Gender, Culture & Ethnicity (C4.1.) Three Generations of Nurses from Practice to Theory, and Research in a 99 years Perspective Albert Westergren Professor Kristianstad University School of Health and Society Presentation at: 8th International Nursing History Conference in Denmark, august 9-11, 2012 Questions Questions Where did the influences to Swedish nursing education come from? From my own family perspective how has nursing education changed during three generations? 1

A journey from the past.. It all begins with London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research 2

Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Born in Florence, Italy, 1820 Kaiserswerth, 1850 & 1851 1860 The Nightingale Training School Nursing and Research In 1859 Nightingale was elected as the first female member of the Royal Statistical Society and she later became honorary member of the American Statistical Association. 3

Gender, Culture & Ethnicity Mary Seacole Mother Seacole (1805-1881) Jamaica, Kingston ½ Jamican & 1/2 Scottish Specialised in Tropical medicine Cholera treatment Research Herbal remedies Crimean war (borrowed money) Recognition: Jamican Order of Merit (1991, posthumously) Gender, Culture & Ethnicity See, here is Mary Seacole, who did as much in the Crimea as another magic-lamping lady, but being dark, could scarce be seen for the flame of Florence's candle Salman Rushdie 4

Gender, Culture & Ethnicity Susie King Taylor (1848-1912) Georgia Freedom from slavery at age 14 The first Black Army Nurse First South Carolina Volunteers an all-black army Civil War (1861-1865) What happened in Sweden? London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research 5

Marie Cederschiöld (1815-1892) What happened in Sweden? Deaconesses Education Ersta, 1851 Kaiserswerth Emmy Rappe London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research 6

Emmy Rappe (1835-1896) The first Nursing Education, 1867 The Red Cross Nursing School, Uppsala St. Thomas Hospital The Red Cross Nursing School, Stockholm Queen Sofia & Alfhild Ehrenborg London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research 7

Queen Sofia (1836-1913) Visited St.Thomas Hospital and Nightingale Norway- Sweden Union 1814-1915 Queen of Sweden and Norway St. Thomas Hospital Alfhild Ehrenborg (1857-?) St. Thomas Hospital Nursing Education at Sophiahemmet, 1884 8

Swedish Nursing Education Germany Deaconesses (1836) England Nightingale (1860) Ersta, deaconesses eduation (1851) Red Cross School, Uppsala/Stockholm (1867) Sophiahemmet, Stockholm (1884) Comp. Susanne Kreutzer s lecture this morning Secularisation and professionalisation What happened in my home town? Christian IV (1577-1648) 22 maj 1614 the town Kristianstad was founded Belonged to Denmark 1360-1658 9

Hospitals in Kristianstad Hospital 1629 1867 1973- Sigrid Lothigius London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research 10

Sigrid Lothigius (1872?-1963) The Red Cross Nursing School, Stockholm 1893 Nursing Education in Kristianstad Three generations 99 years.. 11

Hanna Åkesson (grandmother) London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research PRACTICE Hanna Åkesson (1890-1955) Grandmother Studied in Kristianstad (may1910 nov 1911) Teacher: Sigrid Lothigius 1 ½ year 8 months medical ward 4 months surgical ward 6 months, assistant nurse, med. Community nurse 1911 1921 (then she got married) 12

Learning environment Picture from 1909 The brooch 1911 Brooch 1909-1911 Silver, Georgs cross No elevation KL = Kristianstads Lasarett (Hospital) 1911-1928 With elevation KL in italics 13

Literature, 1910-1911 The dress 14

Grade, 1911 Grade, 1911 Hanna Åkesson, age 20, Yngsjö Not without praise passing regarding diligence and skills. Theoretical knowledge passing. Very good behaviour. 4-5 students graduated/semester (today 90-100/semester) 15

Ingegärd Nilsson (1922-1988) Mother Studied 1946-1949 3 ½ years Practice Theory Pediatric nurse School nurse District nurse Director of primary health care PRACTICE & THEORY Literature, 1946-1949 16

The dress Grade 1949 Theoretical knowledge: With praise passing Practical skills: With praise passing Behaviour: Very good 17

The first Swedish male nurse Caring men : monks, military, prisons, mental care. In 1951 the Swedish parliament decided that also men should be allowed to study to become nurses. Allan Härsing 2 years before (1949) Royal exemption for two men to start their education at S:t Erik s nursing school in Stockholm. The first Swedish male nurse: Allan Härsing, graduated 1953. Today: scantly 10% are male nurses in Sweden. Male nurses? Resistance against male nurses It is difficult to imagine a man armed with washbasin and washcloth, giving a patient care with respect to these, that can be necessary, likewise it is difficult to imagine a man arranging the pillows exactly the way the patient wish. Quotation from Karin Elfverson, 1940 (1886-1974, involved in the Swedish Nurses Organisation, SSF, my own translation) 18

PRACTICE & THEORY & RESEARCH Albert Westergren (* 1967) Nurse assistant 1984, 2 years Registered nurse1989, 2 years Theory Practice Research (to a small extent) The brooch 1989 Blue Georgs cross In the middle, with golden circle with a red griffin = Kristianstad County Symbol. From 1928 and still 19

Literature, 1989 still The dress 20

Grade 1989 Approved Licensed/Registered Nurse The National Board of Health and Welfare Nutrition! Dysphagia! Eating difficulties Bachelor 1995, 1 year (more research) Ph.D. Student 1997 Ph.D. 2001 Hat Graduation in the Cathedral Ring My daughter was coronal girl Grade 21

Continued Research and care development Clinical instructor Associate professor 2006 Overweight/obesity Undernutrition?!? The end of this journey... Professor installation 2010 from practice to theory to research and knowledge translation 22

Thank You!!! London, 1860 Ersta, 1851 Uppsala, 1867 Sophiahemmet, 1884 Stockholm Kristianstad, 1893 1911 1949 1989 & 2010 Practice Theory - Research Kristianstad University 23