A Short History of Interoperability. Michael Robkin Independent Consultant
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1 A Short History of Interoperability Michael Robkin Independent Consultant FDA-Continua-CIMIT Workshop January 25, 26, & 27, 2010
2 A Short History of Interoperability Lessons Learned from the history of Interoperability. Not a tutorial. We have a rich options available to us. Interoperability not a technical problem. Interoperability is a people problem.
3 1 st Interoperability Reference Homer, The Iliad Chimera has the head of a Lion in front the head of a Goat in the middle the head of Snake for a tail. Breathes fire (not a capability found in the components!) Omen of Shipwrecks and Volcanoes Credit: Mike Bainbridge, NHS
4 Trends in Interoperability Interoperability. Webster s Timeline History Data: Prof. Philip Parker, INSEAD, Chaired Professor of Marketing Citation data of online use of interoperability and related concepts patents, conferences, books, and papers business, law, engineering, medicine, sciences, social sciences filtered by references and relevance Online sources bias totals towards the present. Performed keyword analysis of the references. Relative proportions assumed valid
5 Railcar Airbrakes: The First Mandated Interoperable System?
6 1893: Safe Appliances Act First US Government Interoperability Standard. Defined compressed airbrakes as standard on railcars One page long, a few updates since 1903 World-wide compatibility Section 1: Need safety checks on locomotive and a sufficient number of cars. Section 2: Need automatic couplers that can be uncoupled without manual intervention. Section 3: Can t receive cars not equipped. Section 4: Must have Secure grab irons. Section 5: Outsourced to standards bodies: The American Railway Association is authorized to set standard height of drawbars for freight cars. Section 6: $100 fine per violation. Section 7: Can extend time for compliance Section 8: If someone working for a non-compliant train is injured, the railway still liable.
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8 History Lesson #1 Safe Appliance Act has everything in its place: The minimum amount of law defined only what was necessary for interoperability And only for the critical safety aspects An industry association set actual standards Liability clearly defined Compliance not confusing Value added to the industry and consumers Other responsible agencies, companies, and associations defined the myriad other safety details which evolve, but are not required for interoperability Work rules Procedures Training & Education Organization
9 100% Interoperability References By Domain 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Other Communicaiton Computer/SW Military Healthcare 20% 10% 0%
10 History Lesson #2 Lots of work that can be re-used
11 Military Interoperability Keywords 20% C4I, C3, Command & Control 18% Simulation, Modeling
12 Pearl Harbor Attack, 7 December 1941 USS Maryland (BB-46) alongside the capsized USS Oklahoma (BB-37). USS West Virginia (BB-48) is burning in the background. Official U.S. Navy Photograph, National Archives collection.
13 Root Cause Interoperability Failures of Pearl Harbor All organizational failures. No technology issues. Desourdis, Robert I. ed., Achieving Interoperability in Critical IT and Communication Systems, Artech House, Boston, 2009, pg.48
14 25 Organizational Deficiencies that Lead to Interoperability Failures Organization Assumption Omission Verification Supervision Alertness Complacency Intelligence Attitude Imagination Communications Paraphrase Adaptability Disclosure Insight Dissemination Inspection Preparedness Consistency Jealousy Relationship Priority Reporting Improvement Delegation Prange, Gordon William., Donald M. Goldstein, and Katherine V. Dillon, Pearl Harbor: The Verdict of History, McGraw-Hill, Penguin, 1991, p.552
15 History Lesson #3 These are not 1941 technology issues. These are: Organizational Failures Poor Processes Incorrect Policies Bad Assumptions Attitude Issues Individual Deficiencies Interoperability is an organizational problem. It is not a technical problem
16 So What? Weapon Acquisition is complex. Logistics is complex Battlefields are complex. War is complex Complex Organizationally not just technologically
17 Formal Methods Do Not Apply
18 The Problem: Organizational and Operational Interoperability Enormous Complexity Unpredictable Environments, Requirements, Usage C4I: Command, Control, Communications, & Intelligence Human interactions Organizational Design Simulation to the Rescue
19 Organizational/C4I Simulation Command Staff Analyst Pilot C4I Simulation Simulated Radar Data Simulated Aircraft Crew Real Ship Mix and Match real and simulated components as required
20 Simulation, Validation, & Verification Real World Simulation Valid Data Software Development System Validation Conceptual Model
21 History Lesson #4 Other people have solved harder problems.
22 History Lesson #5 Other people have solved different problems. Defense Contractors have ONE customer, ONE client, and ONE user. The DOD: Defines goals, purpose, requirements, & scope Pays for everything and write acquisition policies Trains all personnel Handles Logistics Operates all equipment Airlines have TWO vendors: Boeing and Airbus And they all hate unplanned events
23 Computer/SW Interoperability: Keywords Frequency
24 History Lesson #6 Standards Semantic Interoperability Object-Oriented Architecture
25 Semantic Interoperability: Same Data, Different Meaning My client isn t working My client isn t working Each instance of each word uses a different definition (10X!) Full understanding of each message requires knowing: context sender intended recipient
26 Semantic Interoperability Logical Link Domain Meta-data Referent meta-data Structural meta-data Syntactic meta-data DATA 7 Application layer 6 Presentation layer 5 Session layer 4 Transport layer 3 Network layer 2 Data link layer 1 Physical layer 7-Layer OSI Stack Physical Link Jeffery T. Pollock, and Ralph Hodgson, Adaptive Information. Improving Business Through Semantic Interoperability, Grid Computing, and Enterprise Integration. Wiley-InterScience, 2004, pg. 138
27 Object Oriented Systems Approach Black Box Internal Functions not visible. Don t care anyway. Interface Only
28 Bluetooth Certification
29 NOTE: Black Box/ Object Oriented/Systems Thinking Continua: Scope of Certification Program Out of Scope In Scope Compliance/Conformance Testing Verifying that a device meets a requirement in a standard/specification. Interoperability Testing Verifying that two devices work together in the intended way. Non-functional testing Testing not associated with a specification (i.e., performance, stress, scalability, availability, reliability, usability, etc.) User Interface testing - Verifying the user interface is well designed and reliable. Regulatory testing Tests to assist vendors with regulatory compliance.
30 Interoperability References By Domain
31 Interoperability References By Domain
32 History Lesson #7 Healthcare
33 Thank You Michael Robkin
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