On Local Government Local Option Income Taxes and the Property Tax Caps Larry DeBoer Purdue University October 2013 Indiana s Local Option Income Taxes CAGIT: County Adjusted Gross Income Tax (1973) COIT: County Option Income Tax (1984) CEDIT (EDIT): Economic Development Income Tax (1988) CEDIT for inventory tax relief (2002) LOITs: Local Option Income Taxes (2007) Levy freeze Property Tax Relief Public Safety 1
LOIT for Property Tax Relief Allocated LOIT Revenue Choose: LOIT tax rate, up to 1% Choose: what shares are allocated to tax relief for homesteads, all residential property, or all property Calculate tax credits to be subtracted from tax bills by property type, before tax caps are applied Allocate LOIT revenue among units to replace property tax revenue lost to credits 2
LOIT Property Tax Credits Credit Percent = Allocated LOIT Revenue Property Tax Revenue (type) type = Homesteads (homestead credit) All residential All property (PTRC) 3
4
Ratio, Taxable Income to Net Assessed Value Lake Porter La Porte Starke St Joseph Marshall Elkhart Kosciusko Lagrange Noble Steuben De Kalb Jasper Newton Pulaski Fulton Whitley Allen White Cass WabashHuntington Miami Wells Adams Less than 0.3 0.3 to 0.4 More than 0.4 No data Benton Tippecanoe Warren Fountain Montgomery Vermillion Parke Putnam Vigo Clay Owen Sullivan Greene Lawrence Daviess Knox Martin Orange Pike Gibson Dubois Crawford Carroll Grant Howard Blackford Jay Clinton Tipton Delaware Madison Randolph Boone Hamilton Henry Wayne Hancock Hendricks Marion Fayette Rush Union Shelby Morgan Johnson Franklin Decatur Brown Bartholomew Monroe Ripley Dearborn Jennings Ohio Jackson Switzerland Jefferson Scott Washington Clark Floyd Harrison Warrick Posey Vanderburgh Spencer Perry 5
Estimated State Average LOIT Credit Rates at 1% LOIT Rate, 100% Allocation Homestead: 51% Residential: 31% All Property: 17% Homestead: Gross and Taxable Assessed Value Homestead 1 Gross Assessed Value 125,000 Homestead Standard Deduction 45,000 Remainder 80,000 35% Supplemental Hmstd. Deduction 28,000 Mortgage Deduction 3,000 Taxable Assessed Value 49,000 6
Homestead: Property Tax Bill Homestead 1 Gross Assessed Value 125,000 Taxable Assessed Value 49,000 District Tax Rate 2.27 Gross Tax Bill 1,112 LOIT Credit @0% of Gross Bill Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 1,112 Tax Cap @ 1% of Gross AV 1,250 Tax Cap Credit Net Property Tax Bill 1,112 Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Assessed Value 125,000 125,000 Taxable Assessed Value 49,000 49,000 District Tax Rate 2.27 2.27 Gross Tax Bill 1,112 1,112 LOIT Credit @ 51% of Gross Bill 567 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 1,112 545 Tax Cap @ 1% of Gross AV 1,250 1,250 Tax Cap Credit Net Property Tax Bill 1,112 545 7
Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Tax Bill 1,112 1,112 LOIT Credit @ 51% of Gross Bill 567 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 1,112 545 Tax Cap @ 1% of Gross AV 1,250 1,250 Tax Cap Credit Net Property Tax Bill 1,112 545 Taxable Income 56,700 56,700 LOIT Tax Bill @1% 567 Total Property and LOIT Tax 1,112 1,112 8
Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Assessed Value 200,000 200,000 Taxable Assessed Value 97,750 97,750 District Tax Rate 2.27 2.27 Gross Tax Bill 2,219 2,219 LOIT Credit @ 51% of Gross Bill 1,132 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 2,219 1,087 No Tax Cap Tax Cap Credit Net Property Tax Bill 2,219 1,087 9
Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Tax Bill 2,219 2,219 LOIT Credit @ 51% of Gross Bill 1,132 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 2,219 1,087 Tax Cap @ 1% of Gross AV Tax Cap Credit Net Property Tax Bill 2,219 1,087 Taxable Income 113,200 113,200 LOIT Tax Bill @1% 1,132 Total Property and LOIT Tax 2,219 2,219 10
Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Assessed Value 300,000 300,000 Taxable Assessed Value 162,750 162,750 District Tax Rate 2.27 2.27 Gross Tax Bill 3,694 3,694 LOIT Credit @ 17% of Gross Bill 628 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 3,694 3,066 Tax Cap @ 1% 3,000 3,000 Tax Cap Credit 694 66 Net Property Tax Bill 3,000 3,000 11
