DRUG SITUATION IN THE ECO REGION I. Preface

I. Preface ECO is a region of uniqueness, diversity and disparity. Its 8 million square kilometer territory bridges Europe to China and links Russia to Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean through Anatolian Peninsula, Caucasus, Central, South and West Asia. Its 475 million inhabitants are shared by countries like Turkmenistan and Kyrgyz Republic with 6 million population or less and Pakistan with almost 200 million people. The drug trafficking is a shared problem for ECO Member States where more than 95% of the global opium seizures as well as 66% of the global heroin seizures seem to take place in the ECO Region. Afghanistan accounts for more than 90 per cent of all opium poppy cultivation. According to the UNODC Report on Promoting health, security and justice, about 80 percent of the drugs derived from Afghan opium poppy are smuggled out by transnational organized criminal groups through the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan; the rest flow through Central Asia. Drug trafficking through the region threatens security and development by enriching and empowering organized criminal groups and creating instability. For better understanding of drug trafficking among the ECO Countries, Drugs and Organized Crime Coordination Unit (DOCCU) of the ECO Secretariat has occasionally published reports on the drugs situation in the Region with a view to illustrating a clear picture through available data and information from Member States and UN system relevant organizations. This Report entails useful information about drug control accomplishments, policies, institutional developments, supply reduction, drug abuse awareness, demand reduction, and treatment with main focus on drug seizures in ECO Page 1

Region from 2012 to 2015. The Report covers two time spans; 2012-2013 when information from all Member States were available, and 2014-2015 when information were available for the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Republic of Tajikistan and Republic of Turkey. Halil Ibrahim Akca ECO Secretary General Page 2

Table of Contents Preface... 1 Key Findings... 6 Chapter 1:... 8 Executive Summary of Drug Seizures in ECO Region... 8 1-12. Tables and Graphs:... 13 Chapter 2:... 21 Country Profiles for 2012-2013... 21 2-1. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan... 22 2-1-1. Introduction... 23 2-1-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 24 2-1-2-1. Institutional Development... 24 2-1-2-2. Supply Reduction... 24 2-1-3 Cultivation and production... 25 Table 19: Fact Sheet Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013... 27 2-1-4. Seizures... 28 2-2. Republic of Azerbaijan... 33 2-2-1. Introduction... 34 2-2-2. Seizures... 34 2-2-3. Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in Azerbaijan (2012-2013)... 35 2-2-4. Tables and Graphs... 35 2-3.The Islamic Republic of Iran... 41 2-3-1. Introduction... 42 2-3-2. Seizures... 43 2-4. Republic of Kazakhstan... 49 2-4-1. Introduction... 50 2-5. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 50 1-2-5. Institutional Development... 50 2-4-2. Supply Reduction... 51 2-4-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 51 2-4-4. Seizures... 52 2-5. Kyrgyz Republic... 59 2-5-1. Introduction... 60 2-5-2. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 60 2-5-3. Seizures:... 61 2-6- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan... 68 2-6-1. Introduction... 69 Page 3

2-6-2. Supply Reduction... 69 2-6-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 70 2-6-4. Seizures... 71 2-7. Republic of Tajikistan... 78 2-7-1. Introduction... 79 2-7-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 79 2-7-2-1. Institutional Development... 79 2-7-2-2. Supply Reduction... 79 3-7-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 80 2-7-3. Seizures... 81 2-8- Republic of Turkey... 88 2-8-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 89 2-8-2-1. Institutional Development... 89 2-8-2-2. Supply Reduction... 90 2-8-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 91 2-8-3. Seizures... 92 2-9. Turkmenistan... 99 2-9-1. Introduction... 100 2-9-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 100 2-9-2-1. Institutional Development... 100 2-9-2-2. Supply Reduction... 101 2-9-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment... 101 2-9-3. Seizures... 102 2-10. Republic of Uzbekistan... 109 2-10. Introduction... 110 2-10-1. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends... 110 2-10-1-1. Supply Reduction... 110 2-10-2. Seizures... 111 Chapter 3:... 118 Drug Seizures in ECO Countries for the Years 2014 and 2015... 118 3.1- The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan:... 119 3.1.1- Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in Afghanistan in 2014-2015... 119 3.2- Republic of Azerbaijan... 124 3.3-The Islamic Republic of Iran... 126 3.4- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan... 130 3.5- Republic of Tajikistan... 137 3.6- Republic of Turkey... 141 Page 4

4. Afterword... 143 List of ECO National Focal Points on Drugs... 146 Page 5

II. Key Findings During 2012 and 2013 more than 2,579,701.1 kg of different kinds of drugs were seized in ECO Region, 92.5 percent of this huge volume of illicit drug were seized in the 4 countries, namely, the Islamic Republic of Iran, 40.8 percent (1,051,544.4 kg); the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, 19.2 percent (495,917.005 kg); the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, 19.1 percent (493,543.2 kg); and Republic of Turkey, 13.4 percent (344,491.3 kg). Available data for 2014-2015 for Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan indicated that 2,198,437 kg of different types of drug were seized Regionally, seizures of illicit narcotic drugs went down -2.2 percent in 2013 as compared to 2012. Available data for 2014-2015 for Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan indicate 7.7 percent increase. During the period 2014-2015 narcotics seizures in Afghanistan and Pakistan decreased by -34.5% and -8.3% respectively, and in Iran increased by 21.1%. Out of 10 Members of the Economic Cooperation Organization, comparative trends of drug seizures in 2012-2013 in 5 Members were negative, namely, the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Republic of Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Republic of Uzbekistan and 5 other Members were positive, namely, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Kyrgyz Republic, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Republic of Tajikistan and Republic of Turkey. In 2012-2013, opium was the major seized drug in Afghanistan (40.9 percent), Iran (78.1 percent) and Turkmenistan (26.8 percent), of total seizures in the respective countries. In the three countries 1,025,230.4 kg of opium were seized mostly in Iran. Page 6

In 2014-2015, opium for Iran and hashish for Afghanistan and Pakistan were the most important seized drugs. Total seizures of opium and hashish in the mentioned three countries accounted for 1057721 kg and 804710.5 kg, respectively. Cannabis group constituted the major seizures for the following six countries: Republic of Azerbaijan (36.8 percent), Kazakhstan (48.9 percent), Kyrgyzstan (78.2 percent), Tajikistan (40.5 percent), Turkey (92.4 percent) and Uzbekistan (26.8 percent) of total seizures in the respective country. Hashish accounted for 81.7 percent of total seizures in Pakistan during 2012 and 2013. For 2014-2015, cannabis group was the major seized drug for Afghanistan (40.9%) and Pakistan (66.6%) while opium was the major seized drug in Iran (76.5%). Based on weight and percentage, opium was the most significant seizure in ECO Region which accounted for 42.2 percent of total seizures (1089103.204 kg) in the Region in 2012 and 2013. Available data show that in 2014 and 2015, (972764.9 kg) opium, equal to 41.4% of total drug seizures, was seized in the Region. Drug seizures in most affected countries of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan increased by 7.7 percent in 2015 as compared to 2012. Page 7

Chapter 1: Executive Summary of Drug Seizures in ECO Region Page 8

ECO continues to be the world s most drug infested region for poppy cultivation and trafficking. Afghanistan is the most drug affected country in the ECO Region in different aspects of cultivation, production, trafficking and consumption. The number of drug users in Afghanistan was growing, estimated between 1.3 and 1.6 million, according to the UNODC Drug Report 2013. Continued efforts by the Government and donors to increase treatment provision have yielded greater treatment capacity. However, more progress is needed as drug treatment capacity in Afghanistan still covers only 7.8 per cent of opium and heroin users. Major drugs that have been seized by law enforcement include opium, hashish, and morphine. During two years of 2012 and 2013, more than 495,917 kg of different types of drug were seized in the country, 19.2 percent of total seizures of the Region. Drug seizures in Republic of Azerbaijan declined by -12 percent in 2013 as compared to 2012. At the same period, 4,910.1 kg of different types of drugs were seized in the Country. This volume of drug seizures amounted to 0.2 percent of total drug seizures in ECO Region. The Islamic Republic of Iran shares long border with Afghanistan, which makes possible trafficking of tons of opium to the rest of the world through Iran. In order to hold back the flow of drugs and also to stop traffickers into the Country, Iranian authorities have constructed hundreds of kilometers of ditches and walls. Counter-measures to fight against drug trafficking in Iran led to seizure of more than 1,051 tons of different kinds of drugs in 2012-2013, 40.8 percent of total drug seizures in the Region. Out of the mentioned volume of drug seizures in Iran, more than 821 tones was opium. Opium and heroin as the most significant seizures in Iran constituted 75.4 and 27.8 percent of total opium and heroin seizures in the Region, Page 9

respectively. 142,760 kg of hashish was seized in Iran during two years of 2012 and 2013, 19.5 percent of total hashish seizures in the Region. More than 113 tons of different types of drugs were seized in Kazakhstan during the years 2012 and 2013. This volume of drugs accounted for 4.4 percent of total drug seizures in the Region. Drug seizures in Kazakhstan in 2013, compared to 2012, had a negative trend decreased by -2.6 percent. Surprisingly, 79.3 percent of marijuana seizures in the Region took place in Kazakhstan. More than 38 tons of different kinds of drugs were seized in Kyrgyz Republic in 2012 and 2013, 1.5 percent of total drug seizures in the Region. Drug seizures in Kyrgyz Republic in 2013, compared to 2012, increased by 37.1 percent. Pakistan s bordering Afghanistan places the Country in a vulnerable position in terms of drug trafficking as well as drug abuse. More than 493 tons of different kinds of drugs were seized in Pakistan in 2012-13, accounted for 19.1 percent of total drug seizures in the Region. Compared to 2012, seizures of drugs in Pakistan increased in 2013 by 31.9 percent. The 55.1 percent of hashish seizures in ECO Region was seized in Pakistan, equal to 403,062.2 kg whereas 54617.6 kg of opium (5 percent of opium seizures in the Region) was seized in the Country. 24.2 percent (20755.4 kg) of heroin seizures of ECO Region in 2012 and 2013 took place in Pakistan. Tajikistan is a transit country, for heroin produced in Afghanistan, to Russia and Eastern Europe. During 2012 and 2013, more than 25 tons of different kinds of drugs were seized in the Country which accounted for 0.2 percent of total seizures in the Region. Out of this volume 10261.3 kg were related to cannabis group. Page 10

More than 344 tons of different types of drugs were seized in Turkey in 2012-2013, accounting for 13.4 percent of total drug seizures in the ECO Region. Cannabis was the most important drug seized in Turkey and accounted for 92.4 percent of drug seizures in the country. Heroin was the other important seizure and accounted for 6.6 percent of drug seizures in Turkey and 26.6 percent of heroin seizures in the Region. Heroin illegally trafficked from Afghanistan and the Islamic Republic of Iran enters Turkey through Eastern provinces, mainly Hakkari, Van and Ağrı. Since recently, heroin from Northern Iraq started to enter Turkey. During the period of this Report, sea routes were still important for heroin traffickers. It has been recently noticed that heroin was tried to be shipped into Europe using the Eastern Mediterranean Route through Africa and in the Northern Black Sea Route through Georgia. The Black Sea coastline in Turkey became an important route for heroin traffickers in recent years. Turkey is also affected by cocaine trafficking both as a transit and destination country. The cocaine trafficking destined for Turkey departs from Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Paraguay, and Venezuela. In a large number of cases where Turkey is a country of destination, cocaine is first dispatched to West Africa, and then to Turkey. Cocaine is shipped from South America to Turkey either via sea or air cargo. Furthermore, it can be forwarded to inner regions via roads to reach Europe and the Middle East. Cocaine operations in Turkey mostly target drug mules at the airports. (2013 Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crimes, Report by the Turkish National Police, 2014). Turkmenistan is a transit country for opiate production in Afghanistan to Turkey, Russia and European countries. Drug seizures in Turkmenistan in 2013 compared to 2012 declined by -39.6 percent. Total volume of drug seizures in Turkmenistan for the two years of 2012 and 2013 amounted to 1,086.4 kg, 0.1 percent of total drug seizures in the Region. Page 11

The main route of heroin, opium and marijuana trafficking through Central Asia to Russia and European markets crosses the territory of Uzbekistan. More than 10 tons of different types of drug were seized in Uzbekistan accounting for 0.4 percent of drug seizures in the Region. Drug seizures in Uzbekistan in 2013 compared to 2012 declined by -25 percent. Seizures of illicit drugs in ECO Region went down -2.2 percent in 2013. As shown in the tables and graphs below, drug seizures in Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan had a negative trend and declined by -43.6 percent, -41.4 percent, -25 percent, -12 percent and 2.6 percent, respectively. During the years 2012-2013, positive trend in drug seizures in the following countries was observed and seizures of drugs increased in Kyrgyzstan (37.1 percent), Pakistan (31.9 percent), Tajikistan (11.9 percent), Turkey (6 percent) and Iran (5.6 percent). Page 12

1-12. Tables and Graphs: Table 1: Total Drug Seizures in ECO Countries 2012-2013 Country 2012 kg 2013 kg Total in kg Total in % Rate of Change % Afghanistan 317164 178753.005 495917 19.2-43.6 Azerbaijan 2612.4 2297.7 4910.1 0.2-12.0 Iran 511482.4 540062 1051544.4 40.8 5.6 Kazakhstan 57375.6 55886.76 113262.36 4.4-2.6 Kyrgyzstan 16135.3 22114.4 38249.7 1.5 37.1 Pakistan 212850.8 280692.4 493543.2 19.1 31.9 Tajikistan 11951.8 13373.2 25325 1.0 11.9 Turkey 167123 177107 344230 13.3 6 Turkmenistan 1504.7 881.1 2385.8 0.1-41.4 Uzbekistan 5756.8 4315.4 10072.2 0.4-25.0 Total 1303956.8 1275482.965 2579439.765 100-2.2 Graph 1:Total Drug Seizures in ECO Countries 2012&2013 in kg Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Pakistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Iran Azerbaijan Afghanistan 10072.2 2385.8 25325 38249.7 113262.36 4910.1 344491.3 493543.2 495917 1051544.4 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 Page 13

Table 2: Total Opium Seizures in ECO Countries 2012-2013 Country 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Total in kg Total in % Rate of Change % Afghanistan 87210 115690.4 17.2 19.9 202900 18.6 32.7 Azerbaijan 360.3 315 0.1 0.1 675.3 0.1-12.6 Iran 385085 436159 75.9 75.0 821244 75.4 13.3 Kazakhstan 520.2 756.9 0.1 0.1 1277.1 0.1 45.5 Kyrgyzstan 657.9 526.8 0.1 0.1 1184.7 0.1-19.9 Pakistan 29525.4 25092 5.8 4.3 54617.6 5.0-15.0 Tajikistan 1146.1 1257.9 0.2 0.2 2404 0.2 9.8 Turkey 876 167 0.2 0.03 1043 0.1-80.9 Turkmenistan 677.5 408.9 0.1 0.1 1086.4 0.1-39.6 Uzbekistan 1361.5 1309.2 0.3 0.2 2670.7 0.2-3.8 Total 507419.9 581683.304 100 100 1089103.204 100 14.6 Page 14

