Acongested competition schedule, often involving

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT BETWEEN-MATCH RECOVERY TIMES ON THE ACTIVITY PROFILES AND INJURY RATES OF NATIONAL RUGBY LEAGUE PLAYERS NICK B. MURRAY, 1 TIM J. GABBETT, 1,2 AND KARIM CHAMARI 3 1 School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia; 2 School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; and 3 Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR-Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Qatar ABSTRACT Murray, NB, Gabbett, TJ, and Chamari, K. Effect of different between-match recovery times on activity profiles and injury rates of National Rugby League players. J Strength Cond Res 28(12): 3476 3483, 2014 Professional rugby league competition does not coincide with a standardized amount of recovery between matches; matches can be separated by as many as 10 days and as few as 5 days. These variations in recovery time could influence match activity profiles and injury rates of players. This study investigated effect of different betweenmatch recovery times on activity profiles and injury rates of National Rugby League (NRL) players. Forty-three elite male rugby league players participated in this study. Betweenmatch recovery cycles were defined as short (separated by 5 or 6 days), medium (separated by 7 or 8 days), and long (separated by 9 or 10 days) recovery. Movement was recorded using a commercially available microtechnology unit, which provided information on speed, distance, and repeated highintensity effort activity. Injuries sustained in eir training or match play, which resulted in a missed match, were recorded. Significantly greater (p # 0.05) relative total distance was covered after matches involving short recovery than those involving medium (effect size [ES] = 1.13) or long (ES = 1.08) recovery periods. This difference was because of greater low-speed activity. Injury rates for adjustables positional group were highest after short between-match recovery cycles, whereas injury rates of hit-up forwards and outside backs positional groups were highest after long between-match recovery cycles. These findings suggest that activity profiles of NRL match play and injury rates of specific playing positions are influenced by amount of recovery between matches. The differences in activity profiles and injury rates Address correspondence to Dr. Tim J. Gabbett, tim_gabbett@yahoo.com.au. 28(12)/3476 3483 Ó 2014 National Strength and Conditioning Association between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles should be considered when developing recovery strategies for professional rugby league players. KEY WORDS physical demands, collision sport, training, injury risk INTRODUCTION Acongested competition schedule, often involving multiple matches in a short period, is common in elite sporting competitions (e.g., English Premier League). The limited recovery time between matches has potential to have an impact on both incidence of injury and activity profiles of match play. Recently, researchers have investigated effect of congested competition schedules on both injury rates and activity profiles of elite level soccer players (5,7,8). Dupont et al. (8) examined effect of 2 competitive matches in a week on injury and physical match performance. Physical activity profiles, including high-intensity distance, total distance covered, sprint distance, and number of sprints, were shown to be similar between matches, suggesting that 72 96 hours of recovery was sufficient to maintain physical performance (8). Furr, Dellal et al. (7) found no differences in physical and technical activities in elite soccer players competing in congested periods of matches, and periods of no congestion. Although it appears that a congested schedule does not alter physical performance (7,8), effect of a congested schedule on injury rates is equivocal, with some (8), but not all (5,7), studies reporting higher injury rates with shorter between-match recovery times in elite soccer players. Dupont et al. (8) reported that injury rates of professional soccer players were significantly higher when players played 2 matches per week, as opposed to when y played 1 match. However, se findings are in contrast to those of Carling et al. (5) who reported no association between time interval separating matches and injury rates. Furr, se authors reported no differences in injury rates after a short turnaround, compared with that reported after a long turnaround. Dellal et al. (7) also reported no differences in 3476

