& UNHCR &, 2000 - & &,.. - -.

& UNHCR &, 2000 - & &,.. - -.

, 2000 Copyright BACKGROUND PAPER ON REFUGEES & ASYLUM SEEKERS FROM PAKISTAN, Geneva, March 2000. 23,, 154 52. 67 26 462 67 26 296 / 67 26 417 2

1. 4 2. (1998-2000). 4 9 11 2.1 - ( ) 12 3.. 14 3.1.. 14 3.2. 14.. 14 15 3.3. 17 18 19, 19.. 20. 20. 21 21.. 22. 22.. 23 23.. 24. 27 4. 27 4.1 (1990-1999).. 27. 27.. 27 1999 2000. 28 4.2.. 28. 1 2 3 4 (1990-1999) - (1999) (1990-1999) (1/1999-1/2000) 29 30 31 32 3

1. 1 -,. - : Baluchistan, -, Punjab Sindh, -., - 2. 1999 -. :. 12 1999. : Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( - ), Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ), Jammat-I-Islami, Muttahida Quami Movement MQM, Awami National Party - ANP ( Awami), Jamiat-I- Ulema-Pakistan, Tehrik-I-Insaf, Millat Party 3. 1996 134.146.000 -. 1998 2000.. 97% -. 3%,, - Ahmadiyyas. Punjabis 2/3 -. Sindhis (24 32%), Pathans (13%), Mohajirs (8 18%) Baluchis (4%) 4. 2. (1998-2000) 1999, -.. -. 12.10.1999, - Nawaz Sharif. 12.10.1999 Nawaz Sharif Pervez Musharraf, Khawaja Ziauddin 5. - Nawaz Sharif, 200, 6. Musharraf., -,, - 1 1998. - 1998 -. 2 Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, 5. 3 Ibid. 4 World Directory of Minorities, 1999, Minority Rights Group International, 573. 5 Current History, Asia, December 1999, 409. 6 Ibid. 4

6 7. - -. - 8. Musharraf -.,. Pakistan Muslim League (PML) Nawaz Sharif.,, - Nawaz Sharif., 14 1999, - (Grand Democratic Alliance) 19 Nawaz Sharif 9. Human Rights Watch 1000, : Pakistan People Party PPP, Muttahida Quami Movement MQM, Awami National Party & Pakistan Tehrik e Insaaf Party 10. Musharraf -, /,, 11. Nawaz Sharif - Musharraf, 12.10.1999-12., - 1985. - - 13. 1997, Nawaz Sharif,.,. - 14. Nawaz Sharif. 1998. Nawaz Sharif - 7 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 207. 8 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, 18. 9 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 207. 10 Ibid., 207. 11 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1999, 19. 12 Ibid., 19. 13 Ibid., 19. 14 Ibid., 2 nd Quarter 1998, 8. 5

. Nawaz Sharif:. Nawaz Sharif -. Nawaz Sharif 1990 (Inter- Services Intelligence ISI) 15. 1998 Punjab 1993., -. Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ). 1998 Karamat, Nawaz Sharif - Pervez Musharraf. - Nawaz Sharif. 16. 1998. - Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) - Nawaz Sharif. Nawaz Sharif, 1997 Rafiq Tarar, Punjab.. -, (Pakistan Coalition Nations Movement) 17., Awami National Party - ANP ( Awami), Pathans 18. Baluch National Party BNP ( Baluch) 1998. 1998 Sindh - Kalabagh. Punjab ( Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) Sindh, - 19. 15 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 20. 16 Ibid., 18-20. 17 Far Eastern Economic Review, Soldiering On, 14.1.1999, 18. 18 EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, 15. 19 Ibid., 16. 6

Sindh Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ). 1997 Nawaz Sharif 3000 Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) -. Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf),. Nawaz Sharif 1998.. 180 1998 - Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) 20. 1998, Jamaat-I-Islami - (ijtima), 300.000. Nawaz Sharif. Jamaat-I-Islami, o Qazi Hussain Ahmad, 21 -., Tehrik-I-Insaaf Imran Khan Millat Party Faroop Leghari, Nawaz Sharif 22. 1998 -,. -, - Nawaz Sharif. - (Shariah). Nawaz Sharif -.,, 1998, - 23. Nawaz Sharif. 24. 1998 1000 25.,,,,,, -, - 26. -. 20 EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, 16. 21 Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise in the Crescent, 3.12.1998, 21 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 7. 22 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 7. 23 Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise in the Crescent, 3.12.1998, 21. 24 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 202. 25 Ibid., 202. 26 Current History, Asia, December 1999, 413. 7

