Pursuing a Psychology Career: Debt, Financial Support, Starting Salaries, and Employment Opportunities for Tomorrow s Psychology Leaders

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1 Pursuing a Psychology Career: Debt, Financial Support, Starting Salaries, and Employment Opportunities for Tomorrow s Psychology Leaders Daniel Michalski American Psychological Association Center for Workforce Studies 2011 Western Psychological Association Convention Los Angeles, CA April 30, : APA Center for Workforce Studies

2 For Further Information A PDF version of this presentation is available for download.

3 CWS Mission Statement The APA Center for Workforce Studies collects, analyzes, and disseminates information relevant to psychology's workforce and education system.

4 Routine CWS Survey Efforts Doctorate Employment Survey: Surveys recent doctorates workforce and their educational path through the doctorate (including postdoctoral training), debt, starting salaries, and perceptions of education/training. Conducted every other year. Salary Survey: Surveys APA members to collect current salary information at the master s and doctoral levels in psychology across all positions and settings. Conducted every other year. Faculty Salary Survey: Surveys chairs of graduate psychology departments for salary information for faculty employed in academic settings. Survey of Graduate Departments: distributed to chairs of departments that award graduate degrees in psychology or related fields to collect data on student enrollment and support, departmental budget, faculty, enrollment and attrition rates. APA Directory: Contains employment and demographic information for APA members. Useful for describing the membership more thoroughly and making comparisons over the years.

5 Definitions Health Service Provider (HSP): Doctoral-level degree in a psychology subfield focused on providing health/mental health services; typically a clinical, counseling, or school subfield. Research/Other: Psychology degree in a subfield traditionally seen as research/academic focus area (e.g. cognitive, I/O, educational, personality, or social psychology). Recent Doctorate: Psychologist within 2 years of receiving their doctorate degree.

6 The Challenge of Workforce Analysis

7 Forecasting the Psychology Workforce Making predictions about future employment opportunities for psychologists, as well as for any other occupational group, is akin to gazing at crystal balls and reading Tarot cards. G. Pion (1991)

8 Forecasting the Psychology Workforce Estimating the size of the MHW [Mental Health Workforce] is difficult because it is not a unitary entity. Instead, it is a chaotic amalgam of separate disciplines with ambiguous boundaries, and overlapping roles and scopes of practice, whose practitioners both collaborate and compete with each other. W. Robiner (2006)

9 The Psychology Educational Pipeline High School Community College BA/BS MA MS PhD PsyD Continuing Ed

10 The Big Picture Postdoc Doctorate Master s WORKFORCE Bachelor s Associate High school

11 From the doctorate to the workforce Workforce licensing exam informal postdoc formal postdoc predoctoral internship Doctorate

12 Psychology Doctorate Workforce Counseling Biology Social work Mathematics Psychiatry HSP Research Political Science Psychiatric nursing Other applied Sociology Marriage and Family Therapy Psychology master s degree

13 Demographic Shifts

14 Demographic Shifts: Women in Psychology Women % % % Annual Growth % of bachelor s degrees 1 : 1976 & % of graduate enrollments 2 : 1977 & % of new doctorates 3 : 1976 & % of PhDs in workforce 4 : 1973 & Sources: (1) IPEDS, US Department of Education. (2) Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, NSF. (3) Doctorate Employment Survey, APA. (4) National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: (1973, 2003). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Note. PsyDs are included in doctoral counts from Doctorate Employment Survey (APA).

15 Demographic Shifts: Ethnic Minority Representation in Psychology Ethnic Minorities % % % Annual Growth % of bachelor s degrees 1 : 1976 & % of graduate enrollments 2 : 1980 & % of new doctorates 3 : 1977 & % of PhDs in workforce 4 : 1973 & Sources: (1) IPEDS, US Department of Education. (2) Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering, NSF. (3) Doctorate Employment Survey, APA. (4) National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Survey of Doctorate Recipients: (1973, 2003). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Note. PsyDs are included in doctoral counts from Doctorate Employment Survey (APA).

16 Ethnic Minority Graduate Students in Psychology: 1999 and Percent American Indian Asian Black Hispanic Other Source: Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities in S&E, NSF, 2006.Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April

17 Characteristics of Recent Psychology Doctorates: 2009 % Female 75 % Ethnic minority 23 Median Age 34 Mean Age 34 % in HSP subfields 66 % in Research/Other subfields 33 Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

18 Characteristics of APA Members: 2009 % Female 56 % Ethnic minority 7* Mean Age 54 % in HSP subfields 63** % in Research/Other subfields 15** % in Other (Non-Psychology) fields 6** Source: 2009 APA Directory. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Notes. *Ethnic minority percentage represents an undercount due to high non-response rate for ethnicity item. **Subfield percentages represent an at least count due to non-response rate for this item in the Directory Survey.

