Medicinal Uses of Natural Dye-Yielding Plants in Turkey

Medicinal Uses of Natural Dye-Yielding Plants in Turkey M. Ozturk 1*, I.Uysal 2, S.Gucel 3, E.Altundag 4, Y.Dogan 5 and S.Baslar 5 1 Ege University, Department of Biology, Izmir, Turkey. 2 Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Department of Biology, 17100, Canakkale, Turkey. 3 Institute of Environmental Sciences,Near East University, Lefkoşa,The Northern Cyprus. 4 Duzce University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Biology Department, Duzce, Turkey. 5 Dokuzeylul University, Faculty of Education, Biology Department, Buca-Izmir, Turkey. ABSTRACT PPlants have been grown for natural dyes to produce a wide range of colors.. N Natural dyes become increasingly important these days as synthetic dyes cause serious damage to the environment and have to be replaced. The published records show that Turkey has about 10,000 taxa of higher plants, 145 of which come from 92 genera and 51 families and can be used as dyeing sources of 17 colors. The most common families used for dyeing are Asteraceae, Rosaceae, Lamiaceae, Polygonaceae and Euphorbiaceae, and the dominating genera are Rumex, Anthemis, Euphorbia, and Salvia. Dye plants are of great medicinal value as well and can be used for producing antihelmintic, antiseptic, appetizer, carminative, diuretic, exudative, laxative, sedative and stomachic preparations. Keywords: Plant Dyes, Turkey, Medicinal Uses 1. Introduction Almost all sources agree that crop cultivation dates back nearly 10,000 years. However, none of these sources make a mention of dye plants while natural dyes occupy an important place in human culture. Early humans probably discovered these through curiosity (Canon & Cannon, 2003; Dogan et al., 2008). The technology used in production of natural dyes in China dates from as early as 3000 B.C., while Indians, Phoenicians, Hebrews and Venetians started using it in the 13th century.. The technology was passed on to Greeks and Romans later and also found to be used in Africa, Mexico, and Peru (Anonymous, 1991; Dogan et al., 2008). According to Zohary and Hopf (1994), dye plants were cultivated in southwest Asia prior to classical times. The earliest surviving evidence of textile dyeing comes from an over 5,000-year-old piece of cloth dyed with madder (Rubia cordifolia) discovered at Mohenjodaro (Mahanta & Tiwari, 2005). But the use of natural dyes has been in decline since the discovery of synthetic dyes. However, a large number of studies have found that synthetic dyes are a source of environmental pollution (Seker et al., 2006; Kwok et al., 1999) * Corresponding author. Tel.: +905353098104; Fax: +903922236461 E-mail address: munirozturk@gmail.com (M.Ozturk) 69 and detrimental to human health (Singh & Sing, 2002; Cristea et al., 2003; Mahanta & Tiwari, 2005). Therefore, there appears a revival of natural dyes as they are harmless to humans and produce little pollution (Hartl & Vogl, 2003; Kumar & Sinha, 2004; Kim & Park, 2006). The natural mordant substances are cupula of oak, juice of unripe grape, vinegar, seville orange juice, spurge secretion, ox urine, rock algae, clay, lime, bread yeast, wood ash, mud with animal urine, etc. Nearly 1,500 plant taxa are used for dyeing in the world (Umbreen et al., 2008). Dyeing is common in areas where handcraft production is still active. Nearly 150 species are used as natural dyes in Turkey (Uysal, 1991; Dogan et al., 2003; Turkmen et al., 2004; Uysal et al., 2006). Although yellow is the most abundantly obtained, the world-famous dye Turkish red or Edirne red, used in Izmir carpets, kilims and silk textiles of Anatolia and cotton products, is obtained from Rubia tinctorum and still in vogue because of its great value (Baslar & Oflas, 1996). This taxon has been planted in Persia, Anatolia, Egypt, India and Europe since the beginning of the 16th century. The Ottomans produced two thirds of the world s root dyes in the 17th century. The French learned to dye cotton with natural root dyes from the

