Can Information Be Locked-Up? Informed Trading Ahead of Macro-News Announcements
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1 Can Information Be Locked-Up? Informed Trading Ahead of Macro-News Announcements Gennaro Bernile, Jianfeng Hu, and Yuehua Tang Singapore Management University Presented by Jianfeng Hu 2015 Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research Annual Conference
2 Day before unemployment number comes out I know where the market goes tomorrow but I cannot tell you. But are you the only one knowing this? Jianfeng Hu Informed trading news lockup 2
3 Overview We find robust evidence of informed trading before FOMC announcements but not other macroeconomic announcements (nonfarm payroll, CPI, PPI, GDP). The informed trading is exclusively concentrated in a media lockup period, the last twenty minutes before the announcement. The findings raise questions on how the macroeconomic information should be released. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 3
4 How is macro news released in the US? Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 4
5 Media attention on news latency WSJ, Traders Pay for an Early Peek at Key Data June 2013: unlike government reports, where pains are taken to make certain no one gets them ahead of time, few rules control release of nongovernmental economic reports. WSJ, FBI Finds Black Boxes That Control Government Data Are Vulnerable and Deutsche Borse s News Service for Traders Draws Scrutiny of Investigators August 2013; Labor Department Panel Calls for Ending Lockup for Jobs Data January The concern is mainly on flash boys. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 5
6 Academic literature Macro announcement days are unique: Most risk premium is realized on those days and the financial market behavior is more consistent with predictions by classic theories (Savor and Wilson, 2013, 2014). There exists an unconditional price run-up before FOMC announcements (Lucca and Moench, 2014). The market risk premium cycle follows the FOMC meeting cycle (Cieslak, Morse, and Vissing-Jorgensen, 2014). Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 6
7 Questions Is there informed trading ahead of macro-news release? What is the impact on the market from such informed trading, if any? Hu, Pan, and Wang (2014) argue that the early peek advantage makes the market more efficient. What if no one is aware of the existence of informed traders? What is the information channel? 1) Superior predictive ability; 2) Leakage from the lockup room; 3) Leakage from other sources such as the federal agency insiders. What is the optimal method of releasing macro information? Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 7
8 Hypothesis Informed traders should buy the rumor and sell the news (Hirshleifer, Subrahmanyam, and Titman, 1994; Brunnermeier, 2005). Hypothesis: If there is information leakage during lockups prior to macro-news announcements, securities predominantly exposed to macro factors should experience abnormal trading activity in the direction of the unexpected component of the subsequent macro-news release. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 8
9 When and where do informed traders trade? We investigate four types of macro announcements: Fed funds target rate, nonfarm payrolls, PPI, and GDP. Informed traders should prefer instruments with large market exposure, little idiosyncratic exposure, and high liquidity. 1) Main testing security: E-mini S&P 500 futures 2) Other testing securities: E-mini Nasdaq 100 futures, SPDR S&P 500 ETF, PowerShares QQQ Nasdaq 100 ETF, US treasury futures, and gold futures 3) What we wish to have: OTC FX Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 9
10 Institutional details The E-mini futures are traded before all announcements. We examine additional securities only for the FOMC events. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 10
11 Average market returns on days -1 and 0 Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 11
12 How to measure FOMC surprise? The information content of an announcement is the surprise to the market. Even no-change can be a surprise if the market expects a change. For the Fed funds rate, it is possible to infer the market expectation from futures. Kuttner (2001) proposes an ex-post measure of the surprise based on the post-announcement reaction in the current month contract. Bernanke and Kuttner (2005) show that this measure of surprise is related to stock market response. To detect informed trading activity, it is better to use an ex-ante measure. Gurkaynak, Sack, and Swanson (2005) show that there is soft information in the announcement about the policy path on top of the target. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 12
13 How to measure FOMC surprise? (cont d) To measure an ex-ante surprise to early informed traders that contains information about both the target rate and the policy path, we use the following method: 1) At one day before each scheduled announcement, calculate implied rate for each Fed funds rate future traded on CME; 2) Use volume-weighted average implied rate as the market expected target rate (we try different weighting methods later); 3) Surprise if the actual target rate deviates from the expectation by at least 12.5 basis points (we experiment with different thresholds later). Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 13
14 How to measure other announcement surprises? Nonfarm payrolls, PPI, and GDP Rely on the monthly economist forecasts in the Blue Chip Survey Calculate the standardized surprise as the median forecasting error scaled by the 2-year rolling window standard deviation of the median forecasting error. Surprise if the standardized surprise exceeds The main independent variables ANN=1/0 for release days/21 trading days prior. SUR=1/0/-1 for positive/non-/negative surprise announcements. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 14