19 Degrees in Psychology Degrees Awarded Time to Degree

20 Awarded Psychology Degrees by Academic Level: Bachelor s Master s Doctorate ,966 2,423 1, ,363 7,859 2, ,937 8,363 3, ,018 9,308 3, ,233 16,866 3, ,587 21,431 5,124 Source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Statistics, Science and Engineering Degrees: , NSF , and US Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), Completion Survey. APA Graduate Study in Psychology (selected years).compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note doctoral data includes PsyDs

21 Number of Clinical PhDs and PsyDs Awarded in Psychology: Number of Degrees PhD PsyD Source: Data on PsyDs are from Graduate Study in Psychology (APA). Data on PhDs are drawn from NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2007 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.

22 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1, Awarded Psychology PhDs and PsyDs: PhD PsyD Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology (Selected years). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April, 2010 Note. Data on PsyDs represent an undercount as several departments did not report number of PsyDs awarded.

23 Highest Earned Degree for Recent Psychology Doctorates: 2009 PhD 75% PsyD 25% Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA CWS, April Notes. EdD, MD, RhD, and other degrees totaled less than 1% of responses.

24 Science, Engineering and Health Graduates by Field of Degree: 2006 Health Engineering Psychology Computer Sciences Bachelor's Master's Life Sciences Physical Sciences Percent Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

25 Highest Earned Degree HSP Doctorates in Psychology: 2008 PhD 79% EdD 3% PsyD 18% Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

26 Psychology PhDs Awarded by Selected Fine Field: % 30% 20% 10% 0% Clinical Developmental Counseling Social School Human Dev & Family Studies General Other Source: NSF/NIH/USED/NEH/USDA/NASA; 2006 Survey of Earned Doctorates. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, February Note. The use of NSF data does not imply NSF endorsement of the research, research methods, or conclusions contained in this report.

27 Time to Degree for Doctorates by Subfield Type: 2009 Percent HSP Research/Other Related 3-4 years >4-5 Years >5-6 Years >6-7 Years Source: APA Graduate Study in Psychology Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Median years to degree by subfield type: HSP=5, R/O=5, Related=5. By degree type: PhD=6, PsyD=5.

28 Debt and Financial Support Levels of Debt Sources of Support

29 Debt Related to Graduate Education Reported by Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 <10K - 8.7% 10-20K - 10% 20-40K % No Debt 31.8% Debt 68.2% 40-60K % 60-80K % K % >100K % Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

30 Debt Related to Graduate Education by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Median $80,500 Mean $89,919 SD $57,823 Median $40,000 Mean $55,332 SD $48,594 Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

31 Level of Debt by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: Percent <10K 10-20K 20-40K 40-60K 60-80K K K Amount of Debt >120K HSP (N=635) Non HSP (N=192) Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Health Service Provider subfields for this slide include: Clinical, Counseling, Child Clinical, School, and Family.

32 Level of Debt by Type of Degree for Recent Doctorates: 2009 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

33 Contributors to Total Education Related Debt % said highest contributor % said lowest contributor Tuition costs No RA/TA available Non-funded program Living expenses 77 8 Relocation costs Other Source: 2007 APA Early Career Psychologist Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Highest Contributor combines highest and high contributor categories, while Lowest Contributor combines lowest and low contributor categories.

34 Resident Tuition Cost in U.S. Doctoral Departments by Type of Department: Psychology Educ. Psych Counseling Psych Professional School School Psych Human Devel. Education Other $0 $5,000 $10,000 $15,000 $20,000 $25,000 $30,000 Dollars Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PhD and PsyD programs and both public and private institution types.

35 Primary Sources of Financial Support by Broad Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PsyDs.

36 Availability of Assistance to First-Year Doctoral-level Psychology Students by Degree Type and Type of Assistance: PhD PsyD EdD 70 Percent Teaching Research Fellowship/Schol. Traineeship Type of Assistance Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.

37 Full-time Students Receiving Financial Assistance in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Type of Department: Percent Traditional Academic Department Type Professional School Source: 2010 Graduate Study in Psychology. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010.