Graph 3:Total Opium Seizures (in kg) in ECO Countries in 2012& 2013 Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Pakistan kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan 2670.7 1086.4 1043.0 2404.0 54617.6 1184.7 1277.1 Iran 821244.0 Azerbaijan 675.3 Afganistan 202900.4 0.0 100000.0 200000.0 300000.0 400000.0 500000.0 600000.0 700000.0 800000.0 900000.0 Graph 4: Opium Seizures Percentage in ECO Countries 2012-2013 Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 Pakistan 5.0 kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan 0.1 0.1 Iran 75.4 Azerbaijan 0.1 Afganistan 18.6 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 Page 15

Table 3: Total Heroin Seizures in ECO Region 2012&2013 Country Total in kg Total in % Afghanistan 15199.688 17.7 Azerbaijan 210.6 0.2 Iran 23911 27.8 Kazakhstan 1060.6 1.2 Kyrgyzstan 489 0.6 Pakistan 20755.4 24.2 Tajikistan 999.2 1.2 Turkey 22874 26.6 Turkmenistan 27.5 0.03 Uzbekistan 383.1 0.4 Total 85910.088 100 Graph 5: Heroin Seizures in ECO Region 2012&2013 kg Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 383.1 27.5 Turkey 22874 Tajikistan 999.2 Pakistan 20755.4 kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan 489 1060.6 Iran 23911 Azerbaijan 210.6 Afganistan 15199.688 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 Page 16

Table 6: Heroin Seizures in ECO Countries(Percentage) 2012& 2013 Uzbekistan Turkmenistan 0.4 0.03 Turkey 26.6 Tajikistan 1.2 Pakistan 24.2 kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan 0.6 1.2 Iran 27.8 Azerbaijan 0.2 Afganistan 17.7 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Table 4: Hashish Seizures in ECO Region 2012& 2013 kg Afghanistan 177299.9 Azerbaijan 1017.9 Iran 142760 Kazakhstan 422.1 Kyrgyzstan 908.8 Pakistan 403062.2 Tajikistan 5103 Turkey n/a Turkmenistan 43.6 Uzbekistan 374 Total 730991.553 Page 17

Graph7: Hashish Seizures in ECO Region 2012& 2013 kg Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Turkey Tajikistan Pakistan kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Iran Azerbaijan Afganistan 374 43.6 n/a 5103 908.8 422.1 1017.9 142760 177299.9 403062.2 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 400000 450000 Graph8: Hashish Seizures Percentage in ECO Region Uzbekistan Turkmenistan Tajikistan Pakistan kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan Iran Azerbaijan Afganistan 0.1 0.006 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 19.5 24.3 55.1 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Table 5: Marijuana Seizures in ECO Region in kg 2012-2013 Country Total in kg Total in % Azerbaijan 788.9 1.1 Kazakhstan 54948.6 79.3 Kyrgyzstan 5620.8 8.1 Tajikistan 5156.5 7.4 Turkey 426.3 0.6 Turkmenistan 62.8 0.1 Uzbekistan 2324.7 3.4 Total 69328.6 100 Page 18

Graph 9: Marijuana Seizures in ECO Region (kg) 2012-2013 Uzbekistan 2324.7 Turkmenistan 62.8 Turkey 426.3 Tajikistan 5156.5 kyrgyzstan 5620.8 Kazakhstan 54948.6 Azerbaijan 788.9 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 60000 graph 10: Marijuana Seizures Percentage in ECO Region 2012-2013 Uzbekistan 3.4 Turkmenistan 0.1 Turkey 0.6 Tajikistan 7.4 kyrgyzstan 8.1 Kazakhstan 79.3 Azerbaijan 1.1 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 Page 19

Table 6: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 in ECO Region Afghanistan -43.6 Azerbaijan -12 Iran 5.6 Kazakhstan -2.6 Kyrgyzstan 37.1 Pakistan 31.9 Tajikistan 11.9 Turkey 6 Turkmenistan -41.4 Uzbekistan -25 Total -2.2 50.0 40.0 Graph 11: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures(in Percentage) In ECO Countries in 2012/2013 30.0 20.0 37.1 31.9 11.9 10.0 5.6-2.6 6-2.2 0.0-10.0-20.0-12.0-30.0-25.0-40.0-50.0-43.6-41.4 Page 20

Chapter 2: Country Profiles for 2012-2013 Page 21

2-1. The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Page 22

2-1-1. Introduction Illicit drug cultivation, production, trafficking, and consumption flourish in Afghanistan, particularly in parts of the south and southwest where instability is high and state institutions are weak or non-existent. More than 90 percent of illicit poppy cultivation takes place in these regions. The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that Afghanistan cultivated 154,000 hectares (ha) of opium in 2012, with a total yield of 3,700 metric tons (MT) of raw opium. This was an 18 percent increase in cultivation and a 36 percent decrease in opium production from 2011. Poor weather and naturally-occurring crop disease contributed to the lower yields. A symbiotic relationship exists between the insurgency and narcotics trafficking in Afghanistan. Traffickers provide weapons, funding and other material support to the insurgency in exchange for the protection of drug trade routes, fields, laboratories, and their organizations. Some insurgent commanders engage directly in drug trafficking to finance their operations. The trade in narcotics undermines governance and rule of law in all parts of the country where poppy is cultivated and traffickers operate. Afghanistan is involved in the full narcotics production cycle, from cultivation to finished heroin to consumption. Drug traffickers trade in all forms of opiates, including unrefined opium, semi-refined morphine base, and refined heroin. Some raw opium and morphine base is trafficked to neighboring and regional countries, where it is further refined into heroin. While estimates are imprecise, approximately 95 percent of the opiates produced in Afghanistan are ultimately trafficked out of the country; roughly 5 percent are consumed inside Afghanistan. Afghanistan is also struggling to respond to a burgeoning domestic opiate addiction problem. Page 23

2-1-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 2-1-2-1. Institutional Development The Government of Afghanistan is publicly committed to confronting the drug problem in Afghanistan, particularly focusing on what it identifies as the root causes of the drug economy including instability, poverty, unemployment, and organized crime. The Ministry of Counter Narcotics (MCN) is the lead governmental agency for developing counternarcotics policy and coordinates the activities of other governmental bodies involved in issues related to the drug trade. MCN has drafted Afghanistan s National Drug Control Strategy (NDCS) for the period 2012 2016. The draft NDCS vision is to implement a five year plan that seeks to reduce by 50 percent the cultivation of poppy from its 2011 baseline of 131,000 hectares and to increase the capacity to treat drug addicts by 40 percent. MCN is also working to insert counter narcotics into the activities of the entire government by mainstreaming counter narcotics efforts into other existing national strategies and programs. 2-1-2-2. Supply Reduction According to UNODC, Afghanistan cultivated 154,000 ha of opium poppy in 2012, up 18 percent over 2011. UNODC estimated that Afghan opium poppy crops in 2012 yielded 3,700 MT of raw opium, down 36 percent from 5,800 MT in 2011. According to the UNODC and MCN, the number of poppy free provinces (those provinces with less than 100 ha of poppy under cultivation) remained the same at 17. There is significant evidence of commercial cultivation of cannabis in Afghanistan. The UNODC and MCN s 2011 cannabis survey found that commercial cannabis cultivation in 2011 was approximately 12,000 ha, capable Page 24

of producing 1,300 MT of hashish per year. According to the survey, the number of households growing cannabis for commercial purposes increased by 38 percent from 47,000 in 2010 to 65,000 in 2011. Afghan authorities made some progress in improving their capacity to interdict large quantities of narcotics and arrest narcotics traffickers. According to authorities, the police apprehended seven out of ten of the most wanted drug traffickers in 2011. In 2013, Afghan forces conducted a total of 3234 counter narcotics operations. They arrested 3088 suspected persons, destroyed 71 heroin production laboratories. During the operations, 74 police were injured and 25 police were martyred. Primary trafficking routes out of Afghanistan are through Iran to Turkey and Western Europe; through Pakistan to Africa, Asia, the Middle East, China and Iran; and through Central Asia to the Russian Federation. Drug laboratories within Afghanistan still process a large portion of the country's raw opium into heroin and morphine base. Traffickers illicitly import large quantities of precursor chemicals into Afghanistan; UNODC estimates that 475 tons of acetic anhydride is imported each year for manufacturing heroin. 2-1-3 Cultivation and production The global area under illicit opium poppy cultivation in 2013 was 296,720 hectares (ha), the highest level since 1998 when estimates became available. An increase in cultivation was seen in both Afghanistan and Myanmar. The main increase was observed in Afghanistan, where the area of opium poppy cultivation increased 36 per cent, from 154,000 ha in 2012 to 209,000 ha in 2013. The main area of cultivation in Afghanistan was in nine provinces in the southern and western part of the country, while the major increase was observed in Helmand and Kandahar. Page 25

Source: UNODC, World Drug Report 2014 According to the UNODC Report, the vast majority (89%) of opium cultivation took place in nine provinces in Afghanistan s Southern and Western regions, which include the country s most insecure provinces. In mirroring the polarization in the security situation between the south provinces and the relatively stable north provinces of the country, this confirms the link between security and opium cultivation observed in previous years. Helmand remained Afghanistan s major opium-cultivating province, followed by Kandahar, Farah, Nimroz, Nangarhar, Uruzgan, Badghis, Badakhshan, Day Kundi, Zabul, Laghman, Kunar, Hirat, Kapisa, Balkh, Kabul, Ghor, Faryab and Baghlan. 1 1 Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013 Page 26

Table 19: Fact Sheet Afghanistan Opium Survey 2013 2012 Change from 2012 2013 Net opium poppy cultivation (after eradication) 154,000 hectares (125,000-189,000) 36% 209,000 hectares (173,000-238,000) Number of poppy-free provinces 17-2 15 Number of provinces affected by poppy cultivation 17 2 19 Eradication 9,672 hectares -24% 7,348 hectares Average opium yield (weighted by cultivation) 23.7 kg/ hectare 11% 26.3 kg/ hectare Potential production of opium 3,700 tons (2,800-4,200 tons) 49% 5,500 tons (4,500-6,500 tons) Average farm-gate price (weighted by production) of fresh opium at harvest time US$ 163/kg -12% US$ 143/kg Average farm-gate price (weighted by production) of dry opium at harvest time US$ 196/kg -12% US$ 172/kg Current GDP US$ 18.95 billion 11% US$ 21.04 billion Total farm-gate value of opium production US$ 0.7 billion 32% US$ 0.95 billion In % of GDP 4% 0% 4% Potential gross value of opiates US$ 2.0 billion (US$ 2.3-2.9 billion) 55% US$ 3.1 billion (US$ 2.0-3.9 billion) In % of GDP 11% 15% Potential net value of opiates US$ 1.9 billion (US$ 1.3-2.7 billion) 57% 2.99 billion (2.0-3.7 billion) In % of GDP 10% 14% Farmers' gross income from opium per hectare US$ 4,600-6% US$ 4,500 Farmers' net income from opium per hectare US$ 3,300-6% US$ 3,600 Ratio of farmers' gross (net) income from wheat to opium 1:4 (1:3) 1:4 (1:6) Page 27

2-1-4. Seizures Table 7: Drug Seizures in Afghanistan 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total Total % Opium 87210 115690.4 27.5 64.7 32.7 202900.4 40.9 Heroin 8043 7156.7 2.5 4.0-11.0 15199.7 3.1 Cannabis 42201 n/a 13.3 0.0 0.0 42201.0 8.5 Morphine 34335 23980 10.8 13.4-30.2 58315.0 11.8 Hashish 145374 31926 45.8 17.9-78.0 177300.0 35.8 Total 317164 178753 100 100-43.6 495917 100 Graph 23: Drug Seizures in Afghanistan 2012-2013 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 145374 115690.4 87210 42201 34335 31926.0 23980.0 8043 7156.7 opium Heroin Cannabis Morphine Hashish 2012 kg 2013 kg Table 8: Drug Seizures Percentage 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 2013 2012&2013 % Opium 27.5 64.7 40.9 Heroin 2.5 4.0 3.1 Cannabis 13.3 0.0 8.5 Morphine 10.8 13.4 11.8 Hashish 45.8 17.9 35.8 Total 100 100 100 Page 28

In the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, different types of illicit drugs are seized by the Anti- Narcotics Forces (ANF). Hashish and opium are the most common drug seized throughout the country. For the 2 years of (2012-2013), 495,917 kg illicit drugs were seized in the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (only five main drugs shown in the table above). Opium seizures accounted for 40.9 %, Hashish 35.8 %, morphine 11.8 %, cannabis 8.5 % and heroin 3.1% of total seizures during this period. Graph 24.Total Seizures Percentage 2012 and 2013 opium 35.8 40.9 Heroin Cannabis Morphine 11.8 8.5 3.1 Hashish Graph 25. Drug Seizures Percentages 2012 45.8 27.5 opium Heroin Cannabis 10.8 13.3 2.5 Morphine Hashish Graph 26. Drug Seizures Percentages 2013 18% 13% 4% 65% opium Heroin Morphine Hashish Page 29

While most common seizures in 2012 was related to hashish with 45.8 % of total drug seizures, in 2013 opium seizures stood at the first rank with the 65% of total seizures. The seizures in 2012 included opium (27.5%), cannabis (13.3%), morphine (10.8%) and heroin (2.5%). In 2013 after opium, hashish was the second important seized drug of the year which accounted for 18 % of total seizures. During the above mentioned period, 13% and 4% of total drug seizures were related to morphine and heroin respectively. Table 9: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change% Total in kg Total in % 87210 115690.4 27.5 64.7 32.7 202900.4 40.9 Graph 27. Opium Seizures in 2012-2013 Total 202900.4 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 32.7 64.7 27.5 2013 kg 2012 kg 115690.4 87210.0 0.0 50000.0 100000.0 150000.0 200000.0 250000.0 During the period under study (2012-2013), 202,900.4 (87210 kg in 2012 and 115690 kg in 2013) kg of opium were seized in Afghanistan which accounted for 40.9 % of total drug seizures in the country. Table 10: Heroin Seizures 2012-2013 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % 8043 7156.7 2.5 4-11 15199.7 3.1 Graph 28.Heroin Seizures in 2012-2013 Total 15199.7 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% -11.0 4.0 2.5 2013 kg 2012 kg 7156.7 8043.0-2000.0 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0 Page 30

3.1% of total drug seizures in Afghanistan in the years of 2012 and 2013 were related to heroin, equal to 15199.7 kg. In 2013, 7156.7 kg of heroin was seized, 11% decrease in compression to 2012. Table 11: Morphine Seizures 2012-2013 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % 34335 23980 10.8 13.4-30.2 58315 11.8 Graph 29. Morphine Seizures in 2012-2013 Total 58315.0 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% -30.2 13.4 10.8 2013 kg 23980.0 2012 kg 34335.0-10000.0 0.0 10000.0 20000.0 30000.0 40000.0 50000.0 60000.0 70000.0 According to the above table and graph in 2012 and 2013, 58315 kg of morphine was seized in the country which has shown a -30.2% decrease in 2013 as compared to 2012. Table 12: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 145374 31926 45.8 17.9-78. 177300 35.8 Graph 30. Hashish Seizures in 2012-2013 Total 177300.0 Rate of Change 2013% -78.0 17.9 2012% 45.8 2013 kg 31926.0 2012 kg 145374.0 Page 31

