagnosis, reproductive disorders, progeny test methodology, handling of frozen semen, bull master, bull salon, hoof trimming, feeding management as well as hay and silage making. The training participants include cattle inseminators from in-country government and private institutions, dairy cooperatives as well as university students. Invention of the collaboration It is the SNAIC had the initiative to share their massive knowledge and technologies to its potential colleagues in other developing countries. The initiative was driven by the SNAIC line of thought that [1] AI technology is needed by other developing countries to improve performance of their cattle production [2] other developing countries environment and culture are of similar to Indonesian circumstances and hence the SNAIC knowledge can be adapted with ease and [3] to improve livestock breeding program in developing countries it is essential for every government to have sufficient trained staffs on AI. The SNAIC self evaluation concluded that their best experience is on AI for dairy cattle development program and this can be shared to other developing countries. Hence, a proposal entitled Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle for Developing Countries was made by the SNAIC in 2005 and it was then submitted to JICA as well as to other Indonesian bureaucratic channels i.e. the DGLS and State Secretariat. The SNAIC proposal was evaluated by both the DGLS and the State Secretariat representatives. The evaluation found that the proposed activity was well correspond with the criteria of the so called Indonesian Technical Cooperation Program (ITCP). The later mentioned program was established in Indonesia in 1981 and has continuously offered Technical Cooperation among Development Countries (TCDC) under the non-aligned spirit. Subsequently ITCP funds was allocated to finance part of the training costs and other part of the costs were proposed to be fulfilled by the JICA. Latter on, at the implementation stage of the training, the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was then included to pass on the training program to other developing countries. 6

7 Readiness of the SNAIC to conduct the proposed training was evaluated by the JICA before agreement to finance the program was given. The evaluation substances include availability and quality of human resources and facilities devoted to the training, course materials as well as the costs involved. The evaluation also include field visits by JICA to the SNAIC and other AI centers in Indonesia for comparison. Few corrections on the original proposal were made prior to the JICA agreement to finance part of the training costs under the Third Country Training Programmed (TCTP). Beside dispatching a Japanese training advisor, JICA also gave suggestion on the training due date. After agreement was made between Indonesian and Japan representatives, the first period of AI training was then executed in three consecutive years started from The second training period was agreed in 2009 to be executed from 2010 to The length of the training in every year was one month. This report deals with the training executed from 2007 to 2010 during which 19 receiving countries were participated including Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam, Kenya and Zimbabwe that joint the training for four times; Malaysia, Timor Leste, Sri Lanka and Sudan join three times; Mongolia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Fiji and Bangladesh join two times; Thailand, India, Republic of Yemen, Myanmar and Afghanistan join one time. The above mentioned receiving countries were invited every year from 2007 to Invitations were sent by the Indonesian State Secretary as focal point through diplomatic pouches managed under the Indonesian Foreign Ministry. Foreign policy relations and incentives Triangular cooperation invented as above provide opportunity for the receiving countries to improve their human resources capacities needed for domestic development of dairy cattle sector. Should be noted that those receiving countries are member of the Group of 77 (G 77) who were involved in the formulation of TCDC under the spirit of non-aligned movement. Solidarity between developing countries as underlined by the existing non-aligned policy hence in a large extent may contribute as driving force for the engagement of the participant countries in the training. In addition, improvement of human capacity to boost sectoral development through pooling of knowledge and technical resources in the developing countries are commonly considered to vow better future outcomes. The activity As mentioned above, the SNAIC wish to share their knowledge about AI for dairy cattle with their associates in developing countries. Hence, a training program was designed to deliver theory and practice about AI for dairy cattle and its related subjects like animal breeding, feeding management, handling of frozen semen, animal reproduction and health, animal disorder and its control. The training package comprised 95 hours of theory and 140 hours of practical sessions as detailed in Annex 2. After the training completed it was expected 7

