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Transcription:

. Writenet Paper No. 6/2000 : Korwa G. Adaar / Rhodes, 2000 Writenet -,. Practical Management (UK). e-mail: writenet@gn.apc.org,. -.. - Writenet.. ISSN 1020-8429

1. 3 2. 4 3. 4 3.1 5 4. 8 4.1 : 11 5. 14 6. 20 7. 22 7.1 22 7.2 23 7.3 : - (IGAD) 23 8. 25 ( - ) 27 28 2

1. 1955,, 1983, - 2.000.000 4.000.000.. -,. (1955-1958, 1964-1969, 1986-1989) (1958-1964, 1969-1985 1989 ). -,.., shari a,. - -. shari a -.,,. -,,. 3

2. 1980 1990,., 1997 16, 28. : 1 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 ( ), 1997. 1985 1996 83% 1996 133%, 1999 4.500.000 $. 1.000.000 $. 500.000.000 $ 1995 827.000.000 $, 828.000.000 $ 957.000.000 $ 1996, 1997 1998.,,,,,. 3. -. -., -. shari a.,.,. - 1 World Bank, African Development Indicators 2000 (Washington DC 2000,. 176). 4

, -..,.,. 35.000.000 70%, 25% ( - ) 5% ( ) 52%, 39% Beja 6%. - Baggara ( ), Fur, Masalit, Zaghana, Beja, ( ). -. -, Bashir (Jihad). shari a. -.. - -.,, -,.. 1998, - shari a (al-urf) (ijma al-ummah) -,. 3.1 - (Sudanese Popular Defence Force SPDF), Bashir 1989, (People s Defence Forces PDF). 1983 (Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement SPLM) (Sudan Peoples Liberation Army). SPLM/SPLA Garang ( Dinka) Riek Machar ( Nuer) 1991 SPLA ( Nasir Machar) SPLA ( Tarit Garang). - 300.000 1991 1993. Nasir SPLA (Southern Sudan Independence Movement SSIM) - 5

(Southern Sudan Independence Army SSIA), - 1996 - (United Salvation Democratic Front USDF). USDF Machar, (South Sudan Defence Forces SSDF) -, SPLA. Bashir (National Islamic Front NIF) Machar - (Coordinating Council for the Southern States CCSS). Kerubino Kuonyin Bol (Dinka), SPLA SPLM, SPLA Bahr al-ghazal, Machar. Bashir Machar CCSS. 1998, Kerubino Bol Garang, o Lawrence Lual Lual Bahr al-ghazal., Machar Lual 1998 USDF SPLA Bahr al- Ghazal. - 1999 Machar SSDF, - Gordon Kong ( ), Gatwick Gatkont (Nasir - ) Gatwick Dhel ( Jonglei). 2000 Machar CCSS - USDF NIF Bashir USDF-NIF. 1997 Al Zubeir Mohammed Salih,, Dr. Riek Machar Teny Dhurgon SSIM/SSIA Kerubino Kuonyin Bol SSIM/SSIA - Ahmed I - Eltahir, Dr. Thomas Abwal Chidi, SSIM/SSIA Arok Thon Arok SSIM/SSIA.,,, shari a. Machar (SSIM), - (SSIA) shari a., - (National Democratic Alliance NDA), SPLM/SPLA, Umma, (Democratic Unionist Party DUP), Faithi Ahmed Ali,,, SPLM/SPLA, Equatoria, Anya Nya 2, murahelin ( Baggara Rizeiqat, Rufaa al Huj Misiriya). Anya Nya 2 murahelin SPLM/ - ( Muhammed Harun Kofi) - - 6

(NIF).. Numeiri 1972 - - (shari a). Sadiq al Mahdi ( ). -., SPLA., (Lord s Resistance Army LRA J. Kony) (West Nile Bank Front WNBF) - Yoweri Museveni. - 1998 - -. 1997 WNBF ( Juma Oria), LRA 6.000 (NIF) Jebelin Nimule, Kit II Musito. 1995. Jimmy Carter, Museveni Bashir 1999, - 72 20. -. (Uganda People s Defence Force UPDF) - Museveni. UPDF LRA WNBF - (Allied Democratic Forces ADF). Salaf Tabliq. Laurent Kabila - Bashir. realpolitik -. 1993,, - (Eritrean People s Liberation Front EPLF) (Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Front EPRDF) -. EPRDF (Tigray People s Liberation Front) Oromo (Oromo Liberation Front). 7