38 Most Successful Job Search Methods for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Human Services Other Positions Informal channels 35% Informal channels 33% Electronic resource 20% Electronic resource 16% Postdoc became permanent 11% Chronicle of Higher Ed ad 9% Met emp thru former job 8% Faculty advisors 8% Civil service application 3% APA Monitor ads 5% Conventions placement serv. 0% Professional journals 0% Employment agency 0% Employment agency <1% Professional journals 0% Met emp thru former job <1% APS Observer ads 0% Conventions placement serv. <1% Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

39 Loan Repayment/Forgiveness Programs National Health Service Corps U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 National Institutes of Health Federal Student Loan Forgiveness Program Army Reserve Medical Corps

40 Debt and Financial Support Summary Those in HSP subfields complete their programs with debt at a higher proportion when compared to those in research and other subfields. Debt levels and financial support are functions of degree, subfield, and type of program/department. Tuition costs and living expenses = highest contributors to debt HSP psychologists that do have debt report it at higher levels than non-hsp psychologists. In general, PhDs report lower debt levels than PsyDs. Overall, for those PhDs that do report debt, it is significantly less than PsyD debt. Advice: Research available loan forgiveness/repayment programs!

41 Internship Match Imbalance

42 Internship Match Imbalance Insufficient numbers of internships offered in the APPIC internship match to meet the numbers of students seeking internships. Long-standing in duration 804 students (21%) did not get an internship in the 2011 Match. Source: *Association for Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC).

43 APPIC Match ,800 3,600 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 2,200 2, Participants Positions Matched Source: Association for Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC), (selected years). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

44 Number APPIC Match : Unmatched vs. Unfilled Positions Unmatched participants Unfilled positions Source: Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers (APPIC), Match Statistics, various years. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

45 APA Internship Match Survey: Primary Reasons for Non-Placement Percent Geog. Restrictions Highly Competitive Too Few Programs Too Specialized Poor App. Procedure Other Source: 2008 APA Internship Match Survey, APA Center for Workforce Studies. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

46 Employment Employment Perceptions Employment Characteristics Geographic Distribution of HSPs The Outlook: Opportunities

47 Comments from 2009 Doctorates in Psychology

48 Comments from 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Provider Survey Respondents

49 Recent Doctorates Perceptions of the Psychology Job Market: Percent Bleak Poor Fair Good Excellent Not Specified Rating Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey, selected years. American Psychological Association, Center for Workforce Studies, June Note data are preliminary and from online survey participants only. Data reflect all survey participants and are not limited to those in HSP subfields.

50 Percent Members Indicating Decreases as a Result of the Current Economic Situation: 2008 & Percent Projects Res. Funding Salary/Income Insur. Reimb. Emp.Security # of Clients Career Adv. Source: APA QuiP Poll: 2008 Economic Climate & APA QuiP Poll: 2008 Economic Climate: Follow-Up. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009

51 Perceived Underemployment of Recent Doctorate Recipients in Psychology by Subfield % Underemployed Year of Doctorate HSP Subfields Other Subfields Source: APA Doctorate Employment Survey (selected years). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

52 Time to Current Job for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: Percent In job when began program Before completing program Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified Human Services (N=373) Other Positions (N=492) Source: 2009 APA Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2011.

53 Time to Current Job: Recent Doctorates in Psychology Percent In job when began Before completing program Within 3 months 4-6 months More than 6 months Not specified 1993 (N=1,657) 1997 (N=1,702) 2001 (N=1,353) 2005 (N=1,327) 2007 (N=876) Source: APA Doctorate Employment Surveys (selected years). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, June Note. Includes PsyDs.

54 Employment Characteristics of Psychology PhDs: 2006 Psychology PhDs 102,280 Employed 89.4% Not Employed 10.6% Retired 7.8% Full-time 68.8% Part-time 20.6% Unemployed, seeking employment 0.8% Unemployed, not seeking employment 2.0% Source: NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Postdoctorate information is not included in this chart, but is reported separately. 54

55 Employment Characteristics of Psychology PsyDs: 2008 Psychology PsyDs Employed 97.2% Not Employed 2.8% Full-time 71.4% Postdoctoral Study 3.3% Part-time 18.7% Retired 1.2% Unemployed, seeking employment 0.7% Unemployed, not seeking employment 0.9% Source: 2008 APA Directory. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Notes. *Approximately 4% of employed PsyDs have an unknown status; 1% of PsyDs employment characteristics are uncategorized above.

56 The Psychology Workforce: 2008 Individuals employed as psychologists aged 25 years + and their educational attainment: Associate s 2,000 Bachelor s 6,000 Master s 76,000 Professional Degree 21,000 Doctorate 65,000 Total Employed Psychologists in United States for 2008: 172,000 Source: Current Population Survey (CPS), Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Note. Note that this includes ALL psychology degree holders working in the field. This may be an undercount due to the definition of the word psychologist. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) approximates 92,000 therapists and 20,000 treating practitioners. BLS estimates that approximately another 1,000 individuals are employed as psychologists and possess a high school diploma (no college) for 2008, bringing the total to 172,000. Current Population Survey data come from a monthly survey of about 60,000 households nationwide. The data are on individuals, not positions, and are self-report.