There is a significant change in the volume of hashish seizures in 2013 in comparison to 2012. In 2013 law enforcement of Afghanistan succeeded in seizing 145374 kg of hashish. This volume for 2012 was 31926 kg. Table 13: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012-2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change % Opium 32.7 Heroin -11.0 Morphine -30.2 Hashish -78.0 Total -43.6 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0-40.0-60.0-80.0 Graph 31. Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) in 2012/2013 32.7 opium Heroin Morphine Hashish Total -11.0-30.2-78.0-43.6-100.0 The above table and graph show a -43.6% decline in the trend of drug seizures in Afghanistan in 2013 as compared to 2012. The comparative trend of narcotics seizures in the country is shown in table 13 above. Page 32

2-2. Republic of Azerbaijan Page 33

2-2-1. Introduction Azerbaijan is a transit country for heroin and other narcotics, as it is situated along major drug trafficking routes from Afghanistan and Iran to Europe and Russia. Drug use and cultivation exist on a relatively small scale in Azerbaijan. Due to Azerbaijan s location along major drug smuggling corridors, up to 11 metric tons (MT) of heroin is estimated to pass Azerbaijan every year, much of it entering through the southern border with Iran. Azerbaijan may be an increasingly favored transit country for drugs over Georgia and Turkey, which have both strengthened their border control procedures in recent years. 2-2-2. Seizures During the period of 2012-2013, 4910.1 kg of different illicit drugs were seized in Azerbaijan [Only Six main drugs shown in the Table 1]. This amount accounted for 0.2 percent of ECO Region seizures. During the period, drug seizures seem to have decreased. Total seizures varied from 2612.4 kg to 2297.7 kg in 2012 and 2013. The most important seizures related to cannabis group, equal to 36.8 %( 1806.7kg) of total drug seizures in Azerbaijan. Opium seizures accounted for 13.8 %, heroin 4.3%, raw opium 8.4 %, hashish 20.7% and marijuana 16.1 % of the total seizures during this period. 36.4% and 37.2 % of drug seizures in 2012 and 2013 were related to cannabis group. In 2012, 1017.9 kg of hashish equal to 20.7% of total drug seizures was seized in Azerbaijan, the second most drug seizure in the country after cannabis. 52% increase was witnessed in marijuana seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. According to the graph 22, in 2012 counter narcotics organization in Azerbaijan seized 312.5 kg marijuana. This amount for 2013 was 476.4 kg. 210.6 kg of heroin was seized throughout the country during two years under study. In 2013, as compared to 2012, heroin seizures decreased by -8.2%. Page 34

2-2-3. Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in Azerbaijan (2012-2013) In 2013, different kinds of narcotics seizures had a downward trend (except marijuana52.4%) compared to 2012: raw opium -29.2%, cannabis -10%, hashish -40%. The total trend of narcotics seizures in Azerbaijan experienced 12% decline. 2-2-4. Tables and Graphs Table 14. Drug Seizures in Azerbaijan Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % opium 360.3 315 13.8 13.7-12.6 675.3 13.8 Heroin 109.8 100.8 4.2 4.4-8.2 210.6 4.3 Raw Opium 240.4 170.3 9.2 7.4-29.2 410.7 8.4 Cannabis Group 950.9 855.8 36.4 37.2-10.0 1806.7 36.8 Hashish 638.5 379.4 24.4 16.5-40.6 1017.9 20.7 Marijuana 312.5 476.4 12.0 20.7 52.4 788.9 16.1 Total 2012-2013 2612.4 2297.7 100.0 100.0-12.0 4910.1 100 Graph 12. Drug Seizures in Azerbaijan 2012-2013 1000 900 800 950.9 855.8 700 638.5 600 500 400 300 200 100 360.3 315 109.8 100.8 240.4 170.3 379.4 312.5 476.4 2012 kg 2013 kg 0 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Page 35

Graph 13. Total Seizures Percentage 2012-2013 16.1 13.8 20.7 4.3 8.4 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish 36.8 Marijuana Graph 14. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 Graph 15. Drug Seizures Percentages 2013 12.0 24.4 13.8 4.2 9.2 36.4 16.5 20.7 13.7 37.2 4.4 7.4 opium Heroin opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Hashish Marijuana Table 15. Opium Seizures 2012-2013 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 360.3 315.0 13.8 13.7-12.6 675.3 13.8 Graph 16.Opium Seizures 2012-2013 675.3 360.3 315.0 13.8 13.7-12.6 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change TOTAL Page 36

Table 16. Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 109.8 100.8 4.2 4.4-8.2 210.6 4.3 Graph 17. Heroin Seizures 2012-2013 TOTAL 210.6 Rate of Change -8.2 2013% 4.4 2012% 4.2 2013 kg 100.8 2012 kg 109.8-50 0 50 100 150 200 250 Table 17. Raw Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 240.4 170.3 9.2 7.4-29.2 410.7 Graph 18. Raw Opium Seizures 450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0-50.0-100.0 410.7 240.4 170.3 9.2 7.4-29.2 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change TOTAL Page 37

Table 18. Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change% Total kg Total % 950.9 855.8 36.4 37.2-10.0 1806.7 36.8 Graph 19. Cannabis Group Seizures TOTAL 1806.7 Rate of Change -10.0 2013% 37.2 2012% 36.4 2013 kg 855.8 2012 kg 950.9-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1800.0 2000.0 Table 19. Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg 638.5 379.4 24.4 16.5-40.6 1017.9 Graph 20. Hashish Seizures total 1017.9 Rate of Change -40.6 2013% 16.5 2012% 24.4 2013 kg 379.4 2012 kg 638.5-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 Page 38

Table 20. Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg 312.5 476.4 12.0 20.7 52.4 788.9 Graph 21. Marijuana Seizures Total 788.9 Rate of Change 52.4 2013% 20.7 2012% 12.0 2013 kg 476.4 2012 kg 312.5 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 800.0 900.0 Table 21: Comparative Trend of Opium Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 in Azerbaijan Types of Drug Rate of Change % Opium -12.6 Heroin -8.2 Raw Opium -29.2 Cannabis Group -10 Hashish -40.6 Marijuana 52.4 Total -12 Page 39

Graph 22. Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012-2013 60.0 52.4 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0-40.0-8.2 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group -12.6-29.2-10.0 Hashish Marijuana Total -12.0-40.6-60.0 Page 40

2-3.The Islamic Republic of Iran Page 41

2-3-1. Introduction The Islamic Republic of Iran remains a significant transit and consumer country for opiates and hashish originating in Afghanistan, as well as a growing source of methamphetamine for both domestic and international markets. According to Iran s own statistics provided to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the country led the world in opium seizures in 2011, the last year for which statistics are available. In 2012 and 2013, Iran s Law Enforcement Police seized approximately 1051 tons of illicit drugs. Iran devotes considerable resources to confronting the illegal drug trade, approximately $1 billion annually according to official government estimates. Iranian enforcement strategies rely heavily on border interdiction, and include the construction of moats, barriers and watchtowers along the country's eastern borders. Some reports indicate that these border deterrents have caused trafficking networks to shift increasingly to maritime routes, including the Sea of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Addiction rates within Iran are among the highest in the world, 1.2 million registered addicts and 800,000 casual users, according to official statistics. Iran s demand reduction and treatment programs are among the most visible and comprehensive in the region. Addicts are treated as patients and treatment services include several hundred detoxification centers and methadone substitution clinics. According to Iran s Ministry of Health, Treatment and Medical Education, intravenous drug use has accounted for the transmission of approximately 70 percent of HIV cases in the country since 1986. Page 42

2-3-2. Seizures During the years 2012 and 2013 the law enforcement agencies of the Islamic Republic of Iran succeeded in seizing 1,051,544 kg of different types of drugs. Out of this amount, 78.1% accounted for opium seizures, equal to 821217 kg. In addition, the volume of seized hashish accounted for 13.6% of total seizures in the Country. Grass seizures, as the third important seizures during the period under study, accounted for 3.8% of total seizures which is equal to 40401 kg. Seizure statistics for other types of drugs are shown in the table 22 below: Table 22:Drug Seizures in Iran Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % Heroin 10181 13730 2.0 2.5 34.9 23911 2.3 Morphine 5792 10429 1.1 1.9 80.1 16221 1.5 Opium 385058 436159 75.3 80.8 13.3 821217 78.1 Hashish 66693 76067 13.0 14.1 14.1 142760 13.6 Grass 40401 * 7.9 * * 40401 3.8 Crystal 3357 3677 0.7 0.7 9.5 7034 0.7 Cocaine 0.4 * 0.0 * * 0.4 0.0 Total 511482 540062 100.0 100.0 5.6 1,051,544 100 Graph 32. Drug Seizures in Iran 2012-2013 500000 450000 400000 350000 300000 250000 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 436159 385058 66693 10181 5792 76067 40401 3357 13730 10429 3677 0.4 Heroin Morphine Opium Hashish Grass Crystal Cocaine 2012 kg 2013 kg Page 43

In 2012 and 2013, the largest seizure of drugs was related to the opium which accounted for 75.3% and 80.8% of total seizures in the country, respectively. Based on the available data, hashish seizures amounted to 13% and 14.1% during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Data shows that in 2012 and 2013, less than 13% and less than 7% of drug seizures in Iran were related to the heroin, morphine, grass and crystal, respectively. Table 23: Drug Seizures percentage in 2012&2013 Types of Drug 2012 % 2013 % Total 2012 and 2013 Heroin 2.0 2.5 2.3 Morphine 1.1 1.9 1.5 Opium 75.3 80.8 78.1 Hashish 13.0 14.1 13.6 Grass 7.9 0.0 3.8 Crystal 0.7 0.7 0.7 Total 100 100 100 Graph 33. Total Seizures Percentage 2012 and 2013 0.00004 2.3 0.7 1.5 3.8 13.6 78.1 Heroin Morphine Opium Hashish Grass Crystal Cocaine Page 44

Graph 34. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 13.0 0.7 7.9 1.1 2.0 Heroin Morphine Graph 35. Drug Seizures Percentage 2013 0.0 0.7 0.0 14.1 2.5 1.9 Heroin Morphine 75.3 Opium Hashish Opium Hashish Grass Crystal 80.8 Grass Crystal In 2013, seizures of heroin increased by 34.9 % compared to 2012 in Iran. In 2012, anti- narcotics forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran succeeded in seizing 10181(2% of total seizures in 2012). In 2013, heroin seizures amounted to 13730 (2.5 % of total seizures). In addition, during the period under study 23911 kg of heroin were seized in Iran. Table 24: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 10181 13730 2.0 2.5 34.9 23911 2.3 Graph 36. Heroin Seizures in Iran TOTAL 23911 Rate of Change 34.9 2013% 2.5 2012% 2.0 2013 kg 13730 2012 kg 10181 In Iran, morphine seizures increased by 80.1 % in 2013 compared to 2012. During the years 2012 & 2013, 16221 kg of morphine were seized, 5792 kg in 2012 and 10429 kg in 2013. Page 45

Table 25: Morphine Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 5792 10429 1.1 1.9 80.1 16221 1.5 graph 37. Morphine Seizures in Iran TOTAL 16221 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 80.1 1.9 1.1 2013 kg 10429 2012 kg 5792 In 2012 & 2013, opium seizures were at its highest level. During the mentioned years, 821,217 kg of opium was seized in Iran. More than 75% of drug seizures in 2012(385058 kg) and less than 81% of drug seizures in 2013(436159 kg) were related to opium seizures. Table 26: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 385058 436159 75.3 80.8 13.3 821217 78.1 Graph 38. Opium Seizures in Iran TOTAL 821217 Rate of Change 13.3 2013% 80.8 2012% 75.3 2013 kg 436159 2012 kg 385058 Page 46

Table 27: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 66693 76067 13.0 14.1 14.1 142760 13.6 Graph 39. Hashish Seizures in Iran TOTAL 142760 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 14.1 14.1 13.0 2013 kg 76067 2012 kg 66693 In 2012 and 2013, out of total drug seizures, 13% (66693 kg) and 14.1 %( 76067 kg were related to hashish, respectively,14.1% increase in 2013 compared 2012. The total amounts of hashish seizures for the mentioned years were equal to 142760 kg. Table: 28 Crystal Seizures in Iran 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 3357 3677.0 0.7 0.7 9.5 7034 0.7 Table 40. Crystal Seizures in Iran TOTAL 7034 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 9.5 0.7 0.7 2013 kg 2012 kg 3677.0 3357 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Page 47

As shown by below figures, crystal seizures in Iran had a positive trend (+9.5%) in 2013 compared to 2012. During mentioned years, 7034 kg of crystal was seized in Iran. In 2012 and 2013, law enforcement forces of Iran succeeded in seizing 3357 kg and 3677 kg of crystal, respectively. Table 29: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) Types of Drug Rate of Change % Heroin 34.9 Morphine 80.1 Opium 13.3 Hashish 14.1 Crystal 9.5 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 Graph 41. Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in percentage 2012-2013 40.0 80.1 30.0 20.0 34.9 13.3 14.1 9.5 10.0 0.0 Heroin Morphine Opium Hashish Crystal 0 Narcotics seizures in Iran in 2013 compared to 2012 had a positive trend. There is a significant increase amounting to +80.1 % in the rate of morphine seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. Upward trend of narcotic seizures for heroin, hashish, opium and crystal amounted to 34.9%, 13.3%, 14.1% and 9.5%, respectively. Page 48

2-4. Republic of Kazakhstan Page 49

2-4-1. Introduction Kazakhstan lies along the major drug trafficking route from Afghanistan to Russia, primarily a transit country for Afghan heroin and opiates. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime estimates that less than one percent of the 70 to 75 tons of heroin trafficked through Kazakhstan annually is interdicted. Cannabis grows wild in parts of southern Kazakhstan, and the production and trafficking of cannabis-related narcotics appear to be increasing. The overall volume of drug seizures declined in 2013 compared to 2012. However, there was a major increase in the western part of the country, as traffickers increasingly used routes through Western Kazakhstan via Uzbekistan in response to strengthened enforcement on the Kyrgyz border. 2-5. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 1-2-5. Institutional Development On April 12, 2011 the Government of Kazakhstan adopted the Program on Combating Drug Addiction and Drug Business for 2012-2016 with a total budget of $41 million. The Program supplements traditional counter narcotics enforcement efforts through promoting demand reduction efforts, treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts, and strengthening border control measures. The Border Guard Service is equipping the southern border with enhanced infrastructure to interdict smugglers, and construction began on 10 new border posts: four in Zhambyl oblast, four in Almaty oblast, and two in the South Kazakhstan oblast. Kazakhstan hosts the Almaty-based Central Asia Regional Information and Coordination Center (CARICC), where Azerbaijan, Russia and the five Page 50