www.nsca.com injury rates between matches in a congested period and matches played in a noncongested period. Rugby league is a collision sport, played over two 40- minute halves (separated by a 10-minute half-time break). Played by 13 players (with 4 replacements) on each team, game is intermittent in nature, and requires players to undertake bouts of high-intensity activity (e.g., running, sprinting, and tackling), interspersed with low-intensity activity (e.g., standing and walking) (18,30). Physical collisions and tackles are performed frequently throughout game (21), resulting in a high incidence of musculoskeletal injuries (10). Rugby league players are generally divided into positional groups (hit-up forwards, adjustables, and outside backs), reflecting positional commonality (12), with match activity profiles shown to differ among playing positions (1,18). Recent studies have examined repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) demands of professional rugby league players during competitive match play (2,18). Hit-up forwards completed significantly more RHIE bouts than both adjustables and outside backs. Moreover, y experienced shorter average recovery times between bouts. In elite rugby league match play, competition does not coincide with a standardized amount of recovery between matches; matches can be separated by as many as 10 days and as few as 5 days. Because of intense physical demands of rugby league, players experience residual fatigue in days after a match (27). Players have been shown to experience considerable neuromuscular and perceptual fatigue in 24 48 hours after competition, with significant muscle damage lasting up to several days (25 27). Although individual creatine kinase responses to rugby league match play are highly variable, average concentrations of 400 500 U$L 21 have been reported in 24 hours postmatch (29), which is comparable with values obtained after American football match play (22). In addition, positive associations have been reported between number of collisions in which players engage and increase in muscle soreness, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue, and creatine kinase in response to rugby league match play, suggesting that muscle damage and fatigue can be attributed, at least in part, to repetitive blunt force trauma (29). To date, re is limited research on influence of different between-match recovery times on injury rates in professional rugby league (17). A second, but equally important parameter potentially affected by short between-match recovery times is activity profiles of players. The intensity of matches, as reflected in relative distance covered, and frequency of RHIE bouts have been shown to be significantly reduced during periods of intensified competition in junior (25) and amateur (26) players. Despite importance of maintaining a high intensity on competitive success (13), no study has investigated influence of different between-match recovery times on activity profiles of elite senior rugby league players. In addition, effect of short, medium, and long recovery between matches on incidence of injury is unknown. Given degree of fatigue and muscle damage that occurs in response to match play, and extended time it takes for players to recover from physical demands of competition, it is possible that short recovery between matches could increase risk of injury. With this in mind, purpose of this study was to investigate effect of short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles on injury rates and activity profiles of senior elite rugby league players. METHODS Experimental Approach to Problem To address our question, a prospective cohort design was used. Activity profiles were determined using commercially available microtechnology devices, and injuries resulting in a missed match were recorded. Between-match recovery cycles were defined as short (5 6 days), medium (7 8 days), and long (9 10 days) recoveries. Differences in match activity profiles and injury rates between 3 recovery cycles were compared using traditional null hyposis testing and by using a practical approach based on realworld relevance of results (4). It was hyposized that short recovery cycles would be associated with lower playing intensity and higher injury rates when compared with both medium and long recovery cycles. Subjects Forty-three elite male rugby league players from a National Rugby League (NRL) squad (mean 6 SE age, 24 6 1years, range, 18 33 years) participated in this study. The NRL is highest level of rugby league competition in Australia. Before data collection, players had completed a 3 month preseason training program consisting of skills (4 sessions per week), strength and power (4 sessions per week), conditioning (2 sessions per week), and speed and agility (1 session per week) sessions. The training program focused largely on preparing players for contact demands of competition. Consequently, selected skills and conditioning sessions were designed as contact conditioning sessions, to adequately prepare players for collision and wrestling demands of match play. The players were free from injury and in peak physical condition at commencement of season. All participants received a clear explanation of study, including information on risks and benefits, and written consent was obtained. All experimental procedures were approved by Institutional Review Board for Human Investigation. Global Positioning System Analysis During season, team played 30 matches: 3 trial matches, 24 regular season matches, and 3 finals matches. The team played 7 matches with a short turnaround (separated by 5 or 6 days), 16 matches with a medium turnaround (separated by 7 or 8 days), and 7 matches with a long turnaround (separated by 9 or 10 days). Global positioning system (GPS) analysis was completed on 31 players. Players were selected from 1 of 3 positional groups representing adjustables (i.e., hookers, halfbacks, VOLUME 28 NUMBER 12 DECEMBER 2014 3477