EPLF EPRDF SPLA., (1998-2000) realpolitik. -, ( 1995, Hosni Mubarak ) SPLA Gambela,. -. 1994 - (Eritrean Islamic Jihad EIJ)., - EIJ -, 1995. 1999, -., (1998-2000) -., SPLA NDA. 1996 SPLA -. - : Beja Congress, Umma ( Sodiqal Mahdi, NDA), ( - ),. Halaib, -,..,. - -. 2000. 1995 Mubarak. - -. 4. ( ),. 5.000.000 ( - 15 49 ) 1999 35.000.000. -. murahelin - 8

- (quwwat as-sadiiqa) (Khawarij). -, (SPLA) -.. (1985-1988) 2 ( ) ( - ) 1985 65 146 1986 59 128 1987 59 197 1988 65 245 1989 65 280 1990 65 204 1991 65 531 1992 82 766 1993 82 304 1994 89 426 1995 90 389 1996 90 405 1997 93 413 1998 94 550 1999 110 610 1988 1991 65.000, 1992-82.000 1995 90.000 1999 110.000. 1989 204.000.000 $ 1990 530.000.000$ 1991 760.000.000 $ 1992. -. - -. Adar, Heglig Unity.,, sine qua non. -. 1996-2 : United States, Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1990-1994 (Washington DC, 1995) World Military Expenditures and Arms Transfers, 1996-1999 (Washington DC, 2000). 9

( ) 170.000 85.000 - (Jihad) -.,, -. 1989 - - Bashir. -. 2.000.. 1997-1998 60. -. - -., 1994 -.,,,,,,,,,,,,. 1980 - - - 1990., 1991 1997 - (F-7M Airguard), 60 -, 12, 120 50.. 1996 SCUD 200.000.000$. - Petrolian Nasional Berhad (Petronas). H Petronas China National Petroleum Company Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company. - 1993. Sukhoi, Mi-24, MiG 19 MiG 21-55. -. apartheid., -. SPLM/A - -. 500.000 2.000.000,,, 10

1997. - :, PRB-M-3-57 -46, -15, -69, - VS-3.6, -14,. 4, PMD 6 M 2-2 - /79. Bashir SPLA.. - Baggera, Rizeiqat, Rufaa al Huj Misiriya, - Darfur Kordofan. - SPLA.., 1997 Godier, Ajibani, Andiring, Mirianta, Timbili, Sabirna, Kasay, Shashta, Kalkuti Kasia. - Nuer, Anya Nya 2, Murle, Toposa Mandari. 4.1 :, 1983, o SPLM/SPLA -.,, -. : Nuer, Dinka, Lotuha, Shiluk, Nuba, Anuak, Beja, Fertit, Latuka Acholi., 1983, SPLM/SPLA. (Politico-Military High Command PMHC) SPLM/SPLA SPLA SPLM ( ) SPLA ( - )., John Garang. PMHC.. SPLM - 1984,. -. SPLM/SPLA. 1991 SPLM/SPLA - SPLM. 11

1994 Chukudum,. - Chukudum,,. -, (1994),, -. SPLA Nuer,, - (SPLA) Dinka. - SPLA. -. 60.000 25%. SPLA, -., SPLA,, - Beja (Beja Congress Armed Forces BCAF), (Sudan Alliance Forces SAF), Umma, -. John Garang. SPLM/SPLA,. SPLM/SPLA, -,., 1984, Roland,» Rowland, - LONHRO, Daniel arap Moi, SPLA. O Rowland 1993. -, -,,, 1990. UPDF SPLA,, SPLA -. SPLA -, Eldoret, - Rift. Beja - Beja,., Suakin - Beja. 100.000 - Beja. - (Sudan Alliance Forces SAF) -. LONHRO Rowland 12

SPLA. SPLA - Norwegian People s Aid (NPA),. SPLA 20.000.000 $ (US Agency for International Development USAID). - SPLA Church Emergency Aid (Kirkens Noedhjelp ). H Norwegian People s Aid, 1939-1986. - (Christian Solidarity International CSI). - SPLA NPA SPLA, Monsour Khalid, Brundtland, Gro Harlem Brundtland ( ), 1987. SPLA. Airscan, SPLA. Sandline International, Executive Outcomes - Professional Resources Incorporated. - -. - 1997 -. 1977,. - - 1989,, - ( ) -. 1989,, SPLA. - -. - 1996, SPLA: -., 20.8.1998 al- Shifa, Abu Nidal Hamas, Hezbollah, Gamaat Islamiya Islamic Jihad. 13