27. 1998..,,. 1998. -. 1998 -., 1998,. 1998 -. - :., 28. 1998,, 29. Punjabis Pachtuns. -. 1998 Nawaz Sharif,. «,» 30., Nawaz Sharif 28.8.1998 - shariah ( ). (shariah). -. -., Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) 2/3. -, Nawaz Sharif 43 87. Nawaz Sharif,. - 31. 27 Ibid., 413. 28 EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, 16-17. 29 Asian Survey, September / October 1999, 707. 30 Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, State of Human Rights in 1998, 1999. 31 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 16. 8

1999.,, - 32. -, - - 33. (shariah) 1999. - - 34. 1999, Nawaz Sharif - Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf), 1997 -. 1999 - Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM Altaf) Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ) 35. 15.4.19999 - Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ), Asif Zardari, 36., Sindh, - Punjabis. Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ). Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) ( ) Nawaz. 1978 - - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 37.,, Qayyum,. - Punjab Sindh,,,,, Sindh. 1997, Nawaz Sharif 1997, - MQM Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM), [ Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf Mohajir Quami Movement Haqiqi] Sindh Muttahida Quami Movement (MQM). Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf (MQM) Sindh, 32 Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIX, No. 5, September / October 1999, 704. 33 Asian Survey, Vol. XXXIX, No. 5, September / October 1999, 705. 34 Ibid., 704. 35 EIU, Country Profile, 3 rd Quarter 1999, 17. 36 Ibid., 2 nd Quarter 1999, 13. 37 Ibid., 14. 9

Nawaz Sharif Sindhis mohajirs Urdu 38. 1998 100 MQM, -. 1992 1998-634, 720 MQM. 1997, Nawaz Sharif Sindh 85. - 39. 1998 MQM. 171. - MQM, (Basic Association of Citizens of Karachi BACK), -., MQM 40. 1998 MQM - Altaf Nawaz Sharif:., - Pakistan People s Party PPP ( ) MQM - Altaf., MQM - Altaf. Human Rights Watch «-» 41. 1998 Pakistan Muslim League - PML ( ) MQM Altaf - Sindh., MQM - Altaf -. MQM- Altaf MQM - Sindh MQM Haqiqi. 42., 30.10.1998, Haqim Said Sindh, MQM - Altaf, -. 18 - MQM - Altaf. 20.11.1998 MQM 43. 38 Ibid., 4 th Quarter 1998, 17. 39 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998,17. 40 US Department of State (USDOS), 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan Section 1a. 41 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 203. 42 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan Section 1a. 43 Ibid., & Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999. 10

MQM -., MQM. 44. 1998 1999 -, 45. - 46. 1998 1999-47. Punjab, 11.1.1998, 25 -, 75-80 48. Punjab, Sindh.., 49.,, - Zia ul-haq s, -. -, 50... -,. - - 51., 1998 Punjab. -. 52. 1998-44 Far Eastern Economic Review, Soldiering On, 14.1.1999, 18. 45 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1a. 46 Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999. 47 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 203. 48 Human Rights Commission of Pakistan, State of Human Rights in 1998, 1999. 49 Modern Asian Studies, Sectarianism in Pakistan: The Radicalization of Shi a and Sunni Identities, Vol. 32, No. 3, July 1998. 50 Ibid. 51 Immigration and Refugee Board, Canada, Pakistan: Sectarian Violence, July 1999. 52 Ibid. 11

( - ), -. 1998 Punjab 14 53. 1999. 8-1999 Moltan 17 54. 1999 Sindh,. 1999-1998,. - - 55., -. -, - Nawaz Sharif - 56. 1997: - - ( ) -., «-, -» 57. 1999 -. 58 1999 59. 2.1 - ( ) Nawaz Sharif 1997. 1997 -,,,, - 53 Ibid. 54 Europa World Report 2000, 2736. 55 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, 15. 56 Ibid., 15. 57 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 207. 58 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, 16. 59 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 207. 12

., 1998 (United Front), - Inder Kumar Gujral - 60. 1998 Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). (Inter-services Intelligence Agency ISI). 1998. Atal Behari Vaipayee 61., [ - (Research and Analysis Wing RAW)], :, 1998, - 22, 62. 11 1998, -,,..,.,,, -., - -... 28.5.1998 63..,,.. - -, 64. 1998 : 65.,,. 1998 Jammu. - 100 66. 60 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, 13. 61 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, 13. 62 Ibid. 63 Ibid., 16,17. 64 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 202. 65 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 21. 66 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 202. 13