Turks in 1715. The Turks successfully used the techniques of natural dyeing, which was about to fade because of migrations in the Middle Ages (Dogan et al., 2008). High-quality dyes and genuine patterned Turkish goods became famous during the Ottoman times because natural dying techniques and certain styles were promoted under the aegis of the Ottoman government (Dogan et al., 2008). Until the 19th century, dyes produced from natural plants formed the basis of the cosmetics industry. In fact, a large number of taxa are of medicinal value (Ren et al., 2009). In this paper, an overview of potential examples of dye plants used for medicinal purposes in Turkey is presented. 2. Materials and Methods A survey of dye plants was conducted during the the period 1996-2008 in different areas of Turkey and the findings were compared with those published by Uysal (1991), Ozturk & Ozcelik (1991), Ozgokce & Yilmaz (2003), Ozgokce & Ozcelik (2005), Simsek et al. (2005), and Dogan et al. (2008). The plant taxa used for medicinal purposes were sorted out and their uses recorded (Baytop, 1984, 1999; Baser et al., 1986; Baser, 2009). Pigment is an important component responsible for the character of a colour. Different parts of plant taxa can be used for natural dye production and different colors are obtained by using one part or a mixture of several parts. C collecting inner bark or roots from dead falls or diseased trees is eco-friendly. Spring is ideal for bark-peeling and inner bark is usually more concentrated. The damage is less if bark is collected from twigs. Mosses and lichens are removed for colour purity. Coloring material is cut into pieces and soaked in water for several days. Fruits are cleaned and crushed before use. Dyeing substances after being absorbed directly into fibers usually do not produce good results because purity is a very important step in this connection. Natural dyes can be extracted from flowers, fruits, leaves, shoots, roots and bark of different plants. Generally one or a combination of aboveground parts is used, which also applies to medicinal evaluation of plants (Wee, 1992; Atta-ur-Rahman & Choudhary, 2005). Plants collected during the flowering or fruiting season are air-dried and grounded into powder, which is stored in bags. Generally 1 kg of wool fibre is obtained from ground material and boiled in a pan with 40L of water and fiber. Plants collected on wet days show better pigment leaching. The mixture is stirred for homogenous dyeing for 1 hour and then left for cooling. On the following day dyed fibres are rinsed and air-dried. The mixture in the pan is used 2 to 3 times for dyeing new fibres. Although the purity of plant dyes is very high, producers also use natural or synthetic mordants insoluble in water (Dogan et al., 2003) to strengthen their bonds. The amount required depends on its nature and usually account fot 3 to 20% dyed wool fiber. Natural ones are vinegar, bread yeast, lime, clay, wood ash, juice of unripe grape, oak cupula, seville orange juice, spurge secretion, ox urine, rock algae, mud with animal urine and some others. Chemical mordants are potassium aluminium sulfate-12-water (Kal(SO4) 2 12H2O), copper (II) sulphate pentahydrate (CuSO4 5H2O), iron (II)sulphate heptahydrate (FeSO4 7H2O), sodium sulphate decahydrate (NaSO4 10H2O), potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), tin (II) chloride (SnCl2), potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6) and some others (Dogan et al. 2003, 2009). Mordants in dyeing can be applied in the follwing ways: 1) pre-application in which wool fibers are left in a water mordant mixture for 24 hours followed by dyeing; 2) a mordant is added to the boiler pan with dried and ground plant parts and wool fibers are added to the pan for dyeing; 3) dyed material