Central Asian countries are full members. Kazakhstan also cooperates with a number of countries on bilateral basis, and participates in counter narcotics activities in the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO). 2-4-2. Supply Reduction According to the statistics available from CARRIC, during 2012 and 2013 more than 113,262.36 kg of different types of drug were seized in Kazakhstan. These seizures included 1277.1 kg of opium, 1060.6 kg of heroin, 183.26 kg of raw opium, 55370.7 kg of cannabis, 422.1 kg of hashish and 54948.6 of marijuana. The number of registered drug-related crimes decreased from 3,561 to 3,098, including 1,830 drug sales and 176 contraband cases. 2-4-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment In 2012 registered drug addicts in Kazakhstan decreased 13 percent to 41,614. Among those officially registered, 3,232 were women (down 14 percent), and 2,202 adolescents (down 17 percent). The most widely consumed drugs are from the opioid group (heroin and opium), with 21,325 users; followed by cannabinoids (hashish, marijuana) with 10,126 users; and psychotropic substances, with 4,533 users. State agencies have implemented a number of activities aimed at reducing demand, including the State Program for Development of Healthcare (2011-2015) and "Healthy Lifestyles" (2008-2016). The Ministry of Health is responsible for diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of individuals addicted to drugs and psychotropic substances, and operates drug demand reduction programs. The Ministry promotes improved treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicts, including development of new standards for narcological assistance, protocols of Page 51

treatment, rehabilitation of imprisoned drug addicts, and tertiary prevention (harm reduction) programs. In October 2012, the Ministry of Health issued a decree on the expansion of methadone therapy in Kazakhstan to cover HIVinfected opium and heroin users in seven cities. Also, the National Center for Applied Research on Drug Addiction in Kazakhstan implements the Treatment Training Package, the central goal of which is to increase knowledge among health care workers, educators, and prison staff about drug abuse and treatment. The Ministry of Education and Science works to counter the spread of drug addiction and associated HIV/AIDS and provides rehabilitation programs for children, minors and youth in the educational system. The Ministry of Communications and Information organizes media campaigns to discourage drug consumption. 2-4-4. Seizures As mentioned above, 113,262.3 kg of different types of drugs were seized in Kazakhstan during the period under study. Out of total drug seizures, 55370 kg was related to cannabis group. This amount was the highest volume of drug seizures in Kazakhstan. At the same time, raw opium seizures were at its lowest level (183.2 kg) in the country. Table 30: Drug Seizures in Kazakhstan 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % opium 520.2 756.9 0.9 1.4 45.5 1277.1 1.1 Heroin 306.7 753.9 0.5 1.3 145.8 1060.6 0.9 Raw Opium 183.1 0.16 0.3 0.0-99.9 183.26 0.2 Cannabis Group 28182.8 27187.9 49.1 48.6-3.5 55370.7 48.9 Hashish 225.9 196.2 0.4 0.4-13.1 422.1 0.4 Marijuana 27956.9 26991.7 48.7 48.3-3.5 54948.6 48.5 Total 57375.6 55886.76 100.0 100.0-2.6 113262.36 100 Page 52

Graph 42. Drug Seizures in Kazakhstan 30000 28182.8 27187.9 27956.9 26991.7 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 756.9 753.9 0.16 196.2 520.2 306.7 183.1 225.9 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2012 kg 2013 kg As mentioned earlier, in 2012 and 2013, cannabis group seizures were at its highest level and accounted for 48.9 % of total drug seizures in Kazakhstan. According to received statistics, the second highest amount of drug seizures were reported for Marijuana, 48.5 % of total seizures in the country. The volume of heroin, opium and hashish seizures amounted to 0.9%, 1.1%, and 0.4%, respectively. Graph 43. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012&2013 1.1 0.9 0.2 48.5 48.9 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 0.4 Page 53

Graph 44. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 Graph 45. Drug Seizurs Percentage 2013 Marijuana 48.7 Marijuana 48.3 Hashish 0.4 Hashish 0.4 Cannabis Group 49.1 Cannabis Group 48.6 Raw Opium 0.3 Raw Opium 0.0 Heroin 0.5 Heroin 1.3 opium 0.9 opium 1.4 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 In 2012 & 2013, 1.1% (equivalent to 1277.1 kg) of drug seizures was related to opium in Kazakhstan. During the same period of time, opium seizures in the country witnessed positive trend and grew by 45.5%. Table 31: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 2013 Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % 520.2 756.9 0.9 1.4 45.5 1277.1 1.1 Graph 46. Opium Seizures in Kazakhstan Total 1277.1 Rate of Change 45.5 20.13 1.4 20.12 0.9 2013 kg 756.9 2012 kg 520.2 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 Page 54

Table 32: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 306.7 753.9 0.5 1.3 145.8 1060.6 0.9 Graph 47.Heroin Seizures in Kazakhstan Total 1060.6 Rate of Change 145.8 2013 2012 1.3 0.5 2013 kg 753.9 2012 kg 306.7 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 There is a significant increase amounting to 145.8 % in the rate of heroin seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. During the mentioned years, anti-narcotics forces of Kazakhstan succeeded in seizing 1060.6 kg of heroin, 0.9% of total drug seizures in the Country. Table 33: Raw Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 183.1 0.1 0.3 0.00-99.9 183.2 0.2 Graph 48. Raw Opium Seizures in Kazakhstan -99.9 Total Rate of Change % 2013 2012 2013 kg 2012 kg 0.0 0.3 0.2 183.3 183.1-100.0-50.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 Based on the above figures, raw opium seizures in Kazakhstan had a negative trend in 2013 compared to 2012, a -99.9% decrease. During the years 2012 and 2013, 183.3 kg of raw opium was seized by anti- narcotics forces of Kazakhstan. Page 55

Table 34: Hashish seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 225.9 196.2 0.4 0.4-13.1 422.1 0.4 Graph 50. Hashish Seizures in Kazakhstan 450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0-50.0 225.9 196.2 0.4 0.4-13.1 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 2013 Rate of Change % 422.1 Total Based on the available data, 0.4% (422.1 kg) of drug seizures was related to hashish in 2012 and 2013. In 2012, 225.9 kg of hashish (0.4 % of total seizures) was seized in Kazakhstan. This amount decreased to 196.2 kg in 2013. Table 35: Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 28182.8 27187.9 49.1 48.6-3.5 55370.7 48.9 Graph 49. Cannabis Group Seizures in Kazakhstan 60000.0 50000.0 40000.0 30000.0 20000.0 10000.0 0.0-10000.0 28182.8 27187.9 49.1 48.6-3.5 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 2013 Rate of Change % 55370.7 Total In 2012 and 2013, the largest seizure of drugs was related to the cannabis group, namely, 48.9% (55370.7 kg). Trend of cannabis seizures in Page 56

2013 as compared to 2012 had a -3.5% decrease. In 2012, 28182.8 kg (49.1% of total seizures) of cannabis was seized by anti-narcotics forces of Kazakhstan, reduced to 27187.9 kg (48.6% of total seizures) in 2013. Table 36: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 27956.9 26991.7 48.7 48.3-3.5 54948.6 48.5 Graph 51. Marijuana Seizures in Kazakhstan 60000.0 50000.0 40000.0 30000.0 20000.0 10000.0 0.0-10000.0 27956.9 26991.7 48.7 48.3-3.5 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 2013 Rate of Change % 54948.6 Total Data show that 54,948.6 marijuana was seized in Kazakhstan in 2012 and 2013. Marijuana seizures in the country had a negative trend (-3.5%) in 2013 as compared to 2012. Table 37: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012 & 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change opium 45.5 Heroin 145.8 Raw Opium -99.9 Cannabis Group -3.5 Hashish -13.1 Marijuana -3.5 Total -2.6 Page 57

200.0 150.0 Graph 52. Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 145.8 100.0 50.0 0.0-50.0-100.0 45.5 opium Heroin Raw Opium -99.9 Cannabis Group -3.5-13.1-3.5-2.6 Hashish Marijuana Total -150.0 In 2013 as compared to 2012, drug seizures in Kazakhstan decreased by -2.6%. However, opium and heroin seizures grew 45.5 % and 145.8%, respectively. According to data, raw opium, cannabis group, hashish and marijuana seizures decreased by -99.9 %, -3.5%, -13.1% and -3.5 in Kazakhstan during 2013, respectively. Page 58

2-5. Kyrgyz Republic Page 59

2-5-1. Introduction Kyrgyz Republic is a transit country for illicit drugs, primarily heroin, from Afghanistan to Europe and Russia. The country s geographical location, as well as limited financial and institutional resources leave it vulnerable to exploitation by transnational drug trafficking networks. Illicit drugs often arrive in Kyrgyzstan via dangerous mountainous passes bordering Tajikistan. In 2012, the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated that 75 to 80 metric tons (MT) of heroin and 18 to 20 MT of opium were trafficked through Tajikistan. Kyrgyzstan is also experiencing a rise in local consumption of drugs, especially heroin and cannabis. 2-5-2. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment The Government of Kyrgyzstan seeks to reduce domestic demand for illicit drugs through working with international partners such as UNODC, ECO and Community Anti-Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA). Programs administered by these international organizations focus on both improving the capacity of law enforcement. According to UNODC, Kyrgyzstan has rising rates of both intravenous drug use and HIV. This trend is most evident in the south where drugs are heavily trafficked. Local experts believe that there are between 20,000 and 50,000 drug users in Kyrgyzstan. Several treatment, detoxification, and methadone clinics exist in Kyrgyzstan, poorly staffed and equipped, though. Methadone clinics came under fire in early 2011 after the release of the film, The Trap, which presented a negative view of methadone treatment. Page 60

2-5-3. Seizures: Table 38: Drug Seizures in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 & 2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % Opium 657.9 526.8 4.1 2.4-19.9 1184.7 3.1 Heroin 241.9 247.1 1.5 1.1 2.1 489 1.3 Raw Opium 16.5 132.4 0.1 0.6 702.4 148.9 0.4 Cannabis Group 12820.3 17077.2 79.5 77.2 33.2 29897.5 78.2 Hashish 367.5 541.3 2.3 2.4 47.3 908.8 2.4 Marijuana 2031.2 3589.6 12.6 16.2 76.7 5620.8 14.7 Total 16135.3 22114.4 100.0 100.0 37.1 38249.7 100 Graph 53. Drug Seizures in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 & 2013 18000 17077.2 16000 14000 12820.3 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 3589.6 2031.2 657.9 241.9 16.5 367.5 526.8 247.1 132.4 541.3 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2012 kg 2013 kg In 2012 and 2013, the largest seizure was related to cannabis group (78.2% and 29897.5kg) when raw opium seizures were at its lowest level (0.4 % and 148.9kg). Seizure statistics for types of drugs are shown in the table below: Page 61

Table 39: Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 & 2013 Types of Drug 2012% 2013% 2012-2013 in % Opium 4.1 2.4 3.1 Heroin 1.5 1.1 1.3 Raw Opium 0.1 0.6 0.4 Cannabis Group 79.5 77.2 78.2 Hashish 2.3 2.4 2.4 Marijuana 12.6 16.2 14.7 Total 100 100 100 Graph 54. Drug Seizures Percentage in Kyrgyzstan 3.1 1.3 0.4 2.4 14.7 78.2 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Graph 55. Drug Seizures in Kyrgyzstan in 2012 in Percentage Graph 56. Drug Seizures in Kyrgyzstan in 2013 in Percentage 2% 13% 4% 2% opium Heroin 2.4 16.2 2.4 1.1 0.6 opium Heroin Raw Opium [PERCEN TAGE] Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 77.2 Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Page 62

Based on the available data, 78.2% of drug seizures were related to cannabis during 2012 and 2013. Marijuana seizures amounted to 14.7 % over the same period. Table 40: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 657.9 526.8 4.1 2.4-19.9 1184.7 3.1 Graph 57. Opium Seizures in Kyrgyzstan 1400.0 1200.0 1000.0 800.0 600.0 400.0 200.0 0.0-200.0 657.9 526.8 4.1 2.4-19.9 1184.7 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Total in kg Total in % Change % 3.1 Data shows that 1184.7 kg opium was seized in Kyrgyzstan during the years of 2012 & 2013. The data also shows a -19.9% decrease in the rate of opium seizures in the country in 2013 as compared to 2012. Table 41: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 241.9 247.1 1.5 1.1 2.1 489 1.3 Graph 58. Heroin Seizures in kyrgyzstan 500.0 450.0 400.0 350.0 300.0 250.0 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 241.9 247.1 1.5 1.1 2.1 489.0 1.3 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % Page 63

During the period under study, less than 2 %( 489kg) of whole drug seizures in the country was related to heroin. The above graph shows a 2.1% increase in the rate of heroin seizures in Kyrgyzstan in 2013 as compared to 2012. Table 42: Raw Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 16.5 132.4 0.1 0.6 702.4 148.9 0.4 Table 59. Raw Opium Seizures in Kyrgyzstan 800.0 700.0 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 16.5 132.4 0.1 0.6 702.4 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % 148.9 Total Significant fluctuations have been observed in the amount of raw opium seizures in 2013, as compared to 2012. Raw opium rose by 702.4% in the same period of time. Based on the available data, 0.4% (148.9 kg) of drug seizures were related to raw opium in 2012 and 2013. In the year 2012, 0.1% and in 2013, 0.6% of total seizures were related to raw opium. Page 64

Table 43: Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 12820.3 17077.2 79.5 77.2 33.2 29897.5 78.2 Graph 60. Cannabis Group Seizures in Kyrgyzstan 29897.5 30000.0 25000.0 20000.0 15000.0 10000.0 5000.0 0.0 12820.3 17077.2 79.5 77.2 33.2 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total In 2012 and 2013, the most significant narcotics seizures were related to cannabis group (78.2%, 29897.5 kg). During the period under study, seizures of cannabis group increased by 33.2%. Table 44: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 367.5 541.3 2.3 2.4 47.3 908.8 2.4 Graph 61. Hashish Seizures in Kygyzstan 1000.0 908.8 800.0 600.0 367.5 541.3 400.0 200.0 0.0 2.3 2.4 47.3 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Total 908.8 kg, equal to 2.4%, of total drug seizures in 2012 and 2013 in the country was related to hashish. In 2013, compared to 2012, hashish seizures rose by 47.3 %.( 367.5 kg in 2012 to 541.3 kg in 2013). Page 65

Table 45: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 2031.2 3589.6 12.6 16.2 76.7 5620.8 14.7 Graph 62. Marijuana Seizures in Kyrgyzstan 6000.0 5000.0 4000.0 3000.0 2000.0 1000.0 0.0 2031.2 3589.6 12.6 16.2 76.7 5620.8 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 2013 Rate of Total in kg Change % 12.6 % of total drug seizures in 2012 and 14.7% of total seizures in 2013 were related to Marijuana, a 76.7% change in 2013 as compared to 2012. Table 46: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change % opium -19.9 Heroin 2.1 Raw Opium 702.4 Cannabis Group 33.2 Hashish 47.3 Marijuana 76.7 Total 37.1 Page 66

Graph 63. Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 800.0 700.0 702.4 600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0-19.9 2.1 33.2 47.3 76.7 37.1-100.0 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Total There is a significant change in the amount of raw opium, marijuana, hashish, cannabis and heroin seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. The above graph shows a significant increase amounting to 702.4%, 76.7%, 47.3%, 33.2%, and 2.1% for each kind of drugs, respectively. In the same period of time, opium seizures decreased by -19.9%. Page 67