3478 TABLE 1. Activity profiles of elite National Rugby League match play with different between-match recovery times.* Between-match recovery time Effect size ST MT LT ST vs. MT ST vs. LT MT vs. LT Time (min) 59 6 6 60 6 3 64 6 4 0.07 0.26 0.17 Distance Total distance (m) 6,796 6 827 5,618 6 280 6,041 6 391 0.53 0.32 0.22 Relative distance (m$min 21 ) 114 6 6z 94 6 2 95 6 2 1.13 1.08 0.02 Low-speed activity Low-speed distance (m) 4,908 6 665z 3,808 6 213 4,059 6 273 0.63 0.47 0.17 Relative low-speed distance (m$min 21 ) 81 6 6z 63 6 1 63 6 1 1.27 1.13 0.05 Moderate-speed running Moderate speed distance (m) 1,420 6 137 1,376 6 59 1,526 6 105 0.10 0.21 0.33 Relative moderate speed distance (m$min 21 ) 25 6 2 24 6 1 24 6 1 0.11 0.13 0.01 High-speed running High-speed distance (m) 467 6 54 434 6 29 456 6 37 0.17 0.06 0.11 Relative high-speed distance (m$min 21 ) 8 6 0.4 7 6 0.3 7 6 0.3 0.32 0.41 0.00 Collisions Total collisions (no.) 43 6 4 35 6 2 38 6 4 0.47 0.90 0.60 Relative total collisions (no$min 21 ) 0.7 6 0.1 0.6 6 0.1 0.8 6 0.1 0.39 0.69 0.18 Repeated high-intensity effort activity Bouts (no.) 10 6 2 8 6 1 13 6 1 0.38 0.44 0.83 Bout frequency 1 Every 11 6 3 min 1 Every 13 6 2 min 1 Every 6 6 1 min 0.13 0.65 0.49 *RHIE = repeated high-intensity effort bout; ST = short turnaround; MT = medium turnaround; LT = long turnaround. Data are mean 6 SE. Between-match recovery times were described as short (5 6 days), medium (7 8 days), and long (9 10 days) turnarounds. zsignificantly different (p # 0.05) from medium turnaround. Significantly different (p # 0.05) from long turnaround. Activity Profiles and Injuries in Rugby League

www.nsca.com Figure 1. Relative distance covered (A), and distances covered in low (B), moderate (C), and high (D) speeds during elite National Rugby League match play with different between-match recovery times. Data are mean 6 SE. Between-match recovery times were defined as short (5 6 days), medium (7 8 days), and long (9 10 days) turnarounds. five-eighths, and fullbacks), hit-up forwards (i.e., props, second rowers, and locks), and outside backs (i.e., centers and wingers). The players wore same microtechnology unit for each match, and all matches were completed during one playing season. Matches were played in a range of environmental conditions and a range of venues. Movement was recorded by a minimaxx GPS unit (Team 2.5; Catapult Innovations, Melbourne, Australia) sampling at 5 Hz. The GPS signal provided information on speed, distance, position, and acceleration. The GPS unit also included triaxial accelerometers and gyroscope sampling at 100 Hz, to provide greater accuracy on speed and acceleration, and information on physical collisions and RHIEs. The unit was worn in a small vest, on upper back of players. Data were categorized into (a) movement speed bands, corresponding to low (0 3 m$s 21 ), moderate (3 5 m$s 21 ), and high (.5 m$s 21 ) speeds; (b) collisions; and (c) RHIE bouts (18). An RHIE bout was defined as $3 high acceleration (.2.79 m$s 22 ) (3), high speed, or contact efforts with,21-second recovery between efforts (12,18). The minimaxx units have been shown to have acceptable validity and reliability for estimating longer distances at walking through to striding speeds (24). Furr, minimaxx units have been shown to offer a valid measurement of tackles and repeated efforts commonly observed in collision sports (14,17). Injury An injury was defined as any injury that resulted in a player missing a match (i.e., match loss injury) (20). The site and type of injury were also recorded. Statistical Analyses Activity Profiles. Data were checked for normality using a Shapiro Wilk test. The distribution of residuals was normal, each of observations was independent, and homoscedasticity was established before analysis. Differences in activity profiles of 3 between-match recovery cycles and 3 positional groups were determined using a 2-way (position 3 recovery cycle) analysis of variance (ANOVA). Differences in activity profiles between matches won and lost were also compared using a 2- way (match result 3 recovery cycle) ANOVA. A Tukey s post hoc test was used to determine source of any significant differences. The level of significance