is left in the mordant water mixture for 24 hours, taken out, rinsed and air-dried. Synthetic dyes are used mainly due to their simplicity in producing all sorts of colour. However, their waste disposal results in great environmental and economic problems. The fully washed textile samples were used for determination of colour intensity with a DC 3881 Datacolor spectrophotometer and evaluation was made by Kubelka-Munk equality values at the wavelength of maximal absorption minimal reflectance (Dogan et al., 2009). In general, green plant parts and flowers give a dark colour with a greenish tinge, while mature leaves usually give a soft yellowish green. The whole plant gives a different shade than mere flowers. Berries produce brown and grey tinges, and fruits give good dyes or stains, particularly dead ripe berries. Lichen-dyed material has a 70

distinct odor. Summer plants usually give better colour than winter ones. 3. Results and Discussion The traditional colouring of foods, textiles, cosmetics and pharmaceutical preparation is of paramount importance to the economy of Turkey. Plant dyes have been used extensively in carpets, rugs, textiles, leather goods, ceramics, earthenware and fine arts (Dogan et al., 2003, 2009). In this study both aboveground and underground parts were used for determining colour intensity on wool. The colour intensity of some plants was between 3.3 and 6.5 when that of some others ranged between 10.0-30.0. The global number of families is reportedly between 402 and 457 (Anonymous, 2003; Dogan et al., 2008). However, only 1100 plant taxa are used for dyeing (Dogan et al., 2008). Natural dyes are common in areas where handcraft production is still active. More than 600 species are used in India (Anonymous, 2003; Dogan et al., 2008), over 200 in Mongolia (Batugal et al., 2004; Dogan et al., 2008) and nearly 150 in Turkey (Uysal, 1991; Dogan et al., 2008). Turkey has nearly 10,000 taxa of higher plants and more than 3,000 are endemic (Davis, 1965-1985; Davis et al., 1988; Guner et al., 2000). Some of these plants have two or more applications. For example Urtica dioica is used as medicine, food and dye (Baytop, 1999). Dyes from pomegranate, lawsone from henna and juglone from walnut possess antibacterial and antifungal properties (Hoessel et al., 1999; Siddiqui & Kardar, 2001; Siddiqui et al., 2006; Manjunatha, 2006; Omkar et al., 2006; Dogan et al., 2008). The taxa like Acacia catechu, Kerria lacca, Quercus infectoria, Rubia cordifolia and Rumex maritimus are used to evaluate their bactericidal properties against some common microbes (Singh et al., 2005). This study covered the regions in Turkey where rug- and carpet-weaving are major sources of income, and presented the medicinal uses of natural dye plants found in Turkey. Natural dyes are produced from different organs of plants, such as flowers, fruits, leaves, stems and roots with one or a combination of many aboveground parts being used, which also applies to medicinal evaluation of plants (Wee, 1992; Atta-ur-Rahman & Choudhary, 2005). Appendix A shows that all 50 families (143 species) are members of the division of Spermatophyta. Among the families, Cupressaceae (Juniperus communis L.), Pinaceae (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Taxaceae (Taxus baccata L.) are members of Gymnospermae, and the rest (140 species) are members of Angiosperms. Of the Angiosperms, the families Liliaceae (Allium cepa, Convallaria majalis ), Iridaceae (Crocus biflorus subsp. tauri, Crocus sativus, Iris iberica ssp. elegantisima, Iris germanica, Iris paradoxa) and Poaceae (Hordeum vulgare) are Monocotyledons, and the rest (132 species) are Dicotyledons. Leaves of 50 species, roots of 27, fruits of 26, flowers of 23 species, seeds of 11, bark of 10, resin of 9, capitulum of 8, whole plants of 7, aboveground parts of 7, stems of 2, and gall, bulb and starch of 1 were used for medicianl purposes (Figure 1). Leaves were the dominant plant part in 50 samples. They were used for treatment of diseases like antiseptic, antipyretic, constipation, throat and gum disorders, cardiotonic, diuretic, stomachic, malaria, appetizer, hemmorhoid, diaphoretic, sedative, exudative, analgesic, laxative, expectorant, aphrodisiac, antiparasitic, antihelminthic and. The family Asteraceae has the largest number of taxa (18), followed by Lamiaceae (11), Rosaceae (11), Polygonaceae (9), Euphorbiaceae (6), Iridaceae (5 taxa) and Oleaceae (5 taxa) (Figure 2). The families represented by less than 5 taxa are Brassicaceae (4), Moraceae(4), Anacardiaceae, Boraginaceae, Coryllaceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Hypericaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rubiaceae, Salicaceae (3), and Cistaceae, Liliaceae, Malvaceae, Myrtaceae, Papaveraceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Tiliaceae, Urticaceae (1). 22 families are represented by a single taxon (Figure 2). 71

Fig. 1. The number of taxa according to families Fig. 2. The number of taxa according to genera 4. Conclusions The awareness of global environmental problems has revived the interest in natural dyes (Kwok et al., 1999; Ng Frankie, 2004; Safa & Bhattie, 2011). Currently, a large number of dye plants are assessed on the basis of their suitability for cultivation, yield, and dyeing quality. Also, the majority of these plants are of great medicinal value when 80% of the world population are using plant-based medicines. In Turkey, there are 143 dye plants which are medicinal. However, overharvesting for chemical research, dyeing or medicinal purposes is threatening some of these plants with extinction. Appendix A Dye plants of Turkey and their medicinal uses Family & Species names Local names Parts used & Colour Medicinal Usages Anacardiaceae Cotinus coggyria Scop. Pistacia terebintus L. ssp. palaestiana (Boiss.) Eng. Dumanağacı, Boyacı sumağı, Sarı sumak Menengic, Sakız ağacı, Meneç Leaves, Shoots; Yellow, Leaves; Yellow, Grey, Rhus coriaria L. Sumak Leaves, Roots; Black Leaves, Fruits; Yellow,,, Grey Leaves; as antiseptic, antipyretic, for constipation Resin; as antiseptic for respiratory and urinary system disorders Gall; for constipation, chronic coughing, bronchitis, asthma, Fruits; as diuretic and restorative Flowers; as diuretic, for cold, flu Leaves; for throat and gum disorders, constipation, as mouthwash, styptic and antiseptic Fruits; muscle contraction 72

Apocynaceae Nerium oleander L. Zakkum Roots, Barks; Black Leaves; as cardiotonic, diuretic Araliaceae Hedera helix L. Orman sarmasigi, Duvar sarmaşığı Fruits; 73 Plants; as laxative, menstrual cycle regulator, anthelmintic, exudative Leaves; swollen inflamed wounds Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. Civanperçemi Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as diuretic, appetizer, carminative, wound healer (especially hemorrhoid). Anthemis austriaca Jacq. Papatya Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, for gyneco-logical diseaes, carminative abdominal pain Anthemis chia L. Papatya Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, carminative, for gyneco-logical disease, Anthemis cotula L. Köpek papatyası Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, carminative, for gyneco-logical disease, Anthemis cretica L. ssp. pontica (Willd.) Grierson Papatya Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, carminative, for gyneco-logical disease Anthemis pseudocotula Boiss. Papatya Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, carminative, for gyneco-logical disease Anthemis tinctoria L. var. Boyacı papatyası Capitulum; Yellow Capitulum; as stimulant, carminative, for tinctoria gyneco-logical disease Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. Top telli Leaves; Yellow Roots; for podagro, as diuretic Capitulum; for eye disease Arctium tomentosum Mill. Dul