2-6- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Page 68

2-6-1. Introduction Pakistan remains a source and transit country for illicit opiates. Drugtrafficking occurs through the country s seaports, train routes, and along the porous 1,500-mile border with Afghanistan. Pakistan s borders with India and Iran are also exploited by traffickers. In 2012, Pakistani law enforcement units had moderate success at interdicting drug shipments, were underfunded and thinly spread, particularly in the remote provinces of Balochistan and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which adjoin Afghanistan s major opium producing regions. Domestic drug addiction is a continuing problem. Cannabis is widely grown and available. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimated in 2010 that at least 20 metric tons (MT) of Afghan heroin was consumed annually within Pakistan. Demand for amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) is believed to be increasing. Pakistan remained the world s foremost heroin transit country in 2012, and UNODC estimated that 40 percent of the world supply traversed the country en-route to China, the Persian Gulf states, Africa, and Europe. Seizures in recent years suggest that traffickers are diverting precursor chemicals from Pakistan to clandestine refineries (mainly in Afghanistan) to synthesize heroin from opium. 2-6-2. Supply Reduction Pakistan sits on one of the world's busiest drug trafficking corridors, largely due to the cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis in neighboring Afghanistan. According to UNODC estimates, 40 percent of the drugs (heroin & charas) produced in Afghanistan are routed through Pakistan. This generates a considerable opiate supply for export as well as domestic use. Law Page 69

enforcement authorities in Pakistan have made seizures of methamphetamine in the last few years, and identified irregularities around the import of related precursor chemicals such as ephedrine. Further, Pakistan has a developed pharmaceutical industry and a large network of pharmacies and medical stores that largely remain unregulated. These pharmacies and stores distribute and sell medicines, including controlled medicines, in nearly all parts of the country, in most instances without a requirement for a prescription from a medical practitioner. 2-6-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment There are an estimated 500,000 addicts and over 5 million habitual drug users in Pakistan, though no comprehensive measurement has been completed since 2006. UNODC estimated that 20 to 40 MT of heroin remained in Pakistan s domestic market in 2011. While cannabis use has always been high, UNODC believes ATS consumption is growing, particularly among urban women developing chemical dependencies to over-the-counter pills. Pakistan s economic crisis precluded a vigorous response to rising drug demand. In 2011, the Government of Pakistan committed $75,000 towards the implementation of a UNODC-designed comprehensive drug user survey. In 2012, Pakistan s capacity for drug treatment remained insufficient to meet demand, with only 73 treatment facilities operating nationwide the majority run by NGOs. Few of these centers possessed formal training or certifications. In November 2012, Pakistan officially adopted UNODCproposed national drug treatment certification standards, while the UNODC launched a train-the-trainer campaign to better educate treatment specialists employed at government hospitals. In September 2012, The Colombo Plan, a multi-national organization promoting development in the Page 70

Asia-Pacific region, launched a similar train-the-trainer program targeting NGO treatment specialists. Despite these achievements, demand for treatment far outpaced supply. In 2011, fewer than 30,000 drug users received detoxification therapy in Pakistan, as over-worked clinics were forced to turn back thousands more seeking treatment. 2-6-4. Seizures During the period under study, Anti-Narcotics Forces of Pakistan succeeded in seizing more than 493540 kg of different types of drug. Out of this amount 403062 kg was amounted for hashish, 81.7% of total seizures in Pakistan. Meanwhile, cocaine seizures were at its lowest level amounting to 0.2 %( 1039 kg). At the same time, 54617.6 of opium (11.1%), 20755.4 of heroin (4.2%) and14069 kg of morphine (2.9%) were seized in 2012 and 2013. Table 47: Drug Seizures in Pakistan in 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total in kg Total in % opium 29525.4 25092 13.9 8.9-15.0 54617.6 11.1 Heroin 12224.8 8531 5.7 3.0-30.2 20755.4 4.2 Hashish 160776.9 242285 75.5 86.3 50.7 403062.2 81.7 Morphine 10315.4 3754 4.8 1.3-63.6 14069 2.9 Cocaine 8.3 1030 0.0 0.4 12313.3 1039 0.2 Total 212850.8 280692 100 100 31.9 493,543 100 Page 71

Graph 64. Drug Seizures in Pakistan 300000 250000 242285 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 160776.9 29525.4 25092 12224.8 3754 8.3 8531 10315.4 1030 opium Heroin Hashish Morphine Cocaine 2012 kg 2013 kg Graph 65. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012-2013 in Pakistan 2.9 0.2 11.1 4.2 81.7 opium Heroin Hashish Morphine Cocaine Graph 65. Drug Seizures Percentage in Pakistan in 2013 1.3 0.4 8.9 3.0 opium Heroin Hashish Morphine 86.3 Cocaine Page 72

Graph 66. Drug Seizures Percentage in Pakistan in 2012 0.0 4.8 13.9 5.7 opium Heroin Hashish Morphine Cocaine 75.5 Table 48: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 29525.4 25092.2 13.9 8.9-15.0 54617.6 11.1 Graph 67. Opium Seizures in Pakistan Total in % 11.1 Total in kg 54617.6 Rate of Change % -15.0 2013% 2012% 8.9 13.9 2013 kg 25092.2 2012 kg 29525.4-10000.0 0.0 10000.0 20000.0 30000.0 40000.0 50000.0 60000.0 11.1% equal to 54617.6 kg of total drug seizures in Pakistan during the years 2012 and 2013 was related to opium. In 2012 Anti-Narcotics Forces of Pakistan succeeded in seizing 29525.4 kg(13.9% total seizures in the year) of opium while this amount decrease by - 15% in 2013 amounting to 8.9%(25092.2 kg) of total seizures. Page 73

4.2 %( 20755.4 kg) of total narcotics seizures in Pakistan in the years 2012 and 2013 were related to heroin. Out of this amount, 12224.8 kg of heroin was seized in 2012 and 8530.6 kg was seized in 2013. According to data, heroin seizures decreased by -30.2 % in Pakistan during 2013. Table 49: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 12224.8 8530.6 5.7 3-30.2 20755.4 4.2 Graph 68. Heroin Seizures Total in % 4.2 Total in kg 20755.4 Rate of Change % -30.2 2013% 3.0 2012% 5.7 2013 kg 8530.6 2012 kg 12224.8-5000.0 0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 Table 50: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 160776.9 242285.3 75.5 86.3 50.7 403062.2 81.7 Graph 69. Hashish Seizures Total in % 81.7 Total in kg 403062.2 Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% 50.7 86.3 75.5 2013 kg 242285.3 2012 kg 160776.9 0.0 50000.0 100000.0 150000.0 200000.0 250000.0 300000.0 350000.0 400000.0 450000.0 Page 74

The largest drug seizures in Pakistan were reported for hashish (81.7%) equivalent to 403062.2 kg in 2012 and 2013. In 2013, compared to 2012, hashish seizures increased by 50.7%. In 2012 more than 75%, and in 2013 more than 86% of drug seizures in the country were related to hashish. Table 51: Morphine Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 10315.4 3754.0 4.8 1.3-63.6 14069.4 2.9 Graph 70. Morphine Seizures I Total in % Total in kg 2.9 14069.4 Rate of Change % -63.6 2013% 1.3 2012% 4.8 2013 kg 3754.0 2012 kg 10315.4 I -2000.0 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0 n the year 2012 and 2013, out of total drug seizures, 14069.4 kg (2.9 %) was related to Morphine. In 2012, 10315.4 kg (4.8% of total seizures) and in 2013, 3754 kg (1.4% of total seizures) of morphine was seized in Pakistan, a -63.6% decrease. Page 75

Table 52: Cocaine Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 8.3 1030.3 0.0 0.4 12313.3 1038.6 0.2 Graph 71. Cocaine Seizures Total in % Total in kg 0.2 1038.6 Rate of Change % 12313.3 2013% 2012% 2013 kg 2012 kg 0.4 0.0 1030.3 8.3 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 The lowest amount of seizures in Pakistan was reported for cocaine (0.2 % equal to 1038.6 kg). However, a significant fluctuation have been observed in the amount of cocaine seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. Seizures of cocaine rose by 12313.3% in 2013 as compared to 2012. During the years 2012 and 2013, Anti- Narcotics Force of Pakistan succeeded in seizing 8.3 kg and 1038.6 kg of cocaine respectively. Page 76

Table 53:Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change opium -15.0 Heroin -30.2 Hashish 50.7 Morphine -63.6 Cocaine 12313.3 Total 31.9 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% Graph 72.Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 12313.3 50.7 31.9 0% -20% opium Heroin Hashish Morphine Cocaine Total -40% -60% -80% -100% -15.0-30.2-63.6 During the period under, study drug seizures in Pakistan increased by 31.9%. There is a significant increase amounting to 12313.3 % in the rate of cocaine seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. According to data, hashish seizures increased by 50.7 % in Pakistan during 2013. Downward trend of seizures for morphine, heroin and opium amounted to -63.6 %, -30.2 % and - 15 %, respectively. Page 77

2-7. Republic of Tajikistan Page 78

2-7-1. Introduction Tajikistan is a transit country for heroin moving from Afghanistan to Russia and Eastern Europe. Tajikistan shares a 749-mile border with Afghanistan, where more than 80 percent of the world s opium and heroin originates. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) estimates that approximately 90 metric tons (MT) of the heroin produced in Afghanistan is smuggled through Central Asia, and that between 75 and 80 MT of heroin is smuggled through Tajikistan each year. Reported domestic consumption in Tajikistan is relatively low, with only 7,255 registered addicts. However, UNODC and the International Red Cross Society estimate that about 70,000 people regularly use opiates in the country. These estimates suggest that roughly one percent of the population is addicted to opium or heroin. 2-7-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 2-7-2-1. Institutional Development In 2010, the Government of Tajikistan adopted a National Border Management Strategy (NBMS), drafted by the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. In August 2011, President Emomali Rahmon took the first step toward implementing the NBMS when he established an Inter- Agency Secretariat to oversee it. 2-7-2-2. Supply Reduction UNODC estimates that 70 to 75 percent of opiates traffic through Central Asia are transported by truck or other vehicle. Air and rail account for another 15 to 25 percent of trafficking, possibly utilizing direct flights and rail lines from southern Tajikistan to Moscow. Low-level smugglers often use Page 79

body concealment to transport drugs by air. Better connected traffickers hide drugs in all types of goods, especially concrete, which make up the bulk of truck cargo from Afghanistan, obstructing the detection power of scanners and drug sniffing dogs. If smugglers are unable to use official border crossing points (BCPs), they must cross the Panj River from Afghanistan on rafts, or they simply wade across in areas where the water level is low. 3-7-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment Tajikistan s Ministry of Health funds five drug rehabilitation centers throughout the country, with 295 beds and 52 doctors. Over 80 percent of the 7,255 registered drug addicts in the country are addicted to heroin. Women account for less than four percent of registered drug users. Over 55 percent of Tajik citizens who are infected with HIV are intravenous drug users. Page 80

2-7-3. Seizures During 2012-2013, 25323 kg of illicit drugs were seized in Tajikistan accounting for 1% of the ECO Region s seizures. Cannabis group, marijuana, hashish, opium, raw opium and heroin seizures accounted for 40.5%(10261 kg), 20.4%(5156.5 kg), 20.2%(5103 kg), 9.5%(2404 kg), 5.5%(1401 kg) and 3.9%(999.2 kg) of the total seizures of the Country, respectively. Table 54: Drug Seizures in Tajikistan Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % opium 1146.1 1257.9 9.6 9.4 109.8 2404 9.5 Heroin 515.3 483.9 4.3 3.6-6.1 999.2 3.9 Raw Opium 626.9 774.1 5.2 5.8 23.5 1401 5.5 Cannabis Group 4832.7 5428.6 40.4 40.6 12.3 10261.3 40.5 Hashish 2314.9 2788.1 19.4 20.8 20.4 5103 20.2 Marijuana 2515.9 2640.6 21.1 19.7 5.0 5156.5 20.4 Total 11951.8 13373.2 100 100 11.9 25325 100 Graph 73.Drug Seizures in Tajikistan in 2012 & 2013 in kg 6000 5000 4832.7 5428.6 4000 3000 2314.9 2788.1 2515.9 2640.6 2000 1000 1146.1 1257.9 515.3 483.9 626.9 774.1 0 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2012 in kg 2013 in kg Page 81

Table 55: Drug Seizures Percentage in Tajikistan Types of Drug 2012% 2013% Total 2012&2013 in % opium 9.6 9.4 9.5 Heroin 4.3 3.6 3.9 Raw Opium 5.2 5.8 5.5 Cannabis Group 40.4 40.6 40.5 Hashish 19.4 20.8 20.2 Marijuana 21.1 19.7 20.4 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 Graph74. Drug Seizures Percentage in Tajikistan 2012-2013 20.4 9.5 3.9 5.5 opium Heroin Raw Opium 20.2 Cannabis Group Hashish 40.5 Marijuana Graph 75. Drug Seizures Percentage in Tajikistan in 2012 Graph 76. Drug Seizures Percentage in Tajikistan in 2013 opium opium 21.1 9.6 4.3 5.2 Heroin Raw Opium 19.7 9.4 5.8 3.6 Heroin Raw Opium 19.4 40.4 Cannabis Group 20.8 40.6 Cannabis Group Hashish 2404 kg (9.5% of total seizures) of opium was seized throughout the Country during the two years of 2012 and 2013. In 2013, 1257.9 kg of opium was seized in Tajikistan, 109.8% increase as compared to 2012. Page 82

Table 56: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 1146.1 1257.9 9.6 9.4 109.8 2404 9.5 Graph 77. Opium Seizures Total 2012& 2013 in % 9.5 Total 2012&2013 in kg 2404 Rate of Change% 2013% 2012% 109.8 9.4 9.6 2013 in kg 2012 in kg 1146.1 1257.9 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 During the mentioned period of time, the lowest seizure in Tajikistan was reported for heroin 3.9 % (999.2 kg). In 2012, 515.3 kg of heroin was seized throughout the country which decreased by -6.1 % during 2013 amounted to 483.9 kg. Page 83

Table 57: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 515.3 483.9 4.3 3.6-6.1 999.2 3.9 Graph 78. Heroin Seizures in Tajikistan Total 2012 &2013 in % 3.9 Total 2012 & 2013 in kg 999.2 Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% -6.1 3.6 4.3 2013 2012 483.9 515.3-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 Table 58: Raw Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 626.9 774.1 5.2 5.8 23.5 1401 5.5 Graph 79. Raw Opium Seizures Total 2012& 2013 in % 5.5 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 1401.0 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 23.5 5.8 5.2 2013 774.1 2012 626.9 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 Raw opium seizures are among lowest drug seizures in Tajikistan during the period under study. Only 5.5 %( 1401 kg) of total seizures in two years of 2012 and 2013 was related to raw opium. In 2012, 626.9 kg of raw opium was seized in the country which rose by 23.5% in 2013. Page 84

The largest drug seizures in Tajikistan were reported for cannabis group amounted to 40.5% equivalent to 10261.3 kg in 2012 and 2013. Out of total cannabis group seizures, 4832.7kg (40.4%) was seized in 2012 and 5428.6 kg (40.6 %) was seized in 2013. Based on available data, cannabis group seizures rose by 12.3% in 2013. Table 59: Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 4832.7 5428.6 40.4 40.6 12.3 10261.3 40.5 Graph 80. Cannabis Group Seizures Total 2012& 2013 in % Total 2012& 2013 in kg Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 2013 kg 2012 kg 40.5 12.3 40.6 40.4 5428.6 4832.7 10261.3 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 According to above table and graph, hashish seizures in Tajikistan increased by 20.4% in 2013 compared to 2012. During mentioned two years, 5103 kg of hashish was seized throughout the country of which 2314.9 kg was seized in 2012 and 2788.1 kg in 2013. Table 60: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 2314.9 2788.1 19.4 20.8 20.4 5103 20.2 Graph 81. Hashish Seizures Total 2012& 2013 in % Total 2012& 2013 in kg Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 2013 2012 20.2 20.4 20.8 19.4 2314.9 2788.1 5103.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 Page 85

