SPORTS SCIENCE CITING AND REFERENCING - HARVARD STYLE (JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE) As sports science students you will be required to prepare and produce a reference list for each of your assignments. Each reference should contain the information needed to trace the item you have made reference to, or cited, in the assignment. At times, the terminology used for citation, references and other lists of source material can seem confusing, but the definitions of the main terms used are: Citation: The process of recognising the contribution of a specific individual or organisation as the acknowledged source of a particular view, argument or decision. You therefore cite a book, article, document or web site within the text of your essay. Referencing: A precise way of ensuring that someone or something that has been mentioned can be identified. The references will normally appear at the end of your essay. Your reference list must include all (and only) those texts referenced in your work. You should not provide a bibliography, which lists all texts read but not necessarily cited in your work. Where there are between three and five authors, all authors should be given in the first citation in the text; subsequent references to the same source should give the first author only followed by et al.. Where there are six or more authors, the first author only, followed by et al., should be cited in all instances. In the reference list, the first six authors only should be listed, followed by et al. REFERENCING SOURCES WITHIN THE TEXT In the Harvard system, only the surname of the author and the date of the publication referred to are given in brackets immediately after your reference in the text. However, in the list of references at the end, you should include full details, including the author s initials. If the surname of the author appears naturally in your text, then only the date of publication is given in brackets. s of making references in the text: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the western world (Ross, 1993; Stevens, 1995). Large population studies indicate the link between blood cholesterol levels and the frequency of atherosclerotic heart disease in man (Stamler et al., 1986). Hawley et al. (1997) illustrated the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on a 1 hr time
trial cycling performance. Where the name of the first author appears more than once, references must be distinguished using a, b, c, etc. as follows: Brown et al., (1990a), Brown et al. (1990b), Brown et al. (1990c). Please note that et al. should not appear in the reference list. REFERENCING DIRECT QUOTES IN THE TEXT You will only need this section if you are including direct quotes in your assignment. When quoting directly in the text use quotation marks as well as including the author s surname, year of publication and page number of the quote in brackets. : Skeletal muscle represents dynamic tissue whose cells do not remain as fixed populations throughout life. Rather, muscle fibres undergo regeneration and remodelling in response to diverse functional demands to alter their phenotypic profile. (McArdle et al., 2003, p.502). SECONDARY SOURCES Although you should always attempt to use primary sources you may sometimes need to use secondary sources (i.e. someone s work referenced in another text). Referencing work cited in another text is done as follows: In the text: Smith et al (2001) as cited by Edwards (2003) Ground reaction forces have been shown to be an important factor in the incidence of knee injury in fast bowlers (Smith et al., 2001). In the reference list at the end of your work: Smith, J.A., Jones, K. & Arthurs, L.M. (2001). Ground reaction forces in fast bowlers. International Journal of Biomechanics, 21, 201-208. (cited in Edwards, J.D., 2003, Biomechanical testing in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.) MAKING REFERENCES TO ELECTRONIC SOURCES OF INFORMATION Electronic sources of information are now an important part of academic work. It is essential to reference electronic sources with the same care as printed materials. The temporary nature of the material made available on the Internet creates particular problems, and you must always quote the date you accessed the resources. The content of a web page can be updated and the pages can be deleted or the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) may change. It is a good idea to keep a printed copy of the source referred to. The length and complexity of URLs make accurate referencing vital if the reader of your work needs to follow up your sources. Articles in electronic journals. The great majority of electronic journals available through the library web pages are part of journal collections e.g. Emerald, General
Science Plus, Ingenta, Science Direct. You should refer to the fact that you obtained the title Online. See Section 2 below for full details and examples. It is important to apply a consistent style throughout your references to enable your reader to understand and trace your sources. LISTING REFERENCES AT THE END OF THE TEXT References should be listed at the end of your assignment in alphabetical order by author s surname and then by date (earliest first), and then if more than one item has been published during a specific year, by letter (1995a, 1995b etc.) Whenever possible details should be taken from the title page of a publication and not from the front cover, which may be different. Each reference should include the elements and punctuation given in the examples below. Authors forenames are normally abbreviated, but can be written out in full if they appear on the title page. The title of the publication should be in italics. You also need to include the place of publication and the publisher. s of listing references at the end of the text. 1. Books Book by a single author: You should include. Author(s)/editor(s). (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of publication (in italics). Edition if not first. Place of publication: Publisher. Series and volume number (where relevant). Woolf, N. (1986). Cell tissue and disease: the basis of pathology. (2 nd edn.). London: Bailliere Tindall. Book by two authors: You should include. Author. (Surname followed by initials) Author. (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication. (in round brackets) Title of publication. (in italics). Edition if not first. Place of publication: Publisher. Series and volume number (where relevant).