8 that [1] knowledge and skill of the trainee about AI for dairy cattle is improved and [2] the trainee will have better understanding about management and organization of AI. The training, was also proposed as a means of gaining stronger cooperation, friendship and solidarity among developing countries apart from promoting Indonesia as a safe country. The GOI under the framework of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) program and the GOJ through JICA under the Third Country Training Program (TCTP) allocate budget and human resources to implement the above mentioned training program. The JICA funded the trainees return air ticket, medical insurance premium, living allowance, accommodation, cost of external lecturers, textbooks, teaching aids, expendable supplies, printing of training materials and the opening and closing ceremonies. The GOI funds were used to finance the preparation of training materials, internal lecturers and local transports. Amount of GOI and GOJ funds incurred for the training is shown in Annex 2. It was the SNAIC as the implementing institution had the full responsibility to operate the training program. The responsibility of the SNAIC include preparation of proposal, formulate the curriculum, prepare general Information about the training, assign an adequate number of staff as lectures and instructors for the training, provide training facilities and equipment, select participants, arrange accommodation for the trainees, collect trainees from the airport and see them off at the airport, arrange domestic field trip, arrange the budget, issuing certificates to the participants who have completed the training, submit report to the JICA and Indonesian State Secretariat, submit to the JICA statement of expenditure with the receipts and other documentary evidence necessary to verify the expenditure and coordinate any matters related to the course. Other developing countries were invited to participate in the training program by sending trainee/s. The countries invited were those operate AI program to improve performance of their dairy cattle production as identified by the SNAIC from the internet and/or those were pre-identified by Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture and JICA. Then, it is the task of the Indonesian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, using its diplomatic pouches to invite the selected countries to sent trainee/s. The Government of the invited countries had the liberty to nominate personnel as trainee/s with qualification as requested by the providing countries i.e. [1] having adequate basic knowledge and working experience in the field related to AI and [2] holding a degree/advance diploma/technical certificate in Veterinary Science, Animal Science or Animal Husbandry or an equivalent academic background. It was planned that the nominated personnel would be evaluated and selected by the SNAIC to be officially registered as a trainee. This mechanism, however, very often was not possible to be done because of the late nomination commonly made by the invited countries. Such situation was identified by the SNAIC due to [1] sluggish flow of information in the receiving countries as affected by existing long bureaucracy to process documents due to overlapping tasks among the related institutions and/or [2] is not always easy for the receiving countries to find candidate/s with good English capability. In 8

9 consequence, level of trainees in terms of English capabilities as well as education, working task, responsibility and hierarchy varied within and between each training batch. High variation of the trainees working task and education background as well as English capabilities was mentioned by the SNAIC as major obstacle in running the training. Most of the trainees (80%) were field workers up to the middle rank officers (head of provincial livestock services) at the department of agriculture, research workers (1%) and lecturers of college or university (11%). In terms of their educational background, mostly (42.9%) were B.Sc degree holders, 41.1% high school graduates, 7.1% diploma holders, 5.4% M.Sc degree holders and 3.6% were Ph.D degree holders. The content of the training, however, was design for field workers and thus quite irrelevant for those holding degree higher than B.SC. However, the presence of M.Sc and Ph.D holders in the training was later on identified could stimulate good discussion in the class or in the field during the practical sessions through their critical comments and/or questions. Such class discussions were finally benefit for the overall trainees knowledge enhancement. This was achieved with the support of experienced lecturers who have enough knowledge, skill, patients and able to deal with varying levels of class attendance. Through pre- and post-test, it was verified that there was a significant improvement on knowledge and skill achieved by the trainees. The trainees were also expressed their satisfaction and appreciation to the training. This can be identified from their written final remarks as attached on every report made by the SNAIC to the Indonesian and Japanese governments. Most of the remarks indicate that they were very pleased with both the classes and practical sessions as it helps to improve their understanding and skill in doing AI. This is very much in line with the answer of respondents to our questionnaire. Most respondents mentioned that courses on Artificial Insemination, Animal Breeding, Animal Reproduction, Production of frozen semen, Handling Frozen Semen, Organization of AI, Feeding Management and AI on goats as very useful subjects for their work. While the training reached its objective to improve knowledge and skill of the trainees on AI for dairy cattle, unexpectedly most of the trainees requested for further training on subject of animal breeding, pregnancy diagnose, reproductive disorders and AI on goats. Should also be noted that ex- trainees wish for a platform to share experiences and information related to the implementation of AI and/or new methods. As observed, up to now most of the ex-trainees are still maintain communication via and/or face book with the SNAIC personnel. In a way an informal network was formed and it is quiet effective to exchange information and sometimes finding solutions to problem faced by ex- trainees. From their communication appears that friendship between individuals from various developing countries was developed. Day to day problems faced by extrainees often were discussed in a friendly manner and often solution were identified. 9