avrat otu Roots; for podagro, as diuretic Leaves; as stomachic Carthamus tinctorius L. Boyacı aspiri, Aspir Sepals; Red, Yellow, Achens; as laxative, for arthritis pain, Eupatorium cannabinum L. Sıtma otu Whole plant; Red Leaves; malaria Inula helenium L. Andız otu, Anduz kökü, Andız, Indus kökü Leaves; Yellow Roots; as anti-spasmodic, diuretic, tonic, anthelmintic, for asthma, coughing, dysentery Leaves; as appetizer, for hemorrhoid Inula viscosa (L.) Aiton Yapışkan andız Leaves; Yellow Leaves; for wound healing, hemorrhoid, as appetizer, Flowering branches and roots; for dysentery Matricaria chamomilla L. Mayıs papatyası, Adi papatya, Alman papatyası, Beyaz papatya Capitulum; Yellow Flowers; for gall bladder disorder, hemorrhoid, cold, coughing, wound healing, as antipyretic, diuretic, appetizer, analgesic, sedative, carminative Senecio jacobaea L. Yakupotu, kanarya otu Capitulum; Yellow Roots; for gynecologic disorders Senecio vulgaris L. Kanarya otu Capitulum; Yellow Roots; for gynecologic disorders Tanacetum vulgare L. Solucanotu Capitulum; Yellow As tonic, appetizer, anthelmintic Xanthium spinosum L. Dikenli sırça otu Aboveground; Yellow Leaves; as diuretic, diaphoretic, sedative, for exudative Berberidaceae Berberis vulgaris L. Kadm tuzlugu, Amberparis, Karamuk Roots; Olivegreen, Yellow Roots; as appetizer, antipyretic, tonic, for jaundice in animals Betulaceae Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner. Kizilagac, Kizil baba Fruits; Dark brown For exudative Barks; Red, Leaves; Red,, Yellow Boraginaceae Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss. Havaco, Havaciva otu, Rhizomes; Red As Emmenagogue var. orientalis Dikensiz kızılot Roots; for wounds Whole plant; for wound healing Alkanna tinctoria (L.) Tausch Havaciva otu Roots;, Yellow Roots; for constipation, wound healer Anchusa azurea Miller. var. azurea Brassicaceae Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Mljmljokasin, Sıgırdili Aboveground; Blue Flowering branches and leaves; for diaphoretic, exudative, as diuretic Whole plant; for allergy, pimples Kara lahana Leaves; Pink Leaves; as analgesic, laxative, digestive, expectorant, for stomach disorder Başlı lahana Leaves; Pink Leaves; as laxative, digestive, expectorant Seeds; as anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, diuretic

Isatis tinctoria L. subsp, Civit otu Aboveground; Yellow Leaves; for coughing, as laxative, wound tomentalla (Boiss.) Davis healer Isatis glauca Aucher ex Boiss. Civit otu Aboveground; Yellow Leafy branches; as laxative, wound healer subsp, iconia (Boiss. & Heldr.) Davis Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra L. Mürver, Avrupa Mürver Fruits, Leaves, Barks, Fruits, leaves and bark; as diuretic, ağacı, Sultan otu, Kedi otu Flowers; Black, Purple, diaphoretic, laxative Yellow, Stem and leaves; as analgesic Cistaceae Cistus creticus L. Laden otu Leaves, Seeds; Yellow, Leafy branches; for constipation, as stimulant, expectorant Cistus laurifolius L. Defne yapraklı Laden Leaves; Yellow Leafy branches; for diabetes, constipation, as stimulant, expectorant Corylaceae Corylus avellana L., var. Findik Leaves, Exocarp; Yellow, Leaves; as diuretic avellana Seeds; as aphrodisiac Corylus colurna L. Findik Leaves, Exocarp; Yellow, Leaves; as diuretic Seeds; as aphrodisiac, tonic Corylus maxima Miller Findik Leaves, Exocarp; Yellow, Leaves; as diuretic Seeds; as aphrodisiac, tonic Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. Ardıç, Cüce ardıç, Adi ardıç Leaves; Leaves; as antiseptic, antiparasitic, diueric, stomachic, for exudative Datiscaceae Datisca cannabina L. Yalancı kenevir, Gence Aboveground; Yellow Whole plant; as laxative, diuretic Ericaceae Arbutus andrachne L. Sandal ağacı Leaves; Yellow Leaves, bark; for constipation, as antiseptic Vaccinium arctostaphyllos L. Ayı üzümü Leaves, Fruits;, Leaves; as laxative Vaccinium myrtillus L. Çoban üzümü Fruits; Purple