During 2012 and 2013, marijuana was the largest drug seizures in Tajikistan. 20.4 %( equal to 5156.5 kg) of drug seizures in the country was related to marijuana. Seizures of marijuana went up 5% in 2013. In 2012 and 2013, 2515.9 kg and 2640.6 kg of marijuana were seized in Tajikistan, respectively. Table 61: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 2515.9 2640.6 21.1 19.7 5.0 5156.5 20.4 Graph 82. Marijuana Seizures Total 2012& 2013 in % 20.4 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 5156.5 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 5.0 19.7 21.1 2013 2012 2640.6 2515.9 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 Page 86

Table 62: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change Opium 109.8 Heroin -6.1 Raw Opium 23.5 Cannabis Group 12.3 Hashish 20.4 Marijuana 5.0 Total 11.9 Graph 83. Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 120.0 100.0 109.8 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0 23.5 12.3 20.4 5.0 11.9 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Hashish Marijuana Total -6.1 Group In 2013, drug seizures in Tajikistan increased by 11.9% compared to 2012. The comparative trend of narcotic seizures during 2012/2013 as shown in Graph 83 above are as fallow: Opium +109.8 Heroin -6.1 Raw Opium +23.5 Cannabis Group +12.3 Hashish +20.4 Marijuana +5 Page 87

2-8- Republic of Turkey Page 88

Turkey remains a transit country for illicit drug trafficking. Heroin, opium, and cocaine are generally trafficked through Turkey to European markets, and methamphetamine and amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are trafficked to markets in the Middle East and elsewhere in Asia. Large amounts of opiates and precursor chemicals continue to be seized in Turkey, and the Government of Turkey remains committed to upholding its international drug control obligations. 2-8-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 2-8-2-1. Institutional Development The Turkish National Police (TNP) is the country s most proactive counterdrug force and has jurisdiction for drug-related crimes in urban areas. The Jandarma, a branch of the Turkish Armed Forces responsible for rural areas outside the jurisdiction of the TNP, also plays a significant role. TNP intelligence frequently leads to rural areas, in which case the two agencies conduct investigations and seizures together. The Ministry of Health (MOH) is responsible for issues relating to import of chemicals for legitimate use. The Ministry of Finance oversees the financial intelligence unit, which investigates potential money laundering activities. The Turkish International Academy against Drugs and Crime (TADOC) is an important body providing advanced training to law enforcement professionals from within Turkey and across neighboring states. The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) sponsors training sessions at TADOC for narcotics police from Central Asia and other states. Page 89

2-8-2-2. Supply Reduction Most heroin trafficked via Turkey is marketed in Western Europe. Turkey also acts as a transit route for opium smuggled overland from Afghanistan via Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia en route to Western Europe. Major Turkish smugglers are frequently involved in both heroin sales and transport, as well as limited production and smuggling of synthetic drugs. Turkey also serves as a transit route for methamphetamine smuggled from Iran and bound for markets in Southeast Asia, as well as ATS originating in Eastern Europe bound for countries in the Middle East. Methamphetamine is more widely available in Turkey, and authorities fear that local addicts will turn to this less expensive drug. Cocaine arrives from either South America or via trans-shipment locations in West Africa. TNP intelligence indicates most cocaine transported to Turkey is brought via couriers onboard commercial aircrafts. Seizures indicate cocaine is predominantly hidden inside passenger luggage or hidden on persons. Cannabis, primarily as hashish, enters Turkey through Afghanistan, Lebanon, and Albania, primarily for local consumption. Turkey also acts as a transit route for opium smuggled overland from Afghanistan via Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Georgia en route to Western Europe. While the Balkan Route into Western Europe remains heavily used, information suggests that traffickers also use a more northerly route through Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russia, and Ukraine. Opium is produced in Turkey under strict domestic controls and international treaty obligations. The Turkish Grain Board strictly controls licit Page 90

opium poppy cultivation and pharmaceutical morphine production, with no apparent diversion into the illicit market. The TNP uses TADOC to train officers on interdiction and investigation techniques to fight trafficking. Border control initiatives and upgrades include the deployment of x-ray machines and ion scanners to Turkey s Eastern borders. 2-8-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment The Turkish Science Committee for Methods of Drug Addiction is responsible for the national coordination of treatment. Its main tasks are to monitor, accredit and evaluate treatment services. Drug-related treatment is provided mainly by public agencies, private entities and non-governmental organizations and is mainly funded through the state and health insurance. Most Turkish treatment services for drug abusers are aimed at achieving a drug-free life and dealing with addiction in general, not specifically for users of illicit drugs. These programs include psychotherapeutic and supporting methods, with the majority of drug-related treatment services taking place within inpatient settings. While abuse remains modest in scale in Turkey compared to other countries, the number of addicts seeking treatment is increasing. Page 91

2-8-3. Seizures Table 63. Drug Seizures in Turkey Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % Cannabis 152086 166268 91 93.9 9.3 318354 92.5 Heroin 13031 9843 7.8 5.6-24.5 22874 6.6 Opium 876 167 0.5 0.1-80.9 1043 0.3 Cocaine 476 450 0.3 0.3-5.5 926 0.3 Marijuana 152 274.3 0.1 0.2 80.5 426.3 0.1 Methamphetamine 502 105 0.3 0.1-79.1 607 0.2 Total 167123 177107 100 100 6.0 344230.3 100 Graph 84. Drug Seizures in Turkey 2012-2013 180000 160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 152086 166268 13031 9843 167 450 274.3 105 876 476 152 502 2012 in kg 2013 in kg In Republic of Turkey, different types of illicit drugs were seized by the relevant anti-narcotics forces during 2012 and 2013. For the mentioned 2 years, 344230.3 kg illicit drugs were seized in Turkey (only six main drugs shown in the table above). Page 92

Cannabis seizures accounted for 92.5 %, heroin for 6.6% and 4 other types of drugs accounted for 1 percent of drug seizures in the country in the same period of time. Graph 85.Total Drug Seizures Percentage in Turkey 2012 & 2013 0.3 0.1 6.6 0.3 0.2 92.5 Cannabis Heroin Opium Cocaine Marijuana Metamphetamine Graph86. Drug Seizures Percentage in 2012 100.0 90.0 91 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 7.8 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 Cannabis Heroin Opium Cocaine Marijuana Metamphetamine Page 93

Graph 87. Drug Seizures Percentage in 2013 Metamphetamine 0.1 Marijuana 0.2 Cocaine 0.3 Opium 0.1 Heroin 5.6 Cannabis 93.9 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0 Table 64: Cannabis Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 152086 166268 91 93.9 9.3 318354 92.5 Graph 88. Cannabis Seizures in Turkey 2012-2013 Total 2012&2013 in % 92.5 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 318354.0 Rate of Change % 2013 in % 2012 in % 9.3 93.9 91 2013 in kg 2012 in kg 166268.0 152086.0 0.0 50000.0 100000.0 150000.0 200000.0 250000.0 300000.0 350000.0 During 2012 and 2013, the highest amount of drug seizures in Turkey was reported as 92.5% for cannabis (318354kg). As it is shown in the above graph, cannabis seizures in 2013, compared to 2012, increased by 9.3 percent, from 167404 kg to 177087 kg. Table 65: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 13031 9843 7.8 5.6-24.5 22874 6.6 Page 94

Graph 89. Heroin Seizures Total 2012&2013 in % 6.6 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 22874 Rate of Change% 2013% 2012% 5.6 7.8-24.5 2013 9843 2012 13031-5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 According to the received data, 6.6 percent (22874 kg) of drug seizures were related to heroin in two years period under study. Seizures of heroin in Turkey had a negative trend in 2013 compared to 2012 and declined by -24.5 percent. In 2012, 13031 kg of heroin (7.8 percent of total drug seizures in 2012) was seized in Turkey, reduced to 9843 kg in 2013 (5.6% of total seizures in 2013). Table 66: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 876 167 0.5 0.1-80.9 1043 0.3 Graph 90. Opium Seizures Total 2012&2013 in % 0.3 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 1043 Rate of Change -80.9 2013% 0.1 2012% 0.5 2013 in kg 167 2012 in kg 876-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Page 95

During the years 2012 and 2013, out of total drug seizures, 1043 kg (0.3 %) was related to opium. The relevant statistics for opium show a decline by - 80.9 percent. In 2012, 876 kg of opium (0.5 percent of total seizures) was seized in Turkey while this amount in 2013 reduced to 167 kg (0.1 percent of total seizures). Table 67: Cocaine Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Total in kg Total in % Rate of Change % 476 450 0.3 0.3 1187.0 0.3-5.5 Graph 91. Cocaine Seizures Rate of Change Total 2012&2013 in % 0.3-5.5 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 926 2013% 2012% 0.3 0.3 2013 450 2012 476-200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Above table and graph show that 926 kg of cocaine (0.3 % of total seizures in two years) was seized in the Country in two years of 2012 and 2013. In 2013, 450 kg of cocaine was seized in the Country equal to 0.3 percent of total seizures in the country. This volume shows a -5.5 percent decline compared to 2012 where 476 kg of cocaine (0.3 percent of total seizures in the year) was seized. Table 68: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 152 274.30 0.1 0.2 80.5 426.30 0.1 Page 96

Graph 92. Marijuana Seizures Total 2012&2013 in % 0.1 Total 2012& 2013 in kg 426.30 Rate of Change 80.5 2013% 2012% 0.2 0.1 2013 274.30 2012 152 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Based on above table and graph, in the years 2012 and 2013, out of total drug seizures (344491.3 kg) 0.1 % was related to marijuana. This amount was the lowest volume of drug seizures in Turkey. In 2012, 152 kg of marijuana was seized which was only 0.1 percent of total seizures, rising by 80.5 percent (274.30 kg equal to 0.2 percent of total seizures) in 2013. Table 69: Methamphetamine Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 502 105 0.3 0.1-79.1 607 0.2 Graph 93. Methamphetamine Seizures Total 2012&2013 in % Total 2012& 2013 in kg Rate of Change 2013% 2012% 2013 2012 0.2-79.1 0.1 0.3 105.0 502.0 607.0-100.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 700.0 In 2013, compared to 2012, seizures of methamphetamine in Turkey declined by -79.1 percent. In 2012 only 0.3% (502 kg) of total drug seizures was related to methamphetamine. This amount reduced to 105 kg (0.1 percent Page 97

of total seizures). According to the above graph and table, 607 kg of methamphetamine was seized in the country during two years of 2012 and 2013. Table 70: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change Cannabis 9.3 Heroin -24.5 Opium -80.9 Cocaine -5.5 Marijuana 80.5 Methamphetamine -79.1 Total 6 Graph 94.Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 100.0 80.0 80.5 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 9.3 6-20.0-40.0-60.0-80.0-100.0-24.5-80.9-5.5-79.1 In 2013, seizures of drug increased by 6% compared to 2012 in Turkey. In 2013, the relevant statistics for heroin, opium, cocaine and methamphetamine show decline by -24.5%, -80.9%, -5.5%, -79.1%, and seizures of cannabis and marijuana increased by 9.3% and 80.5% compared to 2012, respectively. Page 98

2-9. Turkmenistan Page 99

2-9-1. Introduction Turkmenistan is a transshipment route for Afghan opiates destined for Turkish, Russian and European markets, either directly or through Iran. It is not, however, a major producer or source country for illegal drugs or precursor chemicals. Most illegal drug seizures occur along Turkmenistan s rugged and remote 446-mile border with Afghanistan and its 595-mile frontier with Iran. 2-9-2. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 2-9-2-1. Institutional Development The Government of Turkmenistan directs the bulk of its law enforcement resources and manpower towards stopping the flow of drugs either directly from Afghanistan or via Iran. Common methods of transporting illegal narcotics include concealment in cargo and passenger vehicles, deliveries by pedestrian carriers, and in some cases, by concealment in the stomach or body cavities of humans and animals. Caspian Sea ferry traffic from Turkmenistan to Azerbaijan and Russia also provide smuggling route. President Berdimuhamedov continued to stress in official settings that combating drug trafficking should be a consistent and uncompromising priority for his administration. Internal narcotics sales have reportedly dropped since President Berdimuhamedov stopped pardoning prisoners previously convicted of drug-related crimes. The price of heroin, opium and marijuana, though generally low along established drug trafficking routes, continues to be high in the population centers, reflecting decreased supply. Page 100

The government also adopted a law governing the treatment of persons suffering from alcoholism and drug addiction, or are dependent on psychoactive substances. The new law reduced the period of compulsory treatment from one-two years to six months. 2-9-2-2. Supply Reduction According to official statistics, the total amount of narcotics seized in Turkmenistan over the first six months of 2012 totaled 635 kg. This is on pace to exceed 2011 volume, the most recent year for which full annual statistics are available, when 747.6 kg were seized. Most seizures appear to be of raw opium. Over 11.6 metric tons (MT) of nass a smokeless powder produced from dried plant leaves which produces a slight narcotic effect when placed under the tongue was seized along the Uzbekistan border in August 2012. The substance, which was banned in Turkmenistan in 2009, was hidden in a shipment of cement being sent by rail into Turkmenistan. There is no evidence of synthetic drug production in Turkmenistan, and the government reported no seizures of synthetic drugs in 2012 or 2013. 2-9-2-3. Drug Abuse Awareness, Demand Reduction, and Treatment The Ministry of Health operates six drug treatment clinics and one outpatient facility for drug addicts in Ashgabat, as well as Psychological and Neurological Hospital in the Ilyaly district of Dashoguz province, as well as in other provincial administrative centers. Addicts can receive free detoxification treatment at these clinics without revealing their identity as clinic visits are kept confidential. Citing more recent information, the UNODC office in Ashgabat reported in September 2011 that there were 26,312 registered drug users in Turkmenistan in 2010, down from 28,978 registered users in 2009. Heroin users were reported to constitute the bulk of registered Page 101

addicts. Government-run facilities provided specialized, inpatient treatment to 16,495 patients. The services offered nationwide by the government included a referral system for specialized services, treatment planning, detoxification, counseling, HIV prevention and testing, and counseling. 2-9-3. Seizures Table 71: Drug Seizures in Turkmenistan 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % Opium 677.5 408.9 45 46.4-39.6 1086.4 45.5 Heroin 14.9 12.6 1 1.4-15.4 27.5 1.2 Raw Opium 662.6 396.3 44 45-40.2 1058.9 44.4 Cannabis Group 74.9 31.7 5 3.6-57.7 106.6 4.5 Hashish 38.9 4.7 2.6 0.5-87.9 43.6 1.8 Marijuana 35.9 26.9 2.4 3.1-25.1 62.8 2.6 Total 1504.7 881.1 100 100-41.4 2385.8 100 Graph 95. Drug Seizures in Turkmenistan in 2012-2013 800 700 677.5 662.6 600 500 400 408.9 396.3 300 200 100 0 74.9 14.9 38.9 35.9 12.6 31.7 4.7 26.9 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2012 kg 2013 kg Page 102

Graph 96.Total Drug Seizures Percentage in 2012-2013 1.8 2.6 4.5 opium 44.4 45.5 Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 1.2 Graph 97. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 2.6 2.4 5 opium Heroin 45 Raw Opium 44 Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 1 Graph 98. Drug Seizures Percentage 2013 3.6 45.0 0.5 3.1 1.4 46.4 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2385.8 kg of different kinds of drug were seized in Turkmenistan during two years of 2012 and 2013. Out of this volume, 1504.7 kg was seized in 2012 and 881.1 kg was seized in 2013. Drug seizures in Turkmenistan declined by - 41.4 in 2013 compared to 2012. As it is shown in the above figures, opium had the highest amount of seizures during the period under study, accounted for 1086.4 kg (45.5 percent of total seizures), followed by raw opium 44.4% (1058.9kg), cannabis group 4.5 %(106.6 kg), marijuana 2.6%(62.8 kg), hashish 1.8%(43.6 kg) and heroin 1.2% (27.5 kg). Page 103

