A new approach to concentrating solar plant (CSP) by ENEA ENEA objective Economic element of solar plant ENEA technology innovations Archimede demonstrative solar plant Final remarks Presented by Mauro Vignolini
Incontro con una mente straordinaria ma dal carattere ruvido Quando il prof. Carlo Rubbia decise di affidarmi l incarico di responsabile del progetto solare termodinamico, gli dissi che non avevo alcuna competenza in questo campo. La risposta fu: Non sono importanti le competenze, ma le persone disposte a provare soluzioni che gli altri non vogliono provare. Ci ha insegnato la cultura dell innovazione: la capacità di anticipare le dinamiche di mercato e di rispondere in tempi rapidi per affrontare queste sfide.
Innovazione e cambiamento Innovazione Forti critiche Innovazione radicale Innovazione incrementale Prodotti Processi di fabbricazione Organizzativi Culturali
Max temperature in the solar plant T real T max C C Flat collector 122 - Parabolic trough 630 1.230 3D system 2.330 5.330
Energy comparison Source: Senza petrolio Richard Heinberg Energy (KWh) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1 hectare of Colza can supply 1 car per year 1,2 Colza (m^2/year) 5,5 Solar (m^2/day) Oil (lt) Uranium (kg) 9 100
Potential market
Solar technology potentiality High insulations area (300 W/m 2 ) 1 m 2 1 barrel of petrol/year 500 kg of CO 2 1 km 2 Thermoelectric plant of 50 MWe working for 6.000 h/y
ENEA objective To produce electricity by solar plant at high temperature (550 C) using molten salt. the advantages are: Higher solar plant efficiency; Lower solar electricity cost; Higher storage efficiency; Integration by gas combine cycle plant.
Fund for R & D and Archimede project (law 388/2000) 1 cutting 2 cutting
Actual research financing Royalty by the patent Service, design Brand ENEA by public to private fund
Electricity cost comparison (c$/kwh) c$/kwh 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 5,9 Source: Energy Information Administration 6,8 7,1 7,5 8,1 8,2 9,6 14,6
Levelized Energy Cost (LEC) comparison LEC electricity cost (c$/kwh) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 Solar plant (*) Oil barrel cost 124,00 Equivalent LEC 4 40 60 80 100 120 140 Barrel oil cost ($/bar) (*) Source CESI
Learning by doing curve Solar plant Coal plant
ENEA technology innovation Challenge: Entire network of pipes is filled with molten salt Solar collector design (easy manufacture and assembly) Storage (low volume and cost) Heat transfer fluid (low environmental impact) Receiving tube (high efficiency) 550 C 290 C Steam generator Power block
ENEA Roadmap: by labs to industrial demonstration (10 years) ENEL Archimede 5 MWe Industrial Demonstration plant 2008 2009 2010 Demo design and construction Industrial role 2007 Lab R&D Test facility PCS 2001 2002 2003 2004 Project Start-up 2005 2006 Prototype Operation start-up Prototype Design Components test and qualification 70 employers Government role
Molten salt as process fluid and thermal storage Molten salt is fertilizer (60% NaNO3 40% KNO3) Advantages: High working temperature (oil 380 C - molten salt 550 C) Atmospheric pressure in the thermal storage Lower volume and cost for thermal storage Molten salt at 450 C
Storage working Temperature 550 C Temperature 290 C Molten salts work as sole fluid for both heat absorption and storage allowing a simplified design of the plant Compared to traditional plants a smaller thermal storage fully compensate for solar discontinuities Standard turbines parameters are matched by a higher operating temperature Unlike oil, molten salts are an environmentally friendly, non-flammable, stable fluid, with no degradation of the receiving tube
Technology innovation: support structure of solar collector Competitors Patent ENEA Wing rib ENEA
Reflecting surface and tracking system DUPLOMATIC Brevetto Patent ENEA Tracking system RONDA REFLEX Wind load effect on collector
Reflecting panel manufacturing RONDA-REFLEX factory Composite material Back side
Reflecting panel manufacturing Composite material and thin glass RONDA - REFLEX
Deviation of reflecting panel by parabolic shape under load
A new design for receiving tube ENEA patent Coating Highest temperature (550 C) and efficiency in the world coating stable in air Achimede Solar Energy singed agreement by Siemens
ASE: HEMS08 solar receiver tube 1- Optical film coated stainless steel absorber tube; 2-Coated glass sleeve enclosure; 3-Bellows; 4-Glass to metal joint; 5-Internal shield with NEG Strips; 6-Barium getters; 7-Vacuum enclosure.