Leaves; as laxative, antiseptic, for diabetes Euphorbiaeeae Euphorbia cheiradenia Boiss. Sutlegen, Sirker Aboveground; Yellow Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for & Hohen Euphorbia helioscopia L. Sutlegen Aboveground; Yellow Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for Euphorbia orientalis L. Sutlegen, Sirker Aboveground; Yellow, Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for Euphorbia macroclada Boiss. Sutlegen Aboveground; Yellow Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for Euphorbia paralias L. Sutlegen Aboveground; Yellow Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for Euphorbia seguierana Neck. ssp. niciciana (Borbas ex Novak) Rech fil. Sutlegen Aboveground; Yellow Latex; as anthelmintic, laxative, for Fabaceae Genista tinctoria L. Boyaci katirtirnagi Flowered stems; Yellow Stems; yellow Flowering branches; as diuretic, laxative, for exudative Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Meyan Leaves; Yellow Roots; for coughing, bronchitis Spartium junceum L. Katir tırnagi Stems, Flowers; Yellow Flowers; as diuretic Fagaceae Castanea sativa Miller Anadolu kestanesi Leaves, Barks; Yellow Leaves, bark; for constipation Quercus ithaburensis Decne Palamut meşesi Cupula; Fruits; for constipation, as tonic, antiseptic subsp. macrolepis (Kotschy) Hedge et Yalt. Quercus robur L. Sapli meşe Leaves, Gall, Bark; Black, Fruits; for constipation, as tonic, antiseptic Grossulariaceae Ribes nigrum L. Kus uzumu Leaves, Fruits; Yellow, Fruits; as stomachic, diuretic, for exudative Blue Hamamelidaceae Liquidambar orientalis Miller Günlük ağacı Wood; Black Balsam; as antiseptic, wound healer, antiparasitic, expectorant 74

Hippocastanaceae Aesculus hippocastanum L. At kestanesi Exocarp;,, Yellow 75 Barks; as laxative, astringent, antipyretic, for hemorrhoid Hypericaceae Hypericum calycinum L. Büyük çiçekli binbirdelik otu Leaves; Yellow, Flowering branches; as antispas-modic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, for burn wounds Hypericum Willd. empetrifolium Hypericum perforatum L. Binbir delik otu, sarıca otu,sarıca yüz otu Püren, sarı püren Aboveground; Yellow, Leaves; Yellow,, Flowering branches; as antispas-modic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, for burn wounds Flowering branches; as antispas-modic, laxative, anthelmintic, antiseptic, stomachic, sedative, for burn wounds, ulcer, diabetes, hemorrhoid, stomach disorders, Iridaceae Crocus biflorus Miller. subsp, Berfan Flowers Flowers; as sedative, menstrual cycle tauri (Hov) Mathew regulator, appetizer Crocus sativus L. Safran Stigma Flowers; as sedative, menstrual cycle regulator, appetizer Iris iberica Hoffm. ssp, elegantisima (Sosn.)Takht. & Fedorov. Sosen Sepals and petals Rhizomes; as diuretic, for gall bladder disorder Iris germanica L. Mor süsen Sepals and petals Rhizomes; as diuretic, for gall bladder disorder Iris paradoxa Steven Stisen Flowers Rhizomes; as diuretic, for gall bladder disorder Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. Ceviz Root, Leaves, Fruits, Exocarp Leaves; as appetizer, laxative, antiseptic, for diabetes, skin disorders Flowers; as astringent Lamiaceae Lycopus europaeus L. Kurt otu, kalkanbezi otu, Leaves, Stems For Thyroid tiroid otu Menta longifolia (L.) Hudson Punk, Tüylü nane Aboveground Aboveground; as tonic, for exudative, subsp, longifolia diarrhea, gyneco-logical disorders gall bladder disorders, Leaves; for cold, flu Mentha pulegium L. Nane, Punk Aboveground; Grey, Aboveground; for gall bladder disorders, diarrhea, nausea, exudative, Mentha spicata L Kivircik nane Aboveground; Grey, Aboveground; for diarrhea, nausea, Salvia multicaulis Vahl. Kasgatenik Aboveground; Yellow Leaves; as wound healer Salvia nemorosa L. Adacayi Aboveground; Yellow Aboveground; as galactagogue Salvia officinalis L. Tıbbi adaçayı Aboveground; Yellow, Leaves; as carminative, antiseptic, stomachic,, diuretic, for