, 7.8.1998, 300 5.000. al-shifa - - VX. Infinite Reach al-shifa 1998., - SPLA., 1988. Clinton 1994. - USAID, USAID, (Sudan Transition Assistance for Rehabilitation STAR), USAID,. -, 1999 Clinton 95.000.000 $ -, 2.500.000 $ - - USAID. 1.000.000 $ STAR 2.000.000 $ SPLA - Norwegian People s Aid., Clinton, -, 203.000.000$. 1989 1998 800.000.000 $. - -., Madeleine Albright 1998 John Garang NDA,. 5., -. 250%, - -. - 30.000, - 12.000 1999 120.000 2000. - Talisman 1999-1.610 Heglig ( 14

Darfur Kordofan) Bashir, Al-Jayli (70 ). 1 600.000.000 $., Denim Pipeline Construction ( ), Roll n Oil Field Industries ), Mannesmann ( ), he Europipe Consortium, Weir Pumps ( - ), Techint ( ), Allen Power Engineering ( ). Adar ( ) Unity ( Bentiu Unity). Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company,,, -. Adar, Heglig Unity,. Chevron, - 1960, 800.000.000 $, SPLA. 1960 1970 Agip, Texas Easter, Sun Oil Union Texas. Chevron Suakin Basin, 40, - Adnan Khashoggi 50%. Chevron Abi Jarra Concorp Sudan - 1992. - 700.000.000 86-0,06%. - 1.000.000 $, -. 15

/ OMV-GMBH Heglig ELF-Aquitaine Heglig Totalfina Unity Chevron * Unity Occidental Petroleum Corporation* Unity Texas Eastern* Unity Union Eastern * Unity National Iranian Gas Company Unity AGIP Heglig Heglig Arakis Energy Heglig State Petroleum Corporation Heglig Talisman Heglig Gulf Petroleum Corporation Adar Gulf International Adar Royal Dutch Shell Heglig China National Petroleum Company Heglig Petrochina Heglig Petroliam Nasional Berhad Heglig GAPCO Heglig Amni International Petroleum Suakin YUKOS Adar Zarubezh-Neftegasstroi Adar Arab Group International Heglig Al-Ghanawa Melut CONCORP Adar National Oil Company of Sudan Heglig SUDAPET Heglig International Petroleum Corporation Heglig *. - -., 3 1990,,. 204.000.000$ 1990 766.000.000 $ 1992. - China National Petroleum Company (CNPC) Greater Nile Petroleum Op- 3 9. 16

erating Company Heglig 40%. CNPC, Petrochina -, BP Amoco 576.000.000 $. - Petronas Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company 30%, Talisman Energy, - 25% Sudapet 5%.., Block A International Petroleum Corporation, Lundin Oil AB, -, 40%, Petronas 29%, OMV Gmbh 26% Sudapet 5%. -, -,., -, Branch Heritage of the South African Executive Outcomes (EO). H Executive Outcomes, 70%. - Raymond Moi ( Moi), Talisman., - -. 12,5. - -. -. - Trafigura Beheer BV Vitol SA Glencore International AC Arcadia Group PLC. Omar al-bashir - -.., -.,,, -... - 17

. -, Arakis Energy, Lufter Khan -, Qutbi Mahdi. - Khan-Mahdi Arakis Energy. Lufter Khan Petronas -. Talisman Arakis - -. - Arab Group International, bin Saud. - 1970, 1973 (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries). -. Faisal Islamic Bank (FIB), 1974 Faisal Islamic Bank, Muhammed Ibn Faisal Al Saud -. - Faisal Islamic Bank,, Umma. -. -., -. 17-150.000.000 -. 7.000 -, 20.000 China National Petroleum Company Petrochina.....,. 1997-500.000.000 $.. 1993 1.6,. 18

..,,,, 1996., - Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company Sudapet 500.000 $ 250.000 $. 110.000 $. China National Petroleum Company, Petronas Talisman 95% - Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company.. - - Clinton. -. - - -, -.. - 30.000 - : Bentiu, Guk, Rik, Gumriak, Pariang, Monkien, Langkien, Neny, Duar, Koch, Toic, Viral, Pagaran, Twic, Ruweng, Makuac Wuncuie. Oil Brigade 1999 - - Bor, Adar, Unity Heglig. Gulf Oil Company, al-ghanawa, Sudapet Bor.,,,. Bor 70.000.., Beja SPLA 1999 2000 - Athara Erkowit. 18 murahelin,. - 138 (1973) - 174 1999 18. Talisman Energy murahelin 19