Receiver Tube: coating CERAMIC LAYER CERMET LAYER METALLIC LAYER Total thickness < 0.5 µm The surface coating deposited on the steel tube is constituted of a thin film multilayer structure including an inferior layer of metal, reflecting in the infrared, and a superior layer of antireflective ceramic material. A graded ceramicmetallic material (CERMET) having different volumetric fraction of metal is interposed between the two films. CERMET: ceramic-metal nanocomposite Fabrication technology : Sputtering 1) absorbance higher than or equal to 95% 2) design emissivity of lower than 10% at 400 C 3) design emissivity of lower than 14% at 580 C
Receiver tube Below Steel tube with coating Glass tube with vacuum
Receiver tube manufactory Patent ENEA POLO SAESGETTER STEROGLASS Glass tube New coating Junction Below Max temp. 600 C Coating stable in air Solar absorbance > = 95% Thermal emittance at 400 C ~ 10% at 550 C < 14%
Angelantoni industry view Sputtering machine
Test facility for components and system qualification Pump Up side of the Storage ENEA Casaccia labs (Rome) - Started-up April 2004 Storage Investment 5,43 M
Archimede project Owner ENEL (electrical utility) Technology and design ENEA Power 5 MWe Placed in Siracusa (Sicily) Storage 7 hours Photo reconstruction ENEL Archimede will start on 2010
Archimede project is the integration of solar plant with gas combined plant
Archimede project DNI 1936 kwh/ m 2 y Number of SCA 54 Solar field area 30600 m 2 Thermal output 28,3 GWh/y Field efficiency 48% Thermal storage 100 MWh (8 h) Nominalpower 4,7 MWe Net electrical output 9,2 GWhe/y Solar to electricity 15,6% Energy saving 2030 TEP/y Emission avoid CO 2 6300 t/y Solar field Gas combined cycle Combined cycle plant in Priolo Gargallo (Sicily) N 2 units by 380 MWe
Layout of Archimede solar plant Solar field Storage Steam line
Archimede storage Cold storage Hot storage Steam generator
Storage system assembly Inside steel liner of the storage Air natural cooling Thermal isulation of the storage
Archimede view under construction Archimede is under construction at the moment it is 80 %
Archimede collector manufactory Industries involved RONDA - REFLEX
Water desalination in Libya (Gengroup, ENEA,Techint) Solar field Desalization plant Power = 5.8 Mwt 24 collector 1200 m 3 / day
Land area required by CSP to supply electricity demand in the year 2004 Source: Clean power from deserts Power grid Italy Energy 314 TWh / y Area 2.225 (47 x 47) Km 2 Sardinia 24.090 World 17.370 TWh / y Area 123.000 (350x350) km 2 Europe 3.672 TWh / y Area 26.000 (160x160) Km 2
Conclusion Global challenge asks to transform as fast as possible the research results in commercial product. The research has the aim to reduce solar plant cost for competing with fossil power plant. The following stakeholders can speed up or slow down the process: Government have to give the strategy and funds for the research; Research centers have to produce continue innovation, they must be more efficiency and flexible; Energy utilities have to assume a leader role in the cons traction of solar plant; Manufacturing industries have to invest in infrastructure for reducing component cost; Finance and bank have to promote new financial instrument for renewable energy; Mass media have to create a favorable climate of opinion as regards this energy. Solar energy is available in wide part of the world and can be complementary to other energy. Sensitiveness on environmental aspect is increasing. If the stakeholders will operate as expected, we could have an opportunity and produce development and competitiveness. In the future the industry of the renewable energy will assume an important role.