1998 -, Nawaz Sharif Atal Behari Vaipayee. - 67. 1999, -,.. - 68. 3. 3.1 69 : i) (1948), 12.10.1957. ii) (1952), 7.12.1954. iii) (1965), - iv) 21.9.1966. Apartheid (1973), 27.2.1986. v) (1979), 12.3.1996. vi) (1989), 12.11.1990. : i) (1951). ii) (1967). iii) (1954). iv) (1961). v) (1966). vi), (1966). vii) (1966). viii) (1968). ix), - (1984). x) Apartheid (1985). xi) - (1989). 3.2 : 1997 Nawaz Sharif -.. - 67 EIU, Country Report, 3 rd Quarter 1998, 18. 68 USDOS, Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 1999, Pakistan. 69 : UNHCR, REFWORLD, 1999. 14

-. 28.8.1998 -. 15 (Qoran & Sunnah). (Sharia), salat ( ), - zakat ( ), «-»,. 15 - «,,» 70. 15 ( 2/3) -. -. - Nawaz Sharif.,,. -. «, 1980 Zia ul-haq 1991 Nawaz Sharif,» 71.. - - (Shariah).. - (Qoran) (Sunnah) -,., 70 -, 72.,, - Musharraf 1999., -,, -. 70 EIU, Country Report, 4 th Quarter 1998, 13-14. 71 Ibid., 14-15. 72 Far Eastern Economic Review, Raise the Crescent, 3.12.1998, 21. 15

:. - 73. 1997, - -, Sajjad Ali Shah. -. 1998. - 14.. Nawaz Sharif,. - -., - 74. 1998 - ( Anti-Terrorist Act) -. - -., - 75. 1997. 1997 Nawaz Sharif -, -., - 76. 1998 (MTC Military Trial Courts), 77. 28.4.1999 -., 78. -, 73 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practice, Pakistan. 74 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, 19. 75 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 203. 76 Ibid. 77 Human Rights Watch, Shut-Down of Military Courts in Pakistan Hailed, but Transfer of Cases to Anti-Terrorism Courts Sharply Condemned, 18.2.1999. 78 Agence France Presse, Karachi Special Court Hands Death Penalty to Triple - Murder Accused, 15.5.1999. 16

. 12.5.1999-79. 1999 Musharraf - ( ),,,,, - 80. 1999 Musharraf 81. 1999 - Musharraf -., 14.10.1999. 1, -, Musharraf - 82. 3.3 ( 1999) -. Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf,. «,. -... [ ]. - Nawaz Sharif Musharraf., - - -. -., -» 83. Musharraf - -.,, - 84. 79 Ibid. 80 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1e. 81 Ibid., Section 1 e 82 Ibid., Section 1e. 83 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1e. 84 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 17

1998 -,.,. - - 85. - Faroq Legahari. -,,., -,. 86. :.. -. -. 1999,. - -., -,. 87.. -,, - 88. 1998. -.,, -. 89. 85 Amnesty International, Fundamental Rights Must Be Restored Immediately, 3.6.1998. 86 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 203. 87 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 88 Ibid., Section 1a. 89 Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999. 18

: - 90.. -. 91. 40 - Nawaz Sharif 1999. Lashkar-I-Jhangvi, -. - - 92., -., - 93. 1999, -.,., :... - - 94. 1999 «,, -, 50». - diyat 95,, 96. 1998, - Sindh 97, - 100,,. 90 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1, 19.12.1997. 91 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1a. 92 Ibid. 93 Ibid. 94 Ibid., Section 1b. 95 Diyat:, -,. 96 Amnesty International, Annual Report 1999. 97. 7. 19

Muttahida Quami Movement Altaf 98. : Hudood, (zina),,,. 428 1998. 113-6. 4 99.,. 100. 1999,, 101. : -. : - 102. -,, -. 14, -.. -. - - - 103. 30., -. - (Federal Administered Tribal Areas - FATA),,». -. 98 USDOS, 1998 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 99 Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999. 100 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Bacre Waly Ndiaye, on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, E/CN.4/1998/68/Add.1, 19.12.1997. 101 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1999, 16. 102 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1d. 103 Ibid. 20

Musharraf 1999 -,, - Nawaz Sharif. : -. :. - Human Rights Watch 1999. 11.4.1999, 22 Sahiwal Punjab. 13 104.. 1999, 105. : 96% -.., 20% 25%.., Parsees... 15 -,,. 1980 - Ahmadi. 6.5.1998 Faisalabad, Sahiwal Punjab, Ayub Masih. Punjab,.. 1986-658 : 2.467 - Ahmadiyya 106. Masih,., o Khalid Anwar -, «,, - -». 107. 104 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 209. 105 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 106 EIU, Country Report, 2 nd Quarter 1998, 20. 107 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 204. 21