was set at p # 0.05, and all data were reported as mean 6 SE. Given practical nature of study, magnitude-based inferential statistics were also used to determine any practically significant differences in activity profiles between positional groups, match result, and between-match recovery cycles (4). Differences between groups were analyzed using Cohen s effect size statistic (6). Effect sizes (ESs) of,0.2, 0.2 0.6, 0.61 1.2, 1.21 2.0, and.2.0 were considered trivial, small, moderate, large, and very large, respectively (23). Incidence of Injury. Injury data were separated into 3 between-match recovery times (i.e., short, medium, and long turnaround). Injury rates were also calculated for each positional group (i.e., adjustables, hit-up forwards, and outside backs) throughout 3 between-match recovery times. Injury incidence was calculated by dividing total number of injuries by overall exposure hours for each positional group for each of 3 between-match recovery times and expressed as rates per 1,000 hours of exposure and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Expected injury rates were calculated as described by Phillips et al. (28). The chisquared (x 2 ) test was used to determine wher observed injury frequency was significantly different from expected injury frequency. VOLUME 28 NUMBER 12 DECEMBER 2014 3479

Activity Profiles and Injuries in Rugby League recovery cycles than for both medium (15.9 6 2.4%, 99% likely, ES = 1.13, p # 0.05) and long (15.5 6 3.0%, 99% likely, ES = 1.08, p # 0.05) betweenmatch recovery cycles. The relative distance covered at low speeds was significantly greater (p # 0.05) for short betweenmatch recovery cycles than for both medium (20.5 6 3.1%, 99% likely, ES = 1.27, p # 0.05) and long (19.6 6 3.9%, 99% likely, ES = 1.13, p # 0.05) between-match recovery cycles. The players also completed significantly more (p # 0.05) RHIE bouts during long between-match recovery cycles than during medium betweenmatch recovery cycles (79.5 6 6.4%, 99% likely, ES = 0.83, p # 0.05). Figure 2. Relative distance covered (A) and injury rates (B) when matches were won or lost during elite National Rugby League match play with different between-match recovery times. A) Data are mean 6 SE. B) Data are means and 95% confidence intervals. Between-match recovery times were defined as short (5 6 days), medium (7 8 days), and long (9 10 days) turnarounds. *Significantly different (p # 0.05) from all or conditions. RESULTS Activity Profiles No significant differences (p. 0.05) were observed among different between-match recovery times for minutes played, total absolute distance covered, or absolute distances covered at moderate and high speeds (Table 1). The mean relative distances (meters per minute) covered during match play were significantly greater (p # 0.05) for short between-match TABLE 2. Injury rates of elite rugby league players among different positional groups with different between-match recovery times.* Short turnaround Medium turnaround Long turnaround Adjustables 107.2 (2.1 212.3) 93.8 (28.8 158.8) 62.5 (24.1 149.1) Hit-up forwards 64.4 (8.5 137.2) 84.4 (29.3 139.6) 100.0 (2.0 198.0) Outside backs 80.4 (2.5 247.5) 82.1 (21.3 142.9) 125.0 (10.6 171.4) Differences in Activity Profiles Between Positional Groups No significant differences (p. 0.05) were observed between playing positions for relative distance covered, relative distance covered at high-speed, and RHIE frequency. Adjustables (23.3 6 4.8%, 99% likely, ES = 0.71, p # 0.05) and outside backs (53.4 6 3.0%, 100% likely, ES = 1.16, p # 0.05) covered significantly more absolute distance than hit-up forwards. Adjustables covered significantly greater relative distance at low speeds than hit-up forwards (10.9 6 1.7%, 97% likely, ES = 0.61, p # 0.05), whereas hit-up forwards (23.9 6 1.6%, 100% likely, ES = 1.26, p # 0.05) and adjustables (19.5 6 3.3%, 99% likely, ES = 0.84, p # 0.05) covered significantly more relative distance at moderate speeds than outside backs. Hit-up forwards were involved in a greater number of collisions than adjustables (40.4 6 6.0%, 98% likely, ES = 0.58, p # 0.05) and outside backs (41.0 6 4.4, 100% likely, ES = 1.03, p # 0.05) (Figure 1). *Injury rates are expressed as injury rates per 1,000 h of exposure (and 95% confidence intervals). Between-match recovery times were defined as short (5 6 days), medium (7 8 days), and long (9 10 days) turnarounds. Activity Profiles in Matches Won and Lost The relative distance covered was significantly greater (36.3 6 3480