Homestead: Property Tax Bill with LOIT Credit Homestead 1 No LOIT w/ LOIT Gross Tax Bill 3,694 3,694 LOIT Credit @ 51% of Gross Bill 628 Tax Bill after LOIT Credit 3,694 3,066 Tax Cap @ 1% of Gross AV 3,000 3,000 Tax Cap Credit 694 66 Net Property Tax Bill 3,000 3,000 Taxable Income 100,000 100,000 LOIT Tax Bill @1% 1,000 Total Property and LOIT Tax 3,000 4,000 12
Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Property owned by non residents Business Corporations Small businesses Farmland owners Residential Landlords Renters Homeowners Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Property owned by non residents No homesteads (not owner occupied) Non residents don t pay LOITs If LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads only, non resident property owners are unaffected If LOIT relief is distributed to residential property or to all property non resident property owners see lower overall taxes. Property that receives tax cap credits will see smaller property tax breaks 13
Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Business Corporations Corporations don t pay LOITs If LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads or residential property only, corporations are unaffected If LOIT relief is distributed to all property owners corporations see lower overall taxes. Property that receives tax cap credits will see smaller property tax breaks Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Small businesses Many small businesses pay LOITs If LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads or residential property only, small businesses pay higher overall taxes If LOIT relief is distributed to all property owners most small businesses see lower overall taxes. Property in places with higher property tax rates or that receives tax cap credits will see smaller property tax breaks 14
Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Farmland owners Resident farmland owners probably pay LOITs If LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads or residential property only, resident farmland owners pay higher overall taxes If LOIT relief is distributed to all property owners most farmland owners see lower overall taxes. Farmland is usually not affected by tax caps, since rural property tax rates are usually less than $2 per $100 assessed value Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Residential Landlords Resident residential landlords probably pay LOITs If LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads only, landlords pay higher overall taxes Most residential rental property in cities and towns is capped at 2%, and tax caps reduce the benefit of LOIT credits to the landlord If LOIT relief is distributed to residential or all property owners most city/town landlords will see higher overall taxes 15
Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Renters Most renters pay LOITs Renters own no property and receive no benefit from property tax credits, so renters pay higher overall taxes If landlord property taxes rise with LOIT credits, renters may pay higher rents as well If landlord property taxes fall with LOIT credits, renters may pay lower rents, but probably not enough to offset higher LOIT tax bills Who Pays More? Who Pays Less? Homeowners Most homeowners pay LOITs If homeowners are not subject to tax caps, and all LOIT relief is distributed to homesteads, the average homeowner pays lower overall taxes Depends on relative taxable income and property value. Income poor, property rich homeowners pay lower overall taxes (e.g. retired homeowners) Higher valued homes, homes in high property tax rate districts, and where LOIT relief is distributed to all residential or all property; homeowners pay higher overall taxes 16
Local Government Revenue Where taxpayers pay higher overall taxes, local governments receive added revenues LOIT credits substitute for tax cap credits, so tax cap credit losses from levies are reduced Usually a distribution to all residential, or all property will reduce losses and increases revenues the most Depends on which types of property sees the most tax cap credits, which depends on tax rates and local property composition On Local Government Local Option Income Taxes and the Property Tax Caps Larry DeBoer Purdue University October 2013 17