1998 106 - Ahmadiyya. 28-295, 108. : 1998 -,. - 109. -.,., 110. Nawaz Sharif - - :,,, -, 111., -, Jang Group Newspapers, Jang The News. 1998 1999, Nawaz Sharif - 112., Jang - 15 -. - Newsline, The Muslim, Friday Time. 113. Musharraf -. Musharraf. -. - 114. : «-, -».,, - -. - 108 Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999. 109 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 204. 110 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2a. 111 Far Eastern Economic Review, Taxing Tactics: Sharif s Government Leans on Press Critics, 14.1.1999. 112 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 208. 113 Far Eastern Economic Review, Taxing Tactics: Sharif s Government Leans on Press Critics, 14.1.1999. 114 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan. 22

115.. Musharraf.... Punjab 1999 -, 116., - -. 1999, - Punjab 1.941-5.967 117. Musharraf. Musharraf Punjab 118. :.,., -.,. -, -. 1998-1.738. - 8.000,. - Musharraf.. Nawaz Sharif. Musharraf - 119. : 1999-120. 1999 -,, - 115 USDOS, 1998 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2b. 116 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 209. 117 Ibid., 209. 118 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 4. 119 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 120 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 208. 23

121., -.,. -, 122.,, - Hudood., Peshawar Mardan. - 80% Hudood 123., Radhika Coomaraswamy, 124. 1999 125. -. - -» 126. 1999 Sindh Punjab - 1.000.000 $ Shirkat Gah, -, - 127. :. : -,. -, 100.000., 121 Ibid., 208. 122 Amnesty International, Annual Report, 1999. 123 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 1c. 124 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, E/CN.4/1998/54. 125 Ibid. 126 Human Rights Watch, World Report 2000, 210. 127 Ibid. 24

( 90%),,, 128. 1.200.000, - 203. 1990 3.000.000, 1992. 2.000.000, -, 129. 1979,. -., 1994 Hezb-e-Islami Jamiat-e-Islami 74.000. 1996, Jalalabad Kabul 50.000, Kabul. 1998, Mazar-I-Sahrif 1999 30.000 Hazaras - - Baluchistan. - 130. 1999. 1998 - : (prima facie refugees) 90%.,. - 131.,. - 132. 1999. -. - -.., 128 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan 1999. 129 Ibid. 130 Ibid. 131 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, 1999. 132 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 25

, Hazaras Quetta, -, 133. 91.834 16.105 1999 -,. - 1990 2.514.563. :,, -. Pashtoons -... - 134.,.. -,, -, -,,., 135.. - -. / 136. -,,.. - - 137. Human Rights Watch - (Commissioner for Afghan Refugees CAR),. 6.4.1998,. -. (CAR) -. - 138. 133 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, 1999. 134 Ibid. 135 Ibid. 136 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, 1999. 137 USDOS, 1999 Country Report on Human Rights Practices, Pakistan, Section 2d. 138 Human Rights Watch, World Report 1999, 204. 26

: 2.400, -,,, Rawalpindi. -..... 1999-182 - 766, 139. 4. 1999. 45, 27, 10 10. 1999 - ( ). - /.,.,. 4.1 (1990-1999) : 1990-1999 86.200. 1992, 13.700. 1999 7.740, 20% 1998 (6.430). - 1990 1.100 2.300 ( 1999). [ 1]., - 1993 (4.510) (340 1999). 1990-1999 39%. (23%), (10%), (7,6%) (7%). 1999 : 33%. 21% 9%. [ 2]. : 1990-1999 - 4.630, - 1.670., - 79% - (2.850). 1999 (210) 139 UNHCR, 1999 Country Report Pakistan, 1999. 27

1998 (210) 560 1998 960 1999. 1990 1999 1.000. 1992, 405. 1998 1999-50. - 1995 5%. [ 3]., 30-40% -., ( 50% 1998 1999) - -. 1999 2000:. 1999 500, 1999 800. 2000 790, 11%. [ 4]. 2000 43% -. 16,5% 15,1%. 4.2 1998 50. (1.975 ), (1.610), (1.520), (965) (810).,, 40% 10% -. 1% -. 1999 45 -, 1998 (11.200 1999 9.850 1998). - 1999 (2.615 ), (2.340), (1.730), (1.310) (740). - 1999 1998. 28

35,00% (1999) 30,00% 25,00% 20,00% 15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00%.. 29

(1990-1999) 80,00% 60,00% 40,00% 20,00% 0,00% 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 30

(1990-1999) 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 31

(1/1999-1/2000) 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 32