www.nsca.com 19.8%, 99% very likely, ES $ 1.47, p # 0.05) after short recovery cycles, when matches were won. No or differences were found among matches won and lost for any of or recovery cycles (Figure 2). Incidence of Injury Across season, 44 injuries were recorded. No significant differences (x 2 = 0.08, df =2,p. 0.05) were found between short (82.4 [95% CI, 31.3 133.5] per 1,000 hours), medium (86.5 [95% CI, 51.9 121.2] per 1,000 hours), and long (96.2 [95% CI, 36.6 155.8] per 1,000 hours) between-match recovery cycles for incidence of injury. Joint injuries were most common type of injury sustained (27.2%), followed by hematomas (25.8%) and muscular strains (12.4%). The spinal region (14.8%) was most commonly injured site, followed by ankle/foot (12.9%), posterior thigh/buttock (12.0%), and shoulder (12.0%). There were significantly fewer posterior thigh and buttock injuries (x 2 = 8.43, df =2,p # 0.05) and muscular strains (x 2 = 6.16, df =2,p # 0.05) after matches with a short between-match recovery cycle. Differences in Incidence of Injury Between Positional Groups The overall injury incidence varied significantly (x 2 = 6.83, df =2,p # 0.05) between positional groups (Table 2). The incidence of injury was greatest after long betweenmatch recovery times for outside backs and hit-up forwards. In contrast, adjustables reported greater injury rates after matches with short between-match recovery times. Incidence of Injury in Matches Won and Lost Although re was a trend toward greater injury rates during short recovery cycles when matches were lost, differences were not significant (x 2 = 0.13, df =5,p. 0.05) (Figure 2). DISCUSSION This study is first to investigate effect of short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles on activity profiles and injury rates in elite rugby league players. The results of this study demonstrate that matches after short between-match recovery cycles were associated with greater relative total distance covered than matches with longer recovery. However, this can be attributed to increases in low-speed activity, with no differences in moderate- and high-speed activity. In addition, injury incidence for different between-match recovery cycles was found to be position dependent. These findings suggest that activity profiles of NRL match play and injury rates of specific playing positions are influenced by amount of recovery between matches. The differences in activity profiles and injury rates between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles should be considered when developing recovery strategies for professional rugby league players. An interesting finding of this study was significantly greater relative total distance covered during matches with short between-match recovery. The higher intensity was because of greater distances covered at low speeds. There were no notable differences in distances covered at moderate and high speeds between different recovery cycles. Although ball-in-play time was not recorded in this study, 1 possible explanation for greater relative distance and low-speed activity with short between-match recovery cycles is that se matches were also associated with a shorter ball-in-play time. Under se conditions, it has been shown that players increase low-speed activity and relative distance (15). Because of limited recovery between matches, it is possible that players attempted to manage fatigue by kicking ball out of play more often, reby reducing ball-in-play time and maintaining lowspeed activity and relative distance. Despite greater relative intensity exhibited in matches after a short between-match recovery cycle, RHIE frequency was lower in se matches and after matches with a medium between-match recovery cycle. The greater RHIE frequency after a long between-match recovery cycle suggests that residual neuromuscular, endocrine, and perceptual fatigue associated with professional rugby league match play (29) may also influence RHIE frequency (25), especially for short to medium between-match recovery times. Given suggested importance of RHIE activity to match outcome (2,13), se findings also demonstrate performance benefits of a long between-match recovery cycle. Although no significant differences were found between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles for overall incidence of injury, when considering positional differences, an interesting trend was observed. Adjustables experienced highest injury rate after short betweenmatch recovery cycles, whereas highest incidence of injury for hit-up forwards and outside backs occurred after long between-match recovery cycles. One possible explanation for greater injury rate exhibited by adjustables during short between-match recovery cycles is that this positional group is commonly involved in greater amounts of high-speed running and collisions than or positional groups (i.e., hit-up forwards perform more collisions and less high-speed running, whereas outside backs perform greater amounts of high-speed running and are involved in fewer collisions) (18). Furr, high injury rates exhibited by outside backs after long between-match recovery cycles may be because of an increased preparedness to exert mselves to a greater extent after a greater recovery period, thus increasing risk of soft-tissue injury. The differences in activity profiles and physical qualities (19) between positional groups coupled with contrasting injury rates between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles should be considered when developing positionspecific recovery strategies for professional rugby league players. VOLUME 28 NUMBER 12 DECEMBER 2014 3481