cold, sore throat, kidney stones, exudative, Salvia tomentosa Mill. Büyük çiçekli adaçayı Aboveground; Yellow, Leaves; as carminative, antiseptic, stomachic, Grey, diuretic, for cold, sore throat, kidney stones, exudative, Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hoben subsp. kotschyanus Kekik Aboveground; Grey Aboveground; as stomachic, expectorant, sedative, anthelmintic, antiseptic Thymus transcaucasicus Kekik, Catir Aboveground; Grey Aboveground; as stomachic, expectorant, Ronniger sedative, anthelmintic, antiseptic Thymus zygioides Griseb. Kekik Aboveground; Yellow, Aboveground; as stomachic, expectorant, Grey,, sedative, anthelmintic, antiseptic Liliaceae Allium cepa L. Sogan Leaves; Yellow,, Bright red Leaves and bulbs; as laxative, appetizer, wound healer, cardiotonic, for ulcer, diabetes, hypertension Convallaria majalis L. İnci çiçeği Leaves; Orange, Yellow Leaves; as diuretic, cardiotonic Malvaceae Alcea rosea L. Gulhatmi Flowers; Flowers; as diuretic Malva sylvestris L. Ebegümeci, Develik otu Leaves; Leaves, flowers; for swollen inflamed wounds, abortion Whole plant; for menstrual pain, hemorrhoid, exudative Roots; for abortion, inflammed wounds, wound healing

Leaves; for kidney pain and stones, cold, tonsillitis Moraceae Ficus carica L. Incir Leaves; Fruits; as laxative Leaves; for leg pain Morus alba L. Ak dut Leaves; Yellow Leaves; as antipyretic, diuretic, anthelmintic Morus nigra L. Kara dut Leaves; Yellow Fruits; for aphta, mouth wounds, throat disorder Roots; as laxative, diuretic, for diabetes Morus rubra L. Mor dut Leaves; Yellow Fruits; for aphta, mouth wounds, throat disorder Roots; as laxative, diuretic, for diabetes Myrtaceae Eucalyptus camadulensis Dehn. Adana Ökaliptusu Leaves; Barks; 76 Leaves; for constipation, as antiseptic, expectorant Myrtus communis L. Mersin, Murt Leaves; Yellow Leaves and fruits; for constipation, bronchitis, tuberculosis, gonorrhea, diabetes, urinary disorder, as antiseptic, wound healer, appetizer Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. Disbudak Leaves; Leaves; as galactagogue, diuretic, antipyretic, for constipation Fraxinus ornus L. Kudret helvası dişbudağı, Barks; Yellow, Bark; as laxative Çiçekli dişbudak Ligustrum vulgare L. Kurtbagri Fruits;, Yellow Whole plant; for hemorrhoid Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Miller) Lehr. Delice zeytin, yabani zeytin Leaves; Yellow,, Grey, Phillaria latifolia L. Akcakesme Fruits; Fruits; as carminative Papaveraceae Papaver rhoeas L. Flowers; Grey Gelincik, Kara gelincik, Kuş dili Leaves; as appetizer, diuretic, antipyretic, for hypertension, constipation Fruits; as burn wound healer Petals; as sedative, soporofic, for coughing Whole plant; for preventing abortion Leaves; for Papaver somniferum L. Haşhaş Flowers; Purple Capsules; as analgesic Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. Amerikan şerbetçiboyası Fruits; Red Fruits; as stimulant, for exudative, emetic, irritant, diarrhea Pinaceae Pinus brutia Ten. Kizil cam Barks; Resin; as antiseptic Platanaceae Platanus orientalis L. Dogu Cınari Barks; Red Bark and leaves; for constipation, as antiseptic, antipyretic Poaceae Hordeum vulgare L. Cok sirali arpa Leaves; Yellow Fruits; as laxative, diuretic Polygonaeeae Polygonum cognatum Meiss. Madımak, madımalak Leaves; Yellow Starch; as diuretic, for diabetes Rheum ribes L. Ribes, Işgın, Uckun Roots; Blue Leaves and flowers; as stomachic, antiemetic, for constipation Roots; for diabetes, ulcer, diarrhea, as anthelmintic Rumex caucasicus Rech. Trisog, Evelik Roots; Beige Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed wounds, eczema Rumex conglomeratus Murr. Labada Roots, Flowers; Yellow, Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed wounds, eczema Rumex crispus L. Kuzu kulağı Roots, Flowers; Yellow, Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed wounds, eczema Rumex cristatus DC. Yunan labadası Roots, Flowers Yellow, Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed wounds, eczema Rumex obtusifolius L. subsp. Yabani labada Leaves, Seeds, Roots; Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed subalpinus (Schur) Celak, Yellow, wounds, eczema Rumex patientia L. Akıllı labada Leaves;, Yellow Roots; as laxative, for swollen inflamed wounds, eczema Seeds; for diarrhea Rumex tuberosus L. ssp, horizontalis (Koch) Rech. Trisog, Evelik, yumru köklü kuzukulağı Roots, Seeds; Beige Roots; as diuretic, antipyretic, for kidney stones