57 Recent Psychology Graduates by Employment Sector and Level of Degree: Percent Bachelor's Master's 0 Educational Institution Government Business/ Industry Employment Sector Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, National Survey of Recent College Graduates (2006). Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

58 Primary Full-time Employment Settings by Subfield for Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Includes PsyDs.

59 Primary Employment Setting for HSPs: 2008 Educational Setting 19% Private Practice 46% Business and Governement 7% Other Organized Human Service Setting 11% Managed Care (HMO,PPO,IPA) 5% Hospital Settings 12% Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers. Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2010.

60 Proportional Distribution of Licensed Psychologists* in the United States Top 10 States (as proportions of all licensed psychologists in the U.S.): 1.) CA 17% 2.) NY 9% 3.) PA 5% 4.) TX 5% 5.) FL 5% 6.) MA 5% 7.) IL 4% 8.) OH 4% 9.) MN 3% 10.) MI 3% These 10 states accounted for 60% of the licenses for the professional practice of psychology in the United States; and 2 states, (CA and NY) account for more than one fourth of licenses. Yet, these 10 states represented 52% of the overall United States population. Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, Sampling Frame provided by Psychlist, Inc. (2008), and US Census Bureau (2000). Compiled by APA CWS, July Notes. Percentages calculated based on number of state licenses divided by total number of psychology licenses nationwide. The duplicate records for individuals holding licenses in more than one state were excluded from the analysis so that these individuals were only counted once. *Doctoral level.

61 Need and Demand: Distribution Differences in underrepresented population groups receiving psychology health services were noted in results from the 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers. Practitioners in non-private practice settings were more apt to treat homeless, undocumented immigrants, and Medicaid clients than their peers working in private practice. Seven percent of survey respondents indicating private practice as their primary work setting reported working with homeless clients whereas 17% of respondents in other work settings did so. Undocumented immigrants were notably treated less than other population groups with fewer than 10% of respondents providing direct human service to this group in both private practice and other settings. On average, psychologists in settings other than private practice treated eight Medicaid patients in a typical week (SD=3.1), while those in private practice saw an average of four Medicaid patients (SD=2.2). Limited access to psychological care due to concentrations of providers in largely urban areas continues to be a concern to the field. Approximately, 20% of survey respondents indicated service to identified rural clients. Further analysis of licensed doctoral-level psychologists by geographic location suggests distributional inequities that may limit access to care for those in non-metropolitan areas. Applying licensed practitioner ZIP codes to approximations of Census tract constructed Rural Urban Commuting Area Codes (RUCA) revealed that at least 85% of licensed psychologists are located in designated metropolitan areas. In contrast, by RUCA code, approximately 60% of the United States population resides in metropolitan areas. Considering the differences in service provision to underrepresented population by practice setting and the geographic distribution of licensed psychologists, these data inform an emerging concern with the balance between the supply of and demand for health services. Moving forward, further investigation of these questions will require in-depth analyses of relationships among work setting, populations served, training and geographic location of psychology health service providers to strategize ways that the field can expand access to underserved populations.

62 Average Number of Patients Treated per Week by Primary Practice Setting Independent practice Other setting (n=2,359) (n=2,479) Population Group n % M SD n % M SD Clients with disabilities HIV Homeless Immigrants Undocumented immigrants Lesbian/gay/bisexual Low-income Medicaid Seriously ill Returning service members Rural Other underserved Notes. N=4,838. Only respondents indicating a primary practice setting and direct service to the listed population groups were included in analysis. Values for n% column represent the percentage of respondents treating at least one client within that population group in a typical week. Source: 2008 APA Survey of Psychology Health Service Providers, American Psychological Association, Center for Workforce Studies, 2010.

63 Unemployment Rates for Doctoral Level Social Scientists by Field: 2003 and % Unemployment Rate Econ Poli Sci Psych Soc Other Source: National Science Foundation/Division of Science Resources Statistics, Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System (SESTAT): 2003, 2006.Compiled by APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

64 Social Sciences Hiring Projections for Federal Government Agencies by Occupational Area* Social Scientist Psychology Workforce Development Source: Where the Jobs Are: Mission Critical Opportunities for America, 3 rd Edition-2009, Partnership for Public Service. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March Note. * Projections shown are an undercount due to categorization of occupational area.