Table 72: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change% Total kg Total % 677.5 408.9 45.0 46.4-39.6 1086.4 45.5 Graph 99. Opium Seizures Total 1086.4 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% -39.6 46.4 45.0 2013 kg 408.9 2012 kg 677.5-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 In 2012 and 2013, the largest seizure of drugs was related to the opium 45.5 percent (1086.4 kg). Opium seizures in Turkmenistan had a negative trend in 2013 compared to 2012. In 2012, 677.5 kg of opium was seized in the country, reduced to 408.9 kg in 2013. According to the above graph, opium seizures declined by -39.6 %. Table 73: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012 % 2013 % Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 14.9 12.6 1 1.4-15.4 27.5 1.2 Graph 100. Heroin Seizures 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0-5.0-10.0-15.0-20.0 14.9 12.6 1.0 1.4 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change -15.4 27.5 Total kg Heroin constituted 1.2 percent of drug seizures in Turkmenistan in the years of 2012 and 2013. In this period, only 27.5 kg of heroin was seized. Comparative trend of heroin seizures in the country in 2013 compared to 2012 Page 104

shows a -15.4 percent decrease. In 2012, 14.9 kg of heroin was seized in Turkmenistan, decreased to 12.6 kg in 2013. Table 74: Raw Opium seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 662.6 396.3 44.0 45.0-40.2 1058.9 44.4 Graph 101. Raw Opium Seizures Total kg 1058.9 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% -40.2 45.0 44.0 2013 kg 396.3 2012 kg 662.6-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 According to above table and graph, the second highest amount of drug seizures in Turkmenistan were reported for raw opium, namely, 1058.9 kg (44.4 %). In 2012, 662.6 kg of raw opium (44% of total seizures of the year) was seized in the country; declined by -40.2 percent in 2013 to 396.3 kg (45% of total seizures of the year). Table 75: Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 74.9 31.7 5.0 3.6-57.7 106.6 4.5 Graph 102. Cannabis Group Seizures Total kg 106.6-57.7 Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% 3.6 5.0 2013 kg 31.7 2012 kg 74.9-80.0-60.0-40.0-20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 Page 105

In 2013, seizures of cannabis group in Turkmenistan declined by -57.7 percent compared to 2012. Based on above table and graph during two years of 2012 and 2013, 106.6 kg of cannabis group were seized which was 4.5 percent of total seizures in the country. In 2012, 31.7 kg (equal to 5% of total seizures) and in 2013, 74.9 kg (3.6% of total seizures) of cannabis were seized in Turkmenistan. Table 76: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change Total kg Total in % 38.9 4.7 2.6 0.5-87.9 43.6 1.8 Graph 103. Hashish Seizures Total 43.6-87.9 Rate of Change 2013% 0.5 2012% 2.6 2013 kg 4.7 2012 kg 38.9-100.0-80.0-60.0-40.0-20.0 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 In 2012 and 2013, out of total drug seizures (2385.8 kg), only 1.8% (43.6 kg) was related to hashish. In 2012 in Turkmenistan, 38.9 kg of hashish (2.6% total seizures of 2012) and in 2013, 4.7kg (0.5% total seizures) were seized. This statistics shows that hashish seizures in Turkmenistan in 2013, compared to 2012, declined by -87.9 percent. Page 106

Table 77: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 35.9 26.9 2.4 3.1-25.1 62.8 2.6 Graph 104. Marijuana Seizures Total kg 62.8-25.1 Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% 3.1 2.4 2013 kg 26.9 2012 kg 35.9-30.0-20.0-10.0 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 62.8 kg of marijuana were seized in Turkmenistan during two years of 2012 and 2013, 2.6 percent of total drug seizures in the country. In 2012, 35.9 kg (equal to 2.4% of total drug seizures in the year) and in 2013, 26.9 kg (3.1% of total seizures in 2013) were seized in Turkmenistan. Based on above graph, marijuana seizures declined by -25.1 percent in 2013 compared to 2012. Page 107

Table 78: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change % Opium -39.6 Heroin -15.4 Raw Opium -40.2 Cannabis Group -57.7 Hashish -87.9 Marijuana -25.1 Total -41.4 Graph 105. Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 0.0-10.0-20.0-30.0-40.0-50.0-60.0-70.0-80.0-90.0-100.0 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis -15.4 Group -40.2-39.6-57.7 Hashish Marijuana Total -25.1-41.4-87.9 Based on the above figures, drug seizures in Turkmenistan show a negative trend in 2013 compared to 2012. 1504.7 kg of different types of drug were seized in the country in 2012, and 881.1 kg of different types of drug were seized in 2013 in the country, a -41.4 percent decrease in the rate of drug seizures in 2013 as compared to 2012. Downward trend of seizures for opium, heroin, raw opium, cannabis group, and hashish amounted -39.6%, -15.4%, -40.2 %, -57.7 %, respectively. Page 108

2-10. Republic of Uzbekistan Page 109

2-10. Introduction Uzbekistan is a transit country for heroin, opium and marijuana moving from Afghanistan through Central Asia to markets in Russia and Europe. Uzbekistan shares an 85-mile border with Afghanistan and borders every other Central Asian country. In addition to 134 legal crossing points, Uzbekistan s borders include thousands of miles of rugged terrain that is difficult to police and affords drug traffickers opportunities to enter Uzbekistan s territory undetected. Factors such has more advanced transport infrastructure relative to its neighbors and difficult-to-control borders have led Uzbekistan becoming a transit route for Afghan drugs smuggling to international markets. 2-10-1. Drug Control Accomplishments, Policies, and Trends 2-10-1-1. Supply Reduction The Government of Uzbekistan continues to list combating drug trafficking and associated criminal activity as one of its three major security goals. Uzbekistan is generally a leader among Central Asian states in seizing illicit narcotics. This reflects the strength of its police, customs, and national security services, and proper cooperation with international organizations and arrangements such as UNODC and CARICC. In 2011, the Government of Uzbekistan reported 18,179 illegal drug users, a decrease of 3.9 percent. UNODC, however, estimates that there are over 100,000 intravenous drug users in Uzbekistan. Neighborhood drug education programs, demand reduction, and some treatment programs are available, though they are widely considered to be inadequate. Only recently has drug addiction been treated as a chronic disease, and not as a crime. Page 110

2-10-2. Seizures More than 10 tons of different kinds of drugs were seized in 2012-2013 in Uzbekistan, 5756.8 kg in 2012 and 4315.4 kg in 2013. As it is shown in following table, the highest amount of drug seizures in Uzbekistan were reported for cannabis group (26.8 percent, 2698.7 kg) followed by opium (26.5 percent,2670.7 kg), marijuana (23.1percent, 2324.7 kg), raw opium (16.1 percent, 1621 kg), heroin (3.8 percent, 383.1 kg) and hashish (3.7 percent, 374 kg). Table 79: Drug Seizures in Uzbekistan 2012-2013 Types of Drug 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % Opium 1361.5 1309.2 23.7 30.3-3.8 2670.7 26.5 Heroin 261.5 121.6 4.5 2.8-53.5 383.1 3.8 Raw Opium 770 851 13.4 19.7 10.5 1621 16.1 Cannabis Group 1681.9 1016.8 29.2 23.6-39.5 2698.7 26.8 Hashish 230.7 143.3 4.0 3.3-37.9 374 3.7 Marijuana 1451.2 873.5 25.2 20.2-39.8 2324.7 23.1 Total 5756.8 4315.4 100 100-25 10072.2 100 Graph 106. Drug Seizures in Uzbekistan 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 1681.9 1361.5 1451.2 1309.2 1016.8 770 851 873.5 261.5 121.6 230.7 143.3 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 2012 kg 2013 kg Page 111

Graph 106. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012&2013 23.1 26.5 opium Heroin Raw Opium 3.7 3.8 Cannabis Group Hashish 26.8 16.1 Marijuana Graph 107. Drug Seizures Percentage 2012 Graph 108. Drug Seizures Percentage 2013 4.0 25.2 29.2 23.7 13.4 4.5 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana 3.3 23.6 20.2 19.7 30.3 2.8 opium Heroin Raw Opium Cannabis Group Hashish Marijuana Page 112

Table 80: Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total in kg Total in % 1361.5 1309.2 23.7 30.3-3.8 2670.7 26.5 Graph 109. Opium Seizures Total 2670.7 Rate of Change 2013% 2012% -3.8 30.3 23.7 2013 kg 2012 kg 1309.2 1361.5-500.0 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 Seizures of opium in Uzbekistan went down -3.8 percent in 2013. During above mentioned two years, 2670.7 kg of opium were seized in the country. Out of this volume, 1361.5 kg (equal to 23.7 percent of total seizures) and 1309.2 kg (30.3 percent of total seizures) were seized in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Table 81: Heroin Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 261.5 121.6 4.5 2.8-53.5 383.1 3.8 Graph 110. Heroin Seizures Total 383.1 Rate of Change % -53.5 2013% 2012% 2.8 4.5 2013 kg 121.6 2012 kg 261.5-100.0-50.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 In 2012 and 2013 in Uzbekistan 261.5 kg (4.5% of total seizures) and 121.6 kg (2.8 % of total seizures) of heroin were seized, respectively. Page 113

Accordingly, there is a significant decrease amounting to -53.5 percent in the rate of heroin seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. Table 82: Raw Opium Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 770 851 13.4 19.7 10.5 1621.0 16.1 Graph 111. Raw Opium Seizures Total kg 1621 Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% 10.5 19.7 13.4 2013 kg 2012 kg 770 851 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 As shown in the above table and graphs, 1621 kg of raw opium were seized in Uzbekistan during 2012 and 2013. Out of total raw opium seizures 770 kg (13.4 % of total seizures) was seized in 2012 and 851 kg was seized in 2013. According to above graph and table raw opium seizures grew by 10.5 percent in 2013. Table 83: Cannabis Group Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 1681.9 1016.8 29.2 23.6-39.5 2698.7 26.8 Graph 112.Cannabis Group Seizures Total kg Rate of Change % 2013% 2012% 2013 kg 2012 kg -39.5 23.6 29.2 1016.8 1681.9 2698.7-500.0 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 Page 114

In 2012 and 2013, the most significant narcotic seizures were related to cannabis group (26.8% of total seizures, 2698.7 kg) where 1681.9 kg was seized in 2012 and 1016.8 kg in 2013. There is a downward trend in the percentage of cannabis group seizures from 29.2% to 23.6% in Uzbekistan in 2013 compared to 2012. Table 84: Hashish Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 230.7 143.3 4 3.3-37.9 374 3.7 Graph 113. Hashish Seizures Total kg 374 Rate of Change % -37.9 2013% 3.3 2012% 4 2013 kg 143.3 2012 kg 230.7-100.0-50.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 230.7 kg (4% of total seizures) and 143.3 kg (3.3 % of total seizures) of hashish were seized in Uzbekistan during the period under study, -37.9 percent decrease in hashish seizures in 2013 compared to 2012. Totally and in two mentioned years, 374 kg of hashish were seized in the country. Page 115

Table 85: Marijuana Seizures 2012 kg 2013 kg 2012% 2013% Rate of Change % Total kg Total % 1451.2 873.5 25.2 20.2-39.8 2324.7 23.1 Graph 114. Marijuana Seizures Total kg 2324.7 Rate of Change % 2013% -39.8 20.2 2012% 25.2 2013 kg 873.5 2012 kg 1451.2-500.0 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 Out of total drug seizures in Uzbekistan, 2324.7 kg (23.1 percent) were related to marijuana. Seizures of marijuana went down -39.8 percent in 2013, from 1451.2 kg in 2012 to 873.5 kg in 2013. Page 116

Table 86: Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures (in Percentage) 2012/ 2013 Types of Drug Rate of Change % opium -3.8 Heroin -53.5 Raw Opium 10.5 Cannabis Group -39.5 Hashish -37.9 Marijuana -39.8 Total -25.0 Graph 115. Comparative trend of Narcotics Seizures in Percentage 2012/ 2013 20.0 10.0 0.0-10.0-20.0-30.0-40.0-50.0-60.0 10.5 opium Heroin Raw -3.8 Opium -53.5 Cannabis Group -39.5 Hashish Marijuana Total -37.9-39.8-25.0 Generally, seizures of illicit drugs in Uzbekistan went down -25 percent in 2013. In 2013, the most significant narcotic seizures were related to heroin (- 53.5 %). According to data, only raw opium seizures had an increase trend and grew up 10.5% in 2013. Page 117

Chapter 3: Drug Seizures in ECO Countries for the Years 2014 and 2015 Page 118

3.1- The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan: During the period of 2014-2015, 310880.5 kg of different illicit drugs were seized in Afghanistan. During the period, drug seizures showed a negative trend. Total seizures varied from 187808.53 kg to 123071.993 kg in 2014 and 2015. The most important seizures were related to hashish equal to 40.9 %( 127294.6kg) of total drug seizures in Afghanistan. Opium seizures accounted for 28.1%, heroin 2.4%, liquid chemicals 13.7 %, solid chemicals 6% and marijuana 6.8% of the total seizures during this period. 36.4% and 37.2% of drug seizures in 2014 and 2015 were related to cannabis group. 3.1.1- Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in Afghanistan in 2014-2015 In 2015, narcotics seizures had a downward trend(-34.5%) compared to 2014. Seizures of heroin, hashish and amphetamine had positive trend and seizures of morphine, opium, marijuana, solid chemicals and liquid chemicals had a negative trend. Table 87: Drug Seizures in Afghanistan 2014-2015 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2015 kg 2014 % 2015 % Rate of Change% Total 14-15 kg Total 14-15 % Heroin 3127.9 4438.1 1.7 3.6 41.9 7566.0 2.4 Morphine 6334.9 17.8 3.4 0.0-99.7 6352.7 2.0 Opium 61546.6 25688.9 32.8 20.9-58.3 87235.5 28.1 Hashish 48806.8 78487.9 26.0 63.8 60.8 127294.6 40.9 Marijuana 12148.0 8908.0 6.5 7.2-26.7 21056.0 6.8 Amphetamine 4.0 25.2 0.0 0.0 536.6 29.2 0.0 Solid Chemicals 17335.4 1391.8 9.2 1.1-92.0 18727.2 6.0 Liquid chemicals 38505.0 4114.2 20.5 3.3-89.3 42619.2 13.7 Total 187808.53 123071.993 100 100.0-34.5 310880.5 100 Page 119

Graph 116:Total Drug Seizures in 2014-2015 in kg Liquid chemicals 42619.194 Solid Chemicals 18727.2 Amphetamine 29.212 Marijuana 21056 Hashish 127294.64 Opium 87235.533 Morphine Heroin 6352.73 7566.01 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Graph 117: Total Drug Seizures Percentage 2014-2015 2.4 2.0 13.7 0.01 6.0 6.8 28.1 40.9 Heroin Morphine Opium Hashish Marijuana Amphetamine Solid Chemicals Liquid chemicals Page 120