15 Distribution of surprise announcements Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 15
16 Does the surprise matter? Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 16
17 Measures of informed trading Only the most liquid index future contract on each day is used. Trades are bulked into one record each second with volume-weighted prices. Use the tick rule to sign trade directions Buyer-initiated (seller-initiated) trade if the transaction price is above (below) the last available transaction price Order imbalance is calculated as (B-S)/(B+S) using (i) Number of trades (OIN); (ii) dollar volume (OID) Focus on three event windows: [-60,-30], [-30,0], [0,60], 0=official release time Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 17
18 Order imbalance (OIN) around official release Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 18
19 Order imbalance (OID) around official release Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 19
20 Linear regression results Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 20
21 Linear regression results (cont d) Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 21
22 Subperiod analysis The potential leakage can be under a different regime from 2006 to 2011 when Need to Know News (NTKN) had access to the lockup rooms, which can facilitate or exacerbate information leakage. We do not find significant difference between the two subperiods for any type of macro news. Focus on FOMC events in the rest of the analysis. Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 22
23 Predicting announcement surprise and returns Can uninformed traders or regulators learn anything by following the E-mini order flow? We use the following two-step procedure: 1. Predict FOMC announcement surprise using abnormal OI 2. Use the fitted surprise to predict announcement returns of the S&P 500 index Jianfeng Hu Informed trading news lockup 23
24 Step one predicting surprise Jianfeng Hu Informed trading news lockup 24
25 Step two predicting returns Jianfeng Hu Informed trading news lockup 25
26 Zoom in the lockup period Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 26
27 What time does FOMC lift the embargo? When journalists get early access to Fed statements, the system has flaws that make it easy to see how the information could get out early... Quartz, September 27, 2013 Journalists let into room before official release Fed officials throw copies of statement onto table reporters scramble to get copy, read it, and digest the news You come away with scratches on your arm, said a reporter who used to be part of the scrum. It s an absolute madhouse. We collect timestamps (to the minute) of newswires and press-releases from Dow Jones, Reuters, and AP from Factiva. Actual release time is systematically different from official time, and more often than not. Different by 1 (common) to 5 (uncommon) minutes Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 27
28 Does the actual FOMC time matter? Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 28
29 Robustness We check the robustness of the results in the following tests: 1) Alternative threshold for FOMC policy surprises 2) Alternative weighting method for expected FOMC policy 3) Use ex-post market response to measure surprise 4) Use existing surprise measures of Kuttner (2001) and GSS (2005) 5) Use current-month and distanced future contracts separately 6) Alternative measures for the QE period Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 29
30 Alternative threshold of surprise Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 30
31 Alternative weights Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 31
32 Surprise based on market response Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 32
33 Other surprise definitions Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 33
34 Separate FFR futures based on maturities Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 34
35 Alternative surprise for the QE period Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 35
36 Further analysis Is there any asymmetry between positive (N=19) and negative (N=6) news? What is the price impact of informed trading? Do informed traders go to other markets? What is the informed traders profit? Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 36
37 Positive and negative surprises Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 37
38 Informed trading in other markets Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 38
39 Estimate informed traders profit Lower bound: informed order=order imbalance Upper bound: informed trader gets into each transaction Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 39
40 Summary and Conclusions We find robust evidence of informed trading exclusively during lockup periods before FOMC announcements, but not before nonfarm payroll, CPI, and GDP announcements. Our evidence uncovers the unintended consequences of the macronews lockup practices on capital markets informed trading without price discovery. Policy implication: Seriously tighten lockup procedures or consider alternative method. In response to our paper, Fed spokesperson: Fed enhanced its media release security procedures last October to better protect the information against premature release. Move announcements to non-trading hours? ECB does not have lockups and uses press release on their website Jianfeng Hu -- Informed trading news lockup 40
41 Thank you for your attention! Jianfeng Hu Informed trading news lockup 41
Can information be locked up? Informed trading ahead of macro-news announcements
Can information be locked up? Informed trading ahead of macro-news announcements Gennaro Bernile, Singapore Management University Jianfeng Hu, Singapore Management University Yuehua Tang, Singapore Management
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