Activity Profiles and Injuries in Rugby League We found that relative intensity of matches was greater after short between-match recovery cycles, and when matches were won. These results are consistent with previous findings that have shown greater relative intensity in winning teams (13). Collectively, se findings suggest that successful rugby league teams can overcome physical and mental challenge of short between-match recovery cycles and that competitive advantage of se teams is closely linked to ir ability to maintain a higher playing intensity than ir less successful counterparts (13). Although no significant associations were found between injury rates and matches won and lost, incidence of injury during short between-match recovery cycles when matches were lost (201.9 per 1,000 hours) was approximately sixfold higher than that during short betweenmatch recovery cycles when matches were won (34.6 per 1,000 hours). Although we cannot assume cause and effect, consistent with or high-intensity intermittent team sports (9), se results suggest that injuries may contribute to match outcome in elite rugby league match play. There are some limitations of this study that warrant discussion. First, this study would have benefited from a larger sample of teams. Unfortunately, because of competitive nature of professional sport, very few teams are willing to share data. This is particularly relevant for data on activity profiles of players (obtained via GPS). To account for this limitation, we have tracked activity profiles and injury rates of all players throughout an entire playing season, although clearly, a larger study involving all teams in competition would have strengned statistical power of results. Second, our findings should be balanced against commercial aspects of NRL competition. Although our findings demonstrate that injuries are more likely after short recovery turnaround periods, because of multiple stakeholders with interests in competition (e.g., broadcasters, corporate sponsors), it is unlikely that administrators will make changes to recovery between matches. In this respect, se findings have important practical applications for medical personnel and strength and conditioning staff involved in day-to-day management of players. Although se professionals have no control over day-to-day administration of competition, y do play an important role in player conditioning, injury prevention, and recovery. Finally, no attempt was made to quantify training loads performed during short, medium, and long between-match recovery periods. It has previously been shown that excessive training loads are associated with an increased risk of injury (11,16). In this study, if applied training loads were greater than tolerable, it is possible that this may have contributed to high injury rates observed during both short and long recovery periods. Future studies examining influence of training loads on injury rates and match activity profiles after short, medium, and long recovery periods are warranted. In conclusion, we documented activity profiles and incidence of injury in professional rugby league match play and investigated effect of short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles on activity profiles and injury rates. The results of this study demonstrate that matches after a short recovery cycle result in a greater relative distance covered. However, this can be attributed to increases in lowspeed activity, with no significant differences in moderate- and high-speed activities. In addition, adjustables positional group had higher injury rates after short between-match recovery cycles, whereas hit-up forwards and outside backs exhibited higher injury rates after long between-match recovery cycles. The differences in activity profiles and injury rates between short, medium, and long between-match recovery cycles should be considered when developing recovery strategies for professional rugby league players. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There are several practical applications from this study that are relevant to applied sport scientist and strength and conditioning coach. First, this study demonstrates need for position-specific (i.e., adjustables, hit-up forwards, and outside backs) recovery strategies after matches. Coaches should consider differences in match activity profiles between positions, and adjust training loads and recovery strategies accordingly. Second, activity profiles also varied with differing between-match recovery times. 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