, International Petroleum Corporation Nuer. - -. 6. 80%,. - 200 -.. - - 1996 30.000 100.000 70.000 30.000 200.000 1997 32.000 60.000 60.000 40.000 160.000 1998 35.000 30.000 60.000 45.000 170.000,,, 1997 1998., -. -., 1996 1998,., 395.000, 365.000 360.000 1996, 1997 1998 -., 340.000, 320.000 320.000 1996, 1997 1998,. 20 -., Lifeline Sudan., - 1989, 1.000.000 $,. 60.000, 1988 1998 250.000 200.000. 1990 Lifeline Sudan, El Obeid Lokichokio ( )... 1990 20

1995 10.000 (, - 1995 43%, 22% 15% )., - 600.. 1990 1995, 1.560, 1.500 650., -., 16 19, - -. - -, Roger Winter,». - -. 1926 1956,,. - 1995-1996 -.., -,, 1995 1.000.000 $ murahelin. - 50$. SPLA - -. Baggara Bahr El Ghazal Dinka., Leonardo Franco. - UNICEF Save the Children - 1999 -. -,.,, -,,. 21

7...,,.., -, -., - 1980,. 7.1 1991 SPLM/SPLA John Garang Riek Machar SPLA Garang SSIM/SSIA Machar. 1992 1993 20.000 300.000 Nuer Dinka, Ayad, Kongor Waat Jonglei, «Jonglei». Nuer Dinka, SPLA Anya Nya 2, 1986-1987.,,, 1990.,, -. Wunlit Dinka Nuer 1999 - - STAR «-». Wunlit 300 - Dinkas Nuers SPLA Salva Nior (Dinka Goprial) Caesar Mazzolari Rumbek. Waat Lou Nuer 1999 Nuers. - 1999 Masalit Darfur. - Dinkas Nuers 1994 1998 22

. - Telar Deng 1998 Lokichokio ( ),, -. Nuer-Dinka Loki 1999 Wunlit Telar Deng.. -, Frontline Fellowship Peter Hammond -., - Frontline Fellowship - ( ),. - Frontline Fellowship -. CARE International World Vision. - 20.000.000 $ Caritas International Action by Churches Together, -. 7.2-1990 (IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development). - John Garang Riek Machar 1991 1993. -. -, -. 1995 Jimmy Carter. Abuja 1992-1993 Bashir. 7.3 : (IGAD) (IGADD Intergovernmen- 23

tal Authority on Drought and Development) 1986 - (IGAD). IGAD - ( ) -., 1990 -,. IGAD - 1990 -. IGAD. IGAD «-»,. IGAD - 1994.. - IGAD 1992, -, SPLM/SPLA ( Garang) SPLM/SPLA ( - Machar) 1989, 1989, 1992 1993 Abuja 1992.,,,,,.. Chukuchum 1994 1995 IGAD -. - IGAD.,, CARE International,, (USAID),, IGAD (,,, -, ), o,, -. IGAD,. - 1997,. (shari a) 1998 IGAD. CARE International,, Oxfam Save the Children -. - 24

IGAD. 1998, - Harare IGAD, - «-». 1998, - SPLM/SPLA IGAD. 1983, - IGAD. - -. Umma - IGAD,. 8.. -., - -. -.,. -., realpolitik -,,. IGAD.,., -, - apartheid., -. -,., IGAD,,,,., 25

IGAD... 26

( 1956 ) 1956-1972 (Shari a) Anya Nya 2, SSLM SUP, SANU, ALF Southern Party 1972-1983 Anya Nya 2, SSLM SUP, SANU, ALF Southern Party 1983-1993 SPLM/SPLA PRMSS SSPLM, NMS ANYA NYA 2 (Sharia) IGADD 1993-1999 (Sharia) IGADD SPLM/SPLA NDA/USDF IGAD WCC, -

ADF Allied Democratic Forces BCAF Beja Congress Armed Forces Beja CCSS Coordinating Council for the Southern States CSI Christian Solidarity International DUP Democratic Unionist Party EIJ Eritrean Islamic Jihad EPLF Eritrean People s Liberation Front EPRDF Ethiopian People s Revolutionary Democratic Front LRA Lord s Resistance Army NDA National Democratic Alliance NIF National Islamic Front PDF People s Defence Forces SAF Sudan Alliance Forces SPDF Sudanese Popular Defence Force SPLA Sudan People s Liberation Army SPLM Sudan People s Liberation Movement SSDF South Sudan Defence Force SSIA Southern Sudan Independence Army SSIM Southern Sudan Independence Movement UPDF Uganda People s Defence Force USAID US Agency for International Development USDF United Salvation Democratic Front WNBF West Nile Bank Front 28