Contemporary Masters in Criminology

Contemporary Masters in Criminology

THE PLENUM SERIES IN CRIME AND JUSTICE Series Editors: James Alan Fox, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts Joseph Weis, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington CONTEMPORARY MASTERS IN CRIMINOLOGY Edited by Joan McCord and John H. Laub CRIMINAL INCAPACITATION William Spelman DELINQUENCY CAREERS IN TWO BIRTH COHORTS Paul E. Tracy, Marvin E. Wolfgang, and Robert M. Figlio PERSONAL LIBERTY AND COMMUNITY SAFETY Pretrial Release in the Criminal Court John S. Goldkamp, Michael R. Gottfredson, Peter R. Jones, and Doris Weiland RACE AND THE JURY Racial Disenfranchisement and the Search for Justice Hiroshi Fukurai, Edgar W. Butler, and Richard Krooth RAPE LAW REFORM A Grassroots Revolution and Its Impact Cassia Spohn and Julie Horney A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.

Contemporary Masters in Criminology Edited by Joan McCord Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and John H. Lauh Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts Published in cooperation with the American Society of Criminology Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data On file ISBN 978-1-4757-9831-9 ISBN 978-1-4757-9829-6 (ebook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-9829-6 1995 Plenum Press, New York 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995 Softcover reprint oftbe hardcover 1st edition 1995 1098765432 1 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

Contributors FREDA ADLER, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 RONALD L. AKERS, Department of Sociology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 HARRY E. ALLEN, Administration of Justice Department, San Jose State University, San Jose, California 95192 JOHN C. BALL, Addiction Research, National Institute of Drug Abuse, P.O. Box 5180, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 WILLIAM J. CHAMBLISS, Department of Sociology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052 SUSAN K. DATESMAN, Piper and Marbury, 36 South Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21201 WILLIAM DIENSTEIN, 2209 Scott Street, San Francisco, California 94115 SIMON DINITZ, Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 GILBERT GElS, Program in Social Ecology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California 92717 DANIEL GLASER, Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1111 v

vi Contributors DON M. GOTIFREDSON, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 TRAVIS HIRSCHI, Department of Sociology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 87521 C. R. JEFFERY, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306 JOHN P. KENNEY, P.O. Box 1033, Blue Jay, California 92317 MARVIN D. KROHN, Department of Sociology, The University at Albany, Albany, New York 12222 LONN LANZA-KADUCE, Center for Studies in Criminology and Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611 EDWARD LATESSA, Department of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45221-0108 DONAL E.J. MACNAMARA, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York 10019 JOAN MCCORD, Department of Criminal Justice, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 ALDEN D. MILLER, deceased GERHARD O.W. MUELLER, School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 CHARLES L. NEWMAN, 10808 Golden Maple Place, Louisville, Kentucky 40223 DAVID N. NURCO, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21217 LLOYD E. OHLIN, Castine Research Corporation, Castine, Maine 04421 JOAN PETERSILIA, Program in Social Ecology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92717

Contributors vii MARCIA RADOSEVICH, Health Payment Review, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 ALBERT J. REISS, Jr., Department of Sociology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520 EDW ARD SAGARIN, deceased FRANK R. SCARPITTI, Department of Sociology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716-2580 JOHN W. SHAFFER, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-2333 AUSTIN T. TURK, Department of Sociology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521-0419 MARVIN E. WOLFGANG, Sellin Center for Studies in Criminology and Criminal Law, University of Pennsylvania 19104-6301

Preface In 1991, the American Society of Criminology, a multidisciplinary organization of people dedicated to research, teaching, and practice in the field of criminology, celebrated its 50th year as a professional society. To commemorate the first 50 years of the ASC, the editors of this volume planned a session at the annual meeting of the society in November 1991 that involved nearly all of the living past presidents of the ASC at the time. (See Appendix A for a complete listing of past ASC presidents.) Our idea was to bring together past presidents of the organization to talk about their work in a context in which younger scholars could question them and debate their assumptions. Because the past presidents responded so enthusiastically, we organized them into seven groups. The topics discussed at the session included the origins of the ASC; police behavior; correctional research; prediction and classification; theories of delinquency, crime, and deviance; evaluation research; international criminology; white-collar crime; conflict theory and the politics of crime; cohort and cross-generational studies; and crime measurement. The specific groupings of ASC presidents, interviewers, and the selected topics of discussion are provided in Appendix B. The occasion to celebrate 50 years of work by the ASC membership afforded an opportunity to applaud significant accomplishments in the field. Development of the journal Criminology, the official journal of the ASC, received special praise as the premier journal in its field. Participants noted the tremendous growth of the membership of the ASC from a handful of men who knew one another personally to more than 2,000 members who interact through their common interests. Perhaps most salient among the changes has been the inclusion of women and ethnic minorities among members and leaders of the ASC. ix