Stems and leaves; for tension, kidney stones Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Nar Exocarp; Yellow, Exocarp; for diarrhea, as anthelmintic Flowers; for hypertension Ranunculaceae Thalictrum flavum L. Çayır sedefi Flowers; Yellow Roots and rhizomes; as laxative, diuretic Rhamnaceae Rhamnus alaternus L. Cehri Barks; Fruits; as laxative Rhamnus kurdicus Boiss. & Cehri Fruits; Yellow, Fruits; as laxative Hoh. Rhamnus petiolaris Boiss. Cehri Fruits; Yellow Fruits; as laxative Rosaeeae Amygdalus communis L. var. Acı badem Leaves; Yellow Fruits; for sore throat, coughing, as amara anthelmintic, diuretic Armeniaca vulgaris Lam Kayısı Leaves; Yellow Fruits; as laxative Seeds; for stomach ache, pain, diabetes Cerasus avium (L.) Moench Kiraz Barks, Leaves; Light or dark yellow Barks; for constipation, cough, as diuretic Cerasus vulgaris Miller Vişne Barks, Leaves; Orange, Barks; for constipation, as diuretic, tonic Yellow, Grey Cydonia oblonga Miller Ayva Leaves; Yellow, Seeds; for diarrhea, mouth wounds Fruits; for constipation Mespilus germenica L. Muşmula Leaves;, Fruits, leaves; for dysentery, kidney stones Malus sylvestris Mill. Elma Leaves; Yellow Fruits; for coughing, sore throat Persica vulgaris Miller Şeftali Leaves; Yellow Seeds; for stomach ache, diabetes Prunus divaricata Ledeb. Erik Fruits; Fruits; as laxative Leaves; for constipation Flowers; as diuretic, anthelmintic Prunus spinosa L. Güvem Barks;, Fruits; for diabetes Rubus canescens DC. Böğürtlen Young shoots; Yellow Fruits;, Grey, Leaves; as diuretic, tonic, sedative, for diarrhea, diabetes Fruits; for mouth wounds Rubiaceae Galium verum L. ssp, verum Yogurt otu Aboveground; Red Flowers and leaves; for cancer Rubia peregrina L. Kok boya Roots; Red Roots; as diuretic, laxative, for kidney stones Rubia tinctoria L. Runas, Kok boya Rhizome, Roots; Red Rhizomes; as diuretic, laxative Salicaceae Populus nigra L. Kara kavak Leaves, Barks; Yellow Bark; for constipation, hemorrhoid,, burn wounds, exudative, as diuretic, expectorant, sedative Salix caprea L. Keçi söğüdü Leaves, Stems; Yellow Bark; as antipyretic, tonic, for constipation, Salix viminalis L. Bağ söğüdü, Sepetçi söğüdü, Sorgun Scrophulariaceae Verbascum oreodoxum Hub.- Merijenk, Sigir kuyrugu Aboveground; Yellow, Mor. Verbascum orientale Bieb. Merijenk, Sigir kuyrugu Aboveground; Yellow, Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Türk biberi, İsot Leaves, Fruits; Yellow, Red Leaves; Yellow Bark; as antipyretic, tonic, for constipation, 77 Corolla; as expectorant, laxative, sedative, diuretic, for exudative, Corolla; as expectorant, laxative, sedative, diuretic for exudative Fruits; as appetizer, diuretic, stimulant Nicotiana tabacum L. Tutun Leaves; Leaves; for parasites Taxaceae Taxus baccata L. Adi porsuk Leaves, Barks; Yellow, Leaves; as stomachic, carminative, sedative,, Pink for gyneco-logical disorder Theaceae Camelia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze Cay Leaves; Beige Leaves; as stomachic, tonic, diuretic, for constipation Tiliaceae Tilia argentea Desf. Gümüşi ıhlamur Barks, Flowers; Flowers; as diuretic, sedative, soporofic, expectorant, for sore throat, exudative Tilia rubra DC. Kafkas ıhlamuru Braks, Flowers; Flowers; as diuretic, sedative, soporofic, expectorant, for sore throat, exudative Urticaceae

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