10 Ownership and mutual accountability Providers This activity has shown good cooperation between a pivotal country with the common donor country in promoting a knowledge exchange program for the South South countries. Since its inception, each steps made for the program were discussed and defined together involving the Indonesian State Secretary as focal point, Department of Agriculture, SNAIC, Department of Foreign Affairs and JICA in representing the Japanese Government. Together, they discussed, considered and decided countries will be invited based on purely technical thoughts plus importance and political needs of either Indonesia or Japan. The same holds true in budgeting. At the end of each training batch the SNAIC as implementing institution accounted expenditure and wrote final report and submitted to GOI and GOJ. During the training period of 2007 to 2009, the average of expenditure per training batch was US$ 71,819 came from Indonesia (16%) and Japan (84%). This was used to provide a platform for strengthening human capacity development and it was enjoyed by 76 personnel from 19 developing countries. The framework indicate that Indonesia hold the ownership of the program while JICA implemented its mandate i.e. actively promote South South Cooperation in partnership with more advance developing countries in Asia by providing support for the self help efforts of developing countries. Receiving countries It was not easy to obtain sign/s of ownership of the training in the receiving countries side. In fact, the training was not designed according to the demand of the receiving countries. It was deliberately designed and implemented to share the knowledge owned by the SNAIC as implementing institution with other countries tagged as receiving countries. The later mentioned countries involvement in the training might be underlined by various reasons including solidarity and/or their demand for good AI personnel in keeping with their national development plan. These invited countries never been involved in the development stage of the training program nor requesting for AI training. In majority of the receiving countries were selected by the SNAIC based on information on the website that the countries operating AI program. There was no obligation for the receiving countries to mutually accounted the training or its results with the providers. On the other hand, providing countries do expect to produce positive impact/s from the training on livestock breeding program at the side of the receiving countries. This can be observed from the SNAIC consideration when writing the training proposal by saying that it is essential for every government to have sufficient trained staff on AI to improve livestock breeding program in developing countries. It becomes logical, hence, to look on impact/s of the training on livestock breeding program for the receiving countries as a mutual responsibility indicator. Mechanism to monitor such impact was not present in the overall scheme of the training. 10

11 Impact/s In this case study an attempt to gather information on the impact of the training was made by sending questionnaire via to the 76 ex-trainees. Their addresses were obtained from the SNAIC database. However, only nine out of those 76 s replied. Combining information gathered from these nine s with the informal contacts between the SNAIC personnel and the extrainees, can be concluded that ex-trainees had higher confidence in doing their job like delivering instructions to field workers, doing AI to cows, demonstrate artificial insemination to field workers and extensionists. Among the returned s, three of them gave stimulating information as follow. 1. From a Cambodian ex-trainee whose positioned as the chief of Animal Health and Production Bureau at Prey Veng Province. She mentioned that know how gained during training has helped her to smoothly initiated a so called SLPP pilot project on AI for beef cattle in Pursat Province funded by the European Community. 2. From a Philippine ex-trainee. He reported that after promoted to a more managerial position he implement AI with a better planning, direction and monitoring. He was also practiced and supervised the recording and monitoring system of AI at village level like those gained during the training. 3. From an Afghanistan ex-trainee, he was a university lecturer holding PhD degree. He reported that he improved teaching method for students using the SNAICs training materials. The power points used at the training enriched his teaching materials. Answers of the three ex-trainees mentioned above indicate that the AI training program is not always directly improve breeding program. Information given by the Afghanistan ex-trainee showed that the training had improved teaching activities. This is expectedly to produce better quality graduates ready to serve future cattle breeding program. In general the three information above indicate that the implication of technical cooperation in the form of exchange of knowledge [1] could foster sectoral or regional development at the partners countries when the trainees have managerial position [2] can be effectively produce impact if the receiving countries manage direct outputs in a proper way under their existing circumstances [3] could produce good outcomes in the long run through better teaching program at the receiving countries side. The third implies that outcomes from knowledge exchange should also be evaluated through its multiplier effects. Another lesson can be learned from the three stimulating ex-trainees information above i.e. selection of trainee is crucial in order to produce outcomes for the receiving countries. Taking trainees whose having managerial position and lecturers of university or polytechnic to the training may increase the receiving countries chance to get better outcomes through multiplier 11