x Preface The session also provided opportunities to reflect upon our shortcomings as an organization. These included the difficulties of establishing an effective crime policy based on research and theory and the myopic nature of much current thinking about crime and crime control. Building on this session, the editors asked each of the past presidents to contribute a previously published article for a collection of readings entitled Contemporary Masters in Criminology. The primary idea was to bring together in one volume the works of past presidents of the ASC. These individuals have been the leading thinkers in the fields of criminology and criminal justice over the last 50 years. Such a volume demonstrates to undergraduate students studying criminology and criminal justice the continuities of many issues in the field. Indeed, the collection of articles contained in this book reflects the diversity of thought and intellectual power of the past presidents of the ASC. Topics of the articles in the volume include the philosophy of punishment, policing, the politics of crime and crime control, criminological theory, drug use, white-collar crime, female crime, the study of deviance, parole, prediction studies, and criminal justice policy. Several of these articles provide an important historical context for the contemporary student of criminology and criminal justice. Moreover, many of the older articles reveal the intransigence of several of the" current" issues in the field today. This publication would not have been possible without assistance from the American Society of Criminology. The editors thank John L. Hagan, President of the ASC in its fifty-first year, for having suggested a commemorative celebration for the first 50 years. We wish to express special appreciation to the ASC Board and to Sarah Hall, Administrator of the ASC, as well as to Ruth D. Peterson, Program Chair for the meeting during which the past presidents discussed their view in a "presidential rumble." We also want to thank Jinney S. Smith, Ingrid L. Farally, Roni Mayzer, Kevin Conway, and Michael White for their work as research assistants on the project. We hope that the pages to follow will help to make the field of criminology interesting for those willing to accept the challenges presented by crimes in a diverse society.

Contents I. STRUCTURING SOCIETY 1 1. The Study oj Deviant Behavior: Where the Action Is....... 5 Albert J. Reiss, Jr. 2. Class, Conflict, and Criminalization.................... 17 Austin T. Turk 3. State-Organized Crime-The American Society oj Criminology, 1988 Presidential Address................. 31 William J. Chambliss 4. The Emergence oj Criminal Justice: Tracing the Route to Neolithic Times..................................... 59 Gerhard o.w. Mueller and Freda Adler II. POLICING SOCIETY 77 5. Crime, the Criminal, and Society....................... 81 William Dienstein 6. Police and Human Relations in Management............. 93 John P. Kenney xi

xii Contents 7. Trial by Jury: An Outmoded Relic?.................... 103 Charles L. Newman III. VARIETIES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 111 8. The Day-to-Day Criminality of Heroin Addicts in Baltimore-A Study in the Continuity of Offence Rates.... 113 John C. Ball, John W. Shaffer, and David N. Nurco 9. White Collar Crime: The Heavy Electrical Equipment Antitrust Cases of 1961............................... 139 Gilbert Geis 10. The Homosexual as a Crime Victim.................... 157 Edward Sagarin and Donal E. J. MacNamara IV. SOURCES OF CRIME 171 11. Criminal Behavior and Learning Theory................. 175 C. R. Jeffery 12. Social Learning and Deviant Behavior: A Specific Test of a General Theory..................................... 187 Ronald L. Akers, Marvin D. Krohn, Lonn Lanza-Kaduce, and Marcia Radosevich 13. Causes and Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency........... 215 Travis Hirschi 14. Female Delinquency and Broken Homes: ARe-assessment.. 231 Susan K. Datesman and Frank R. Scarpitti 15. Crime in Moral and Social Contexts-The American Society of Criminology, 1989 Presidential Address............... 251 Joan McCord

Contents xiii V. PUNISHMENTS, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION OF CRIME 277 16. The Just Deserts vs. the Medical Model.................. 279 Marvin E. Wolfgang 17. Science and Politics as Criminologists' Vocations......... 293 Daniel Glaser 18. Halfway Houses and Parole: A National Assessment....... 303 Edward Latessa and Harry E. Allen 19. Introduction to Delinquency and Community: Creating Opportunities and Controls......................... 319 Alden D. Miller and Lloyd E. Ohlin VI. CRIMINOLOGY AS PUBLIC POLICY 335 20. Assessment and Prediction Methods in Crime and Delinquency........................................ 337 Don M. Gottfredson 21. In Fear of Each Other................................ 373 Simon Dinitz 22. Policy Relevance and the Future of Criminology-The American Society of Criminology, 1990 Presidential Address........................................... 389 Joan Petersilia Index......................................... 409