65 Social Science Positions by Region of the U.S Source: Where the Jobs Are: Mission Critical Opportunities for America, (3rd Ed.) 2009, Partnership for Public Service. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, March 2010

66 Trend Licensure at Receipt of the Doctoral Degree 2006 APA policy recommended eligibility to sit for licensure upon receipt of doctoral degree Since then 5 states have changed licensing laws (UT, WA, OH, MD, ND) Other states considering BUT Mobility Greater focus or scrutiny on what types of supervised experience can count

67 Areas of Need/Opportunities for those in the Field Underserved populations Individuals in corrections Chronically mentally Ill (Axis I diagnosis) Veterans/military Youth/children Elderly/geriatric population Retiring/Aging baby boomer generations psychology Opportunities for prevention vs. intervention Health Care Reform-medical teams Holistic care teams

68 Employment Summary Most psychologists are employed low unemployment rate. Recent doctorates find positions quickly (if not already in those positions). Private practice is the most common work setting for HSP psychologists.

69 Salaries in Psychology

70 Median Annual Full-time Salaries in Psychology By Degree Type: 2006 $70 $60 $70 $50 Thousands $40 $30 $20 $30 $40 $10 $0 BA/BS Masters PhD Degree Type Source: NSF/Division of Science Resources Statistics, 2006 National Survey of Recent College Graduates, and NSF/NIH 2006 Survey of Doctorate Recipients. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April 2009.

71 Starting Salaries in Psychology by Gender and Thousands $80 $70 $60 $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 Assist.Prof Position: 2009 Applied Psych Research Employment Position Direct Human Services Female Male Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July 2009.

72 Starting Salaries for Full-time Employment Positions of Recent Doctorates in Psychology: 2009 Thousands Source: 2009 Doctorate Employment Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. * Faculty salaries are for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9. Median salary (11-12 month) for all recent doctorates in psychology= $61,000.

73 Median Annual Full-time Salaries by Major Field for Doctoral-Level APA Members in Psychology: 2009 Clincical Community Counseling Developmental Educational Experimental Forensic Health Industrial/Organizational School Social $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Thousands *Faculty position is for all higher education, including undergraduate and community college. Salary is reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

74 Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-Level Psychologists by Employment Position and Median Years Work Experience: 2009 Full professor* (28 yrs.) Associate professor* (13 yrs.) Assistant professor* (6 yrs.) Lecturer/Instructor* (11 yrs.) Admin of human svcs (20 yrs.) Applied psych./i-o (15 yrs.) Direct human services (17 yrs.) Education admin (25 yrs.) Other admin (22 yrs.) Other position (18 yrs.) Research admin (19 yrs.) Research position (9 yrs.) $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 Thousands Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey, Preliminary Data. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, July Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

75 Full-time Salaries of Doctoral-level Psychologists by Employment Setting: 2009 Business School or Dept. (N=97) Federal Gov. Agency (N=220) VA Med. Center (N=170) Medical School, Psychiatry (N=366) Individual Private Practice (N=1076) Non-Profit Org. (N=179) Group Psych Practice (N=439) Criminal Justice System (N=168) University Psych Dep. (N=1271) Private general hospital (N=160) Comm. Mental Hlth. Cntr. (N=191) Source: 2009 APA Salary Survey. Compiled by the APA-Center for Workforce Studies, July Notes. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. $0 $20 $40 $60 $80 $100 $120 $140 $160 $180 Thousands

76 Salaries for Full-time Faculty in U.S. Doctoral Departments of Psychology by Rank and Years in Rank: Full Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Source: Faculty Salaries in Graduate Departments of Psychology. Compiled by the APA Center for Workforce Studies, April Note. Graph includes first quartile, median, and third quartile values. Includes PsyDs. Faculty salaries are reported for a 9-10-month academic year. To calculate month equivalent, multiply by 11/9.

77 The Future: Improved Forecasting Increased collaboration and coordination (maximum use of existing resources and knowledge) within APA within psychology (organizations, individual researchers using APA data) with sister disciplines (mental health and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics STEM) More data / resources to target gaps in knowledge These steps make forecasting less a fool s game, and can provide a clearer picture of what the future is LIKELY to bring. Such information will benefit our endeavors: serving underserved populations / geographic areas meeting the needs of those on the pathway at all points providing useful information to students considering entering psychology and those already in the field

78 Conclusion Degrees In HSP subfields, continued growth in PsyD graduations. Debt Debt levels for psychologists in HSP subfields are higher in comparison to those in research/other subfields; but debt/loan repayment programs exist for those providing direct services. Employment Perceptions may be bleak, but do these align with the reality?

79 Thank You! Daniel Michalski American Psychological Association Science Directorate Center for Workforce Studies APA Center for Workforce Studies