12 effects. This, however, does not always mean that taking field workers as trainees is a useless action. By having the training, field workers knowledge and skill are improved as indicated by the training pre- and post-test. Hence, field workers ex-trainees were expectedly to be more skillful in doing AI but they might not be able to influence policy rather than properly conduct AI. They may directly contribute to the success rate of AI but this can only well performed if various supporting items are provided by their government including for instance incentive, continuous supply of straw for AI, transportation means and good supporting infrastructures and programs. Availability of these supporting devices are on the hand of policy makers and existing national sectoral development plans. Impacts of the training hence, apart from depend on the way of the government of receiving countries manage the training outputs i.e. the improved human capacity also very much depend on the ability to provide necessary AI supporting devices. Information and results management As mentioned earlier, late nomination of trainees by the receiving countries due to sluggish flow of information to the target of training made selection of trainees often could not be done by the SNAIC. Also identified by the SNAIC that the training information often did not reached the right target institution and the trainee/s often was selected based on favoritism. Thus, how to manage information flow to the right target of the training become a significant issue to guarantee trainees quality and good impact. Advertising the training on mass media was considered as an effective mechanism of reaching the target but this must be well designed in advance involving the respective country authorities and thus may lead to higher cost. Hence, relying on the government of the receiving countries remains as a reasonable option to get good quality trainees as needed by the countries to produce outcomes according to national plan. In this case, government of the receiving countries is expectedly to be able to properly manage the training information with the spirit of mutual responsible of making exchange knowledge program successful. In order to manage information properly, government of the receiving countries must be well informed about the exchange knowledge program. In the case of this AI training program, important information details (including the trainings purpose, syllabus of the training curriculum, duration, invited countries, number of participants, qualification of applicant, organization, venue, executing agency, procedure of application, submission of country report, tentative program, institution and facilities, financial and administrative arrangement and entry formalities) were presented in the form of General Information when invitations were sent to the government of receiving countries. Such extensive information is considered enough in facilitating receiving countries to select candidate for the training. However, additional information like the expected outputs in terms of the competency of the trainees after the training, target of training in terms of their hierarchical 12

13 position and advantage of the training are still needed to facilitate receiving countries authority to foresee future usage of the training results and manage output according to existing development plan. Within the management of the receiving countries, hence, placement of their improved capacity personnel on position according their competence can be well designed in advance. Such managerial plan may vary between countries, governed by the existing staffing mechanism as affected by e.g. culture, organizational rules, regional and national policies. Balancing supply and demand mechanism Although few good examples on impact of AI training were identified, are these because of the receiving countries demand of knowledge was matched with its supply during the training program remain in question. It can be assumed that good impacts obtained because the receiving countries needs were well provided by the providing countries. Such assumption, however, is valid if there was a clear mechanism to balance the demand of the receiving countries and supply of knowledge by providing countries. The mechanism, however, was only dimly found in the present case studied. It was admitted by the SNAIC that the training was made based on standard curriculum to train participants to be knowledgably and skillful in doing AI. The SNAIC and JICA aware that effectiveness of the training can be lifted if information about the need of the receiving countries can be gathered in advance. Accordingly, the SNAIC can adjust recruitment method like for instance only inviting countries considered will benefit from the training or rearranging the training materials according to the need of the receiving countries. These, however, will only be possible if [1] there is need assessments done in advance or [2] each country able to provide in advance information about their priority development challenge concerning dairy cattle industry or [3] brokering mechanism has identify demand of the candidate countries. Such need identification of the receiving countries was not able to be made prior to the training due to budget shortages. To minimize weaknesses due to the absent of knowledge about the need of receiving countries, a country report session was made at the beginning of the training. In the session, each participant had to tell in front of the class, where all training facilitators were present, about AI activities in the existing dairy cattle production systems in his/her respective country. Apart from able to gather general situation of AI at each participants countries, the trainees English communication capability were identified. Results of this session were used by the training facilitators to as far as possible manage link of their lectures with different receiving countries situation. The above suggesting that information flow about the need of the receiving countries to the providing countries is critical to guarantee quality of training program. It seems management of such information flow still need to be strengthened between the southern countries. 13