Williams, C. & James, D. V. B. (2001). Science for Exercise and Sport. London: Routledge. Edited book: You should include. Editor. (Surname followed by initials) Abbreviation (Ed.) Year of publication. (in round brackets) Title of publication. (in italics). Edition if not first. Place of publication: Publisher. Maughan, R. J. (Ed.), (1999). Basic and Applied Sciences for Sports Medicine. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Chapter in an edited book: You should include. Author. (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication. (in round brackets) Title of chapter. In: plus editor s name (Surname followed by initials) Title of publication (in italics). Edition if not first. Place of publication: Publisher. Page reference Burke, L. M & Broad, E. M (1999). Nutritional demands of training and competition. In: R. J. Maughan (Ed.), Basic and Applied Sciences for Sports Medicine. pp. 145-169. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 2. Journal articles Article in a printed journal: You should include. Author(s) of article. (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of article. Title of journal (in italics), Volume ( in italics) Page numbers. The issue number of a journal should be included only to avoid confusion, as when for example the pages start from 1 in each issue rather than being continuous across a volume; in such cases use 16(4), etc
For one author: Ross, R. (1993). The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis; a perspective for the 1990s. Nature. 362, 801-809. For multiple authors: Baker, D., Wilson, G. & Carlyon, B. (1994). Generality versus specificity: a comparison of dynamic and isometric measures of strength and speed-strength. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 68, 350-355. Article in an electronic journal: You should include. Author(s) of article. (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of article. Title of journal (in italics), Volume ( in italics) Web address. available at: accessed date (in round brackets) Nimmo, M. (2004). Exercise in the Cold. Journal of Sports Science, 22, 898-916. (available at: http://www.ingentaconnect.com accessed 13 June 2005). 3. Theses and dissertations Thesis, Dissertation or Project: Citation order is as follows: Author (surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of dissertation (in italics) Unpublished type of dissertation Name of institution. Skerm, J. (2002). An investigation into the incidence of eating disorders in sport: implications for coaches. Unpublished M.A. dissertation, Kingston University, Kingston: Surrey. 4. Electronic Resources Referencing Web Addresses Although the World-Wide Web is becoming an ever increasingly useful source of information you must remember that seldom has this information been refereed or checked for accuracy. In addition, information is often only posted on a temporary basis, which makes it very difficult for readers of your work to find the information. Therefore web addresses are generally not acceptable references for scientific writing, however you may want to use web addresses sparingly to provide background information or rationale for your work. You will therefore need to reference such information as follows in the text:
The full address, names of sub-pages and full date on which you last accessed the site must be provided, e.g. Author(s) of article. (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication (in round brackets) Title of article. Title of journal (in italics), Volume ( in italics) Web address. available at: accessed date (in round brackets) Tiddlywinks has been identified as the UK s fastest growing competitive sport today (http://www.boa.org.uk/tiddlywinks.htm, 3/04/04) In the reference list at the end of your work: The name of the author or organisation associated with the information and the title of the paper or article must be provided in addition to the web address information used in the text, e.g. Flipper, K. (2003). Tiddlywinks leapfrogs hopscotch as the UK s fastest growing sport. (Available at: http://www.boa.org.uk/tiddlywinks.htm.) (Accessed:3 April 2004). For Web pages where there is no author or title identified you should use the web Page s URL, e.g. UCI (2001). About mountain biking (available at http://www.uci.ch/english mtb/what_is.htm) 5. Article from a newspaper. Author (Surname followed by initials) Year of publication Title of article Title of newspaper (in italics) Day and month Page reference McElvoy, A. (2003). Can they ever stop the spin? The Evening Standard. 30 July, p.11. Revised January 2008.