14 Development challenge In most southern countries, dairy cattle as the principal resources of milk industry are kept by smallholder farmers. It is commonly discussed that productivity of the cattle in terms of annual milk yield are relatively low. Low quality and quantity of feed supply, low genetic capacity and poor reproductive performance of the cattle apart from the orientation of the smallholder farmers in keeping dairy cattle as side job are often pointed as major contributing factors to the low milk productivity. The strength of each of those factors in determining milk productivity vary between countries or even places due to varying agro ecological and socio-economic reasons. Success story of dairying in one place, hence, can not just be imported and implemented with success in other places. Taking this into account, it is obvious that each country or region must define their existing actual problems of their milk industry to seek for proper solution. Since dairy cattle are mostly kept by the smallholder resource poor farmers, development of dairy industry is often considered as a strategic program to alleviate poverty. Such program will simultaneously produce more nutritious food for children and the society as well as improve local animal genetic resources. In order to gain larger number of the good quality cattle cattle breeding and reproduction to be distributed to the farming community is a key element in developing dairy industry. For this purpose, AI technology is widely known to assist efficient breeding and reproduction of dairy cattle population. The proper implementation of AI, however, depends very much on various factors including for instance availability of good inseminators, good breeding program, high quality frozen semen, recording and selection program, good infrastructure, farmers knowledge and awareness, incentives and potential profit for the farmers. Under ideal condition, the AI will ensured natural increase of dairy cattle population and their genetic potential. This higher capacity of dairy cattle population can perform their genetic potential optimally only when there is good quality and quantity of feed supply. How would continuity of supply of high quality feed can be ensured under existing resource availability as related with global warming and land use systems must be designed and implemented to gain successful breeding program. In overall, hence, development of dairy industry is not merely depending on the success of AI program as there are other challenges have to be faced by most southern countries to develop dairy cattle industry. Solution to such challenges require holistic approach embracing technical, cultural, social and economic issues. It was observed in this case study that the AI training at the SNAIC provide good example for a platform in which problems of AI and the likely solutions were discussed among trainees. Similar program in which mutual learning to find local solutions on dairy development challenges in more broader sense seems will be beneficial for the southern countries to improve their dairy 14

15 industry. The theme of training on AI for instance can be further expanded to cattle breeding program in order to place the AI into a more consequential program for dairy development of the receiving countries. Champion The present study identified the SNAIC had performed strategically within its corridor to make the training of dairy cattle AI for southern countries to happen. Eagerness to share their expertise in dairy cattle AI with their colleques in other southern countries was implemented in a sequential works started from writing the proposal, connecting and persuade potential donors, up to conducting the real training works and reporting as described above. All efforts made by the SNAIC created better incentives for capacity development of the parties involved in the training program without interfere their policy. Sustainability of triangular cooperation This case study witnessed a good triangular cooperation between a common donor country, pivotal southern countries and receiving countries. Division of tasks between the parties involved were clearly recognized. Also, good mechanism in developing and implementing the training as cooperative program was found as describe in the earlier part of this report. All parties appreciate that ownership of the program is on the hand of the pivotal country i.e. Indonesia. Continuity of the training program was expected by the ex-trainees as well as the SNAIC as implementing institution. This however would lay on budgetary and its effectiveness as major critical factor. Failure to present how effective the budget was used may lead to disinclination of the major funding source institution to continue supporting the activity. The training activity studied, however, did not have the mechanism to evaluate affectivity of the acquired budget. This may related with objective of the training which is just to transfer knowledge and not explicitly demanding for its impact; number of successful trainees hence was used as the only measure of achievement. As impact of trained personnel for the receiving country was not monitored subsequently the budget effectiveness can not properly measured. Based on cost data mentioned above, the estimated average cost per trainee was US$ 2,835. It is indeed produced higher capacity of individual resources for the receiving countries at relatively cheap because the receiving countries might not have the facilities to train their personnel themselves. But, what are the impact/s, in cattle breeding program for instance, at the receiving countries were not possible to be measured as there were no parameters set in the program. In turn, effectiveness of the cost in terms of impact/s was not able to be measured. It is hence suggested that the likely impact/s of training should be attached in the training program since its inception so effectiveness of budget can be estimated. Apart from its used to avoid 15

16 inconsistencies between parties in sustaining the training program, the likely impact/s statement in the triangular cooperation program may serve as indicator to estimate mutual responsibility. Mechanisms to define the likely impact/s of a triangular cooperation in the form of a training program are still open for discussion. This will only be made if the training program is formed toward providing the real demand of knowledge of the receiving countries based on their national and/or regional development program. As discussed earlier, however, mechanism to defining such demand were also not on hand. In overall, hence, the two absent mechanisms indicated above are becoming critical factors in maintaining sustainability of triangular cooperation for the south-south exchange knowledge program. Lessons learned The experience of the triangular cooperation on exchange knowledge program of Indonesia-Japan Training on Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle discussed above provide lessons as follow: 1. Direct output of training in the form of improved human capacity for sectoral or regional self help efforts, especially on the practice of AI, enriched the receiving countries at relatively low cost. The budget pooled by providing countries at the SNAIC as implementing institution was used, among others, to finance the engagement of 76 personnel from 19 countries in the training. The average cost per person was US$ 2,835 which probably hard to be made available to make one person in- country training at most of the receiving countries; not to mentioned the availability of facilities to conduct the training. 2. It is obvious that Indonesia as providing country hold the ownership of the training program studied. This was indicated from the start where the SNAIC as Indonesian institution proposed the training activity followed by its enthusiasm to organize the training itself. As the program was made deliberately to share out the SNAICs knowledge and technology with the receiving countries, ownership at the side of the receiving countries became very weak. This also in line with the objective of the training that was clearly expecting good impacts from the training, mainly on dairy cattle breeding program, rather than fostering ownership at the receiving countries. 3. Impact of the training at the receiving countries depend on the way that the training output are properly manage in line with existing national and/or regional development plan. This study retrieved evidence that the training induced promising activities at three receiving countries. These activities became more obvious when the trainee were assigned at 16

17 managerial position or work as lecturer. Although such evidence can only be treated as an initial sign of good impacts, they indicate that selection of trainee is crucial in order to produce impact for the receiving countries. 4. To get strong measure of good impact, the outcomes of the training for the receiving countries are still need to be further evaluated. 5. There is no mechanism yet outlined in the training activity to monitor or measure impacts of the training. Such mechanism is important when effectiveness of the training program that may affect sustainability need to be well addressed. It is proposed hence that such mechanism should be well designed since the earlier stage of the training program. In other words, method to measure impact of the training should be embodied in the training program and thus the triangular cooperation on knowledge exchange. 6. It should be considered, however, that the likely impact/s of the training are only possible to be formulated if demand of knowledge of the receiving countries as related to their national or regional development program can be well defined in advance. 7. Being lacking of information about the actual demand of knowledge of the receiving countries, this case study proof that the country report session at the early stage of this training program is a good maneuver as best guess procedure. 8. For the purpose of facilitating the receiving countries authorities properly manage the training results, the expected competencies of ex-trainee should be well informed in advance on the general information of the training. 9. The training had served a platform on which problems of AI in different developing countries and their possible solution/s were discussed. Such platform should be expanded to accommodate exchange of knowledge to tackle challenges on dairy development program in a more broader sense. 10. After the training, an information technologies based unofficial network between ex-trainees with the SNAIC s personnel was obvious on which working problems faced by individual trainee are discussed in a responsive manner. Stronger friendship and solidarity among individuals in developing countries was well encouraged 11. This triangular cooperation proof good partnership at the side of providing countries in which good commitments between the parties involved ensured transparency and mutual accountability to produce output in the form of higher capacity AI personnel. Such evidence appears to lay on mutual understanding between the parties about their vision and missions which were assembled from their long collaborative work experiences in the past. 17

18 12. The existence of a faith champion in the south is able to make a knowledge exchange program to happen under a triangular cooperation. The characteristic of the champion include high commitments to work transparently, able to persuade, motivate and organize triangular cooperation among donors and receiving countries. Reading materials Anonymous, 2007, Report Development Country Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle, February 19th March 17th, 2007 in Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre. The Republic of Indonesia-Ministry of Agriculture- Directorate General of Livestock Services and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Anonymous, 2008, Report Development Country Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle, February 26th March 24th, 2008 in Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre. The Republic of Indonesia-Ministry of Agriculture- Directorate General of Livestock Services and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Anonymous, 2009, Report of Development Country Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle, February 16th March 15th, Organized by Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre. Collaboration with Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) Japan. Ministry of Agriculture-Directorate General of Livestock Services- Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre. Anonymous, 2010, Report Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle for Developing Countries, November 1st - 28th, Organized by The Government of Indonesia and Japan International Cooperation Agency. Ministry of Agriculture- Directorate General of Livestock Services- Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre. 18

19 ANNEXES Annex 1. Case story studied Indonesia-Japan Training on Artificial Insemination of Dairy Cattle Organization(s): Singosari National Artificial Insemination Centre (SNAIC), Ministry of Agriculture (MoA), Government of Indonesia (GoI), and Japan International Cooperation Agency/JICA, Government of Japan (GoJ) Country (ies): Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Viet Nam, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Timor Leste, Papua, New Guinea, Fiji, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Sudan, Kenya and Zimbabwe Overview: The strengthening of artificial insemination centre in Indonesia was jointly established by the GoI (Directorate General of Livestock Services, Ministry of Agriculture) and the GoJ (JICA). The project was implemented in Singosari AI Center from 1986 to The center carried out training program since 1986 and trained 5602 trainees both domestic and overseas To better share Indonesian experiences in artificial insemination with other countries, GOI and GoJ agreed to conduct Development Countries Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle under the JICA s Third Country Training Program. Background: Artificial Insemination on cattle has been started in Indonesia since The strengthening of artificial insemination center project in Indonesia was jointly operated by the GoI (Directorate General of Livestock Services, MOA) and GoJ (JICA), which was known as Artificial Technical Assistance (ATA 233) Project. The project was implemented at Singosari AI center and started from 1986 and with several times extension it has terminated in

20 The activities of ATA 233 project were to produce frozen semen, progeny test program, and artificial insemination (AI). The transfers of knowledge and technology from Japanese experts to Singosari counterparts have been done successfully by providing trainings in Japan. Since 1986, SNAIC has conducted several training programs on AI and other related skill such as pregnancy diagnose, reproductive disorder, frozen semen handling, bull master, hay and silage making, bull salon and hoof trimming. These training programs are conducted annually and participated by inseminators from cooperatives, livestock services, privates and university students. After the ATA 233 finished, SNAIC continuously carry out the development of AI technology Supported by intellectual capacity on livestock breeding, SNAIC has been able to apply AI technology and other related technology such as forage processing, sexed frozen semen, fish frozen semen and accredited laboratory and the management, ISO and ISO 9001: 2008 as well as exporting bovine and caprine semen to Malaysia Due to the success of SNAIC in improving the AI technology, JICA appointed SNAIC as the implementing institution of Development Countries Training Course of Artificial Insemination on Dairy Cattle. This training course shows the strong commitment of Indonesia and Japan to promoting cooperation among developing countries under the framework of South South CooperationThe purpose of this training program is to provide the participants with the opportunity to upgrade relevant technology and knowledge in the field of artificial insemination. Through this training, Indonesia s knowledge, technology and experience could be shared with the participating countries.this training course also is a form for Indonesia to: 1. Promote the current progress of AI development in Indonesia. 2. Promote the Indonesia s capacities such as agriculture, forestry, wood carving, micro finance, etc. 3. Prove that Indonesia is nice and peaceful country. This training also serves as a means of strengthening cooperation, friendship and solidarity among developing countries.at the end of this course, the participants are expected: 1. To have an acquired relevant technique and knowledge of Artificial Insemination based on theory and practices. 20

21 2. To learn other subjects that related with Artificial Insemination, such as: animal breeding, feeding management, handling of frozen semen, animal reproduction and health, animal disorder and its control. 3. To have better understanding of the management and organization of Artificial Insemination. After the initial phase of this training course has finished in 2009, this course was now being upgraded through J-SEAM (formed JARCOM) process where beneficiary countries needs are matched with capacity of resources countries. Implementation: The course is sponsored by the GOI under the framework of Technical Cooperation among Developing Countries (TCDC) programme, in cooperation with the GoJ through JICA, under the Third Country Training Programme (TCTP). This training course has been properly arranged to conduct discussions and observations for comparative studies on similar conditions of participating countries. Hopefully the participant can make a best use of training and acquire the information relating to the appropriate application of artificial insemination. This training is also a form of people to people contact that complements the existing government to government relations. The GOI gives the opportunity to the government of third countries to participate this training course. The participants of this training are Government Official from Developing Countries, with the following qualifications: 1. Nominated by their respective government. 2. Have adequate basic knowledge and working experience in the field related to the course (artificial insemination) 3. Hold a degree/advance diploma/technical certificate in Veterinary Science, Animal Science or Animal Husbandry or an equivalent academic background Participants of this training were proposed by their respective government, and selected by GOI, JICA and Implementing Agency. In general, most participants came from the relevant institutions and had related backgrounds and experiences in the field of artificial insemination, only 25% of overall participants did not meet the criteria. However they still worked in field of livestock. 21