Graph 118: Heroin Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 2.4 Total kg 7566.0 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 41.9 3.6 1.7 2015kg 4438.1 2014 kg 3127.9 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 8000.0 Graph 120: Morphine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 2.0 Total kg 6352.7 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 2015kg -99.7 0.01 3.4 17.8 2014 kg 6334.9-1000.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 Graph 121: Opium Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 28.1 Total kg 87235.5 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 20.9 32.8-58.3 2015kg 25688.9 2014 kg 61546.6-10000.0 0.0 10000.020000.030000.040000.050000.060000.070000.080000.090000.0 Page 121

Graph 122: Hashish Hashish Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 40.9 Total kg 127294.6 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 60.8 63.8 26.0 2015kg 78487.9 2014 kg 48806.8 0.0 20000.0 40000.0 60000.0 80000.0 100000.0 120000.0 140000.0 Graph 123: Marijuana Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 6.8 Total kg 21056.0 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 2015kg 2014 kg -26.7 7.2 6.5 8908.0 12148.0-5000.0 0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 Graph 124:Amphetamine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % Total kg 0.01 29.2 Rate of Change% 536.6 2015% 2014% 2015kg 2014 kg 0.02 0.002 25.2 4.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 Page 122

Graph 125: Solid Chemicals Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 6.0 Total kg Rate of Change% -92.0 18727.2 2015% 2014% 1.1 9.2 2015kg 1391.8 2014 kg 17335.4-2000.0 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0 18000.0 20000.0 Graph 126: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in 2014 and 2015 600.0 500.0 536.6 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0-100.0 41.9-99.7-58.3 60.8-26.7-92.0-89.3-34.5-200.0 Page 123

3.2- Republic of Azerbaijan In 2014, 1065.7 kg of illicit drugs were seized in Azerbaijan. Cannabis, heroin, opium, hashish, amphetamine, psychotropic substances and other kinds of seizures accounted for 38.9%(414.7 kg), 26.3%(280.3 kg), 19.7%(210.1 kg), 10.7%(113.9 kg), 1.9%(20 kg), 0.2%(2 kg) and 2.3%(24.9 of the total seizures of the Country, respectively. Table 88: Drug Seizures in Azerbaijan in 2014 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2014% Heroin 280.1 26.3 Opium 210.1 19.7 Hashish 113.9 10.7 Psychotropic substances 2 0.2 Amphetamine 20 1.9 Cannabis 414.7 38.9 other 24.9 2.3 Total 1065.7 100 Graph127: Drug Seizures in Azerbaijan in 2014 kg Others 24.9 Cannabis 414.7 Amphetamine 20.0 Psychotropic substances 2.0 Hashish 113.9 Opium 210.1 Heroin 280.1 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 200.0 250.0 300.0 350.0 400.0 450.0 Page 124

Graph 128: Drug Seizures Percentage 2014 2.3 38.9 26.3 19.7 10.7 1.9 0.2 Heroin Opium Hashish Psychotropic substances Amphetamine Cannabis Others Page 125

3.3-The Islamic Republic of Iran In the Islamic Republic of Iran different types of illicit drugs were seized by the relevant anti-narcotics forces during 2014 and 2015. During the mentioned 2 years, 1130588 kg illicit drugs were seized. Opium seizures accounted for 76.5 %, hashish 15.3% and 4 other types of drugs accounted for 9 percent of drug seizures in the country in the same period of time. Table 89: Drug Seizures in Iran 2014-2015 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2015 kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% Total kg Total % Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) 13459 16099 2.6 2.6 19.6 29558 2.6 Morphine 12717 7992 2.5 1.3-37.2 20709 1.8 Opium 393013 471649 76.9 76.2 20 864662 76.5 Hashish 77828 95570 15.2 15.4 22.8 173398 15.3 Methamphetamine 2644 2419 0.5 0.4-8.5 5063 0.4 Others 11732 25466 2.3 4.1 117.1 37198 3.3 Total 511393 619195 100 100 21.1 1130588 100 Graph 129: Total Drug Seizres in Iran in 2014-2015 kg Others 37198 Metamphetamine 5063 Hashish 173398 Opium 864662 Morphine 20709 Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) 29558 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 Page 126

Graph 130: Total Drug Seizures Percentage -2014-2015 0.4 3.3 2.6 1.8 15.3 76.5 Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) Morphine Opium Hashish Metamphetamine Others Graph 131:Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 2.6 Total kg 29558.0 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 19.6 2.6 2.6 2015kg 2014 kg 13459.0 16099.0 0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 30000.0 Graph 132: Morphine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 1.8 Total kg 20709.0 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% -37.2 1.3 2.5 2015kg 7992.0 2014 kg 12717.0-5000.0 0.0 5000.0 10000.0 15000.0 20000.0 25000.0 Page 127

Graph133: Opium Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 76.5 Total kg 864662 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 20.0 76.2 76.9 2015kg 2014 kg 393013 471649 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 900000 Graph 134: Hashish Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 15.3 Total kg 173398 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 22.8 15.4 15.2 2015kg 95570 2014 kg 77828 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 Graph 135:Metamphetamine Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 0.4 Total kg 5063 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% -8.5 0.4 0.5 2015kg 2014 kg 2419 2644-1000 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Page 128

Graph 136: Seizures of Other Kinds of Drug in Iran 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 3.3 Total kg 37198 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 117.1 4.1 2.3 2015kg 25466 2014 kg 11732 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 Graph 137: Compatative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in Iran 2014-2015 in Percentage 140.0 120.0 100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0-40.0-60.0 19.6 Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) 117.1 20.0 22.8-8.5 21.1 Morphine Opium Hashish Metamphetamine Others Total -37.2 In 2015, drug seizures in Iran increased by 21.1% compared to 2014. The comparative trend of narcotic seizures during 2014/2015 is as follows: Heroin(Heroin, Crack, Crystal) 19.6 Morphine -37.2 Opium 20 Hashish 22.8 Methamphetamine -8.5 Others 117.1 Page 129

3.4- The Islamic Republic of Pakistan In Islamic Republic of Pakistan different types of illicit drugs were seized by the Anti- Narcotics Forces (ANF). Hashish and opium were the most common drug trafficked throughout the country. For the 2 years of 2014-2015, 756968.3 kg illicit drugs were seized in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Hashish seizures accounted for 66.6 %, opium for 14%, HCL /H2SO4 for 6.7%, AA for 5.7%, heroin for 3.4%, and other kinds of drug accounted for less than 4 % of total seizures during this period. Table 90: Drug Seizures in Pakistan 2014-2015 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2015kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% Total kg Total % Opium 46900.8 58922.3 11.9 16.3 25.6 105823.1 14.0 Morphine 1077 762 0.3 0.2-29.2 1839.0 0.2 Heroin 9326.2 16345 2.4 4.5 75.3 25671.2 3.4 Hashish 230640.7 273377.2 58.4 75.5 18.5 504017.9 66.6 Cocaine 6.9 36 0.002 0.01 421.7 42.9 0.006 Cannabis/Marijuana 135.2 574.3 0.03 0.2 324.8 709.5 0.1 Poppy Straw 5976 4401.2 1.5 1.2-26.4 10377.2 1.4 Amphetamine 16.5 2377.5 0.004 0.7 14309.1 2394.0 0.3 Methamphetamine 106.4 38.6 0.03 0.01-63.7 145.0 0.02 AA 38200 5318.5 9.7 1.5-86.1 43518.5 5.7 HCL/H2SO4 50400 0 12.8 0.0-100.0 50400.0 6.7 HCL 12000 30 3.0 0.008-99.8 12030.0 1.6 Total 394785.7 362182.6 100.0 100.0-8.3 756968.3 100 Page 130

Graph 138:Drug Seizures 2014-2014 in kg Total 756968.3 HCL HCLH2SO4 AA Metamphtamine Amphtamine Poppy Straw Cannabis/Marijuana Cocaine 12030 50400 43518.5 145 2394 10377.2 709.5 42.9 Hashish 504017.9 Heroin Morphine 1839 25671.2 Opium 105823.1 0 100000 200000 300000 400000 500000 600000 700000 800000 Graph 139:Total Drug Seizures Percentage 2014-2015 HCL HCLH2SO4 AA Metamphtamine Amphtamine Poppy Straw Cannabis/Marijuana Cocaine Hashish Heroin Morphine Opium 1.6 6.7 5.7 0.02 0.3 1.4 0.1 0.006 3.4 0.2 14.0 66.6 0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 Page 131

Graph 140: Opium Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 14.0 Total kg 105823.1 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 25.6 16.3 11.9 2015kg 58922.3 2014 kg 46900.8 0.0 20000.0 40000.0 60000.0 80000.0 100000.0 120000.0 Graph 141: Morphine Seizures in 2014-2015 2000.0 1839.0 1500.0 1077.0 1000.0 762.0 500.0 0.0-500.0 0.3 0.2-29.2 2014 kg 2015kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% 0.2 Total kg Total 14-15 % Graph 142: Heroin Seizures in 2014-2015 30000.0 25671.2 25000.0 20000.0 16345.0 15000.0 9326.2 10000.0 5000.0 0.0 2.4 4.5 75.3 2014 kg 2015kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% 3.4 Total kg Total 14-15 % Page 132

Graph 143: Hashish Seizures in 2014-2015 600000.0 504017.9 500000.0 400000.0 300000.0 230640.7 273377.2 200000.0 100000.0 0.0 58.4 75.5 18.5 2014 kg 2015kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% 66.6 Total kg Total 14-15 % Graph 144: Cocaine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 0.006 Total kg 42.9 Rate of Change% 421.7 2015% 2014% 2015kg 2014 kg 0.01 0.002 36 6.9 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 Graph 145: Cannabis/Marijuana Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 0.09 Total kg 709.5 Rate of Change% 324.8 2015% 2014% 0.2 0.03 2015kg 574.3 2014 kg 135.2 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Page 133

Graph 146: Poppy Straw Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % Total kg Rate of Change% 2015% 1.4-26.4 1.2 10377.2 2014% 2015kg 2014 kg 1.5 4401.2 5976-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Graph 147: Amphtamine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 0.3 Total kg 2394.0 Rate of Change% 14309.1 2015% 2014% 0.7 0.004 2015kg 2377.5 2014 kg 16.5 0.0 2000.0 4000.0 6000.0 8000.0 10000.0 12000.0 14000.0 16000.0 Graph 148:Metamphtamine Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 0.02 Total kg 145.0-63.7 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 0.01 0.03 2015kg 38.6 2014 kg 106.4-100.0-50.0 0.0 50.0 100.0 150.0 Page 134

Graph 149: AA Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 5.7 Total kg 43518.5 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% -86.1 1.5 9.7 2015kg 5318.5 2014 kg 38200-5000 0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 45000 Graph 150: HCL Seizures in 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 1.6 Total kg 12030.0 Rate of Change% 20.2 20.14 2015kg -99.8 0.01 3.0 30 2014 kg 12000-2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Page 135

100% Graph 151: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in 2015 Compared to 2014 25.6 75.3 18.5 421.7 324.8 14309.1 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% -29.2-26.4-63.7-86.1-100.0-99.8-8.3 In 2015, trend of seizures of drug decreased by -8.3 % as compared to 2014 in Pakistan. In 2015, the relevant statistics for morphine, poppy straw, methamphetamine, and AA, HCL/H2SO4, show a decline by -29.9%, -26.4%, - 63.7%, -86.1%, -100%, -99.8%, respectively. Seizures of opium, heroin, hashish, cocaine, cannabis, amphetamine increased by 25.6%, 75.3%, 18.5%, 421.7%, 324.8%, and 14309.1%, respectively as compared to 2014. Page 136

3.5- Republic of Tajikistan Based on the received data, 10890 kg of different types of drugs were seized in Tajikistan during the period under study. Out of total drug seizures, 7813.8 kg was related to cannabis. This amount was the highest volume of drug seizures in Tajikistan. 19% (equal to 2069.7 kg) of total seizures in the country was accounted for opium and 9.2 % (1006.5 kg) was accounted for heroin at the same period of time. Table 91: Drug Seizures in Tajikistan 2014-2015 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2015kg 2014% 2015% Rate of Change% Total kg Total % Opium 990.4 1079.3 15.9 23.1 9.0 2069.7 19.0 Heroin 507.6 499.0 8.2 10.7-1.7 1006.5 9.2 Cannabis 4715.7 3098.1 75.9 66.3-34.3 7813.8 71.8 Others 0.014 0.029 0.0002 0.0006 107.1 0.04 0.0004 Total 6213.7 4676.4 100 100-24.7 10890 100 Graph 152: Total Drug Seizures in 2014-2015 in kg Others 0.04 Cannabis 7813.8 Heroin 1006.5 Opium 2069.7 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 8000.0 Page 137

Graph 153: Total Drug Seizures Percentage 2014-2015 0.0004 19.0 9.2 71.8 Opium Heroin Cannabis Others Graph 154: Opium Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 19.0 total kg 2069.7 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 9.0 23.1 15.9 2015kg 2014 kg 990.4 1079.3 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 Page 138

Graph 155: Heroin Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % total kg Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% 9.2-1.7 10.7 8.2 1006.5 2015kg 2014 kg 499.0 507.6-200.0 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 Graph 156: Cannabis Seizures 2014-2015 Total 14-15 % 71.8 total kg 7813.8 Rate of Change% 2015% 2014% -34.3 66.3 75.9 2015kg 3098.1 2014 kg 4715.7-1000.0 0.0 1000.0 2000.0 3000.0 4000.0 5000.0 6000.0 7000.0 8000.0 Graph 157: Comparative Trend of Narcotics Seizures in 2014-2015 in Percentage 120.0 100.0 107.1 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0-20.0-40.0 9.0-1.7 Opium Heroin Cannabis Others Total -24.7-34.3-60.0 Total seizures in Tajikistan in 2015 compared to 2014 had a negative trend. However, there is a significant increase amounting to 107.1 % in the Page 139

rate of some types of drug seizures in 2015 compared to 2014. Upward trend of seizures for opium amounted to 9% and downward trend of seizures for heroin and cannabis amounted to -1.7% and -34.3%, respectively. Page 140

3.6- Republic of Turkey During the year of 2014, 137127 kg of different types of drug were seized in Turkey. The most important seizures were related to marijuana, equal to 89.7 %(123116 kg) of total drug seizures in the country. Heroin seizures accounted for 9.3% and other kinds of drug amounted to less than 1% of total seizures in the same period of time. Table 92: Drug Seizures in Turkey 2014 Types of Drug 2014 kg 2014% Heroin 12756 9.30 Marijuana 123116 89.78 Cocaine 393 0.29 Methamphetamine 128 0.09 Synthetic cannabinoid 734 0.54 Total 137127 100 Graph 158: Drug Seizures in 2014 in kg Synthetic Cannabiond 734 Metamfetamine 128 Cocaine 393 Marijuana 123116 Heroin 12756 0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 Page 141

Graph 159: Drug Seizures Percentage in 2014 0.3 0.1 0.5 9.3 89.8 Heroin Marijuana Cocaine Metamfetamine Synthetic kannabiond Page 142

4. Afterword The ECO Region remains the most drug infested region of the world. Not only the large number of masses is addicted to drugs but the Region also straddles along the main trafficking routes to Europe, Russia, Persian Gulf States and Asia-Pacific region. As shown in this report, Iran and Pakistan seized the most of the drugs constituting 80% of the seizures within the Region in years 2012-2015. Drug seizures in most affected countries of Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan increased by 7.7 percent in 2015 as compared to 2012. In the period under review, enhanced international cooperation showed its continued value efforts to curb the drug trafficking. The joint efforts of European Union and ECO to launch and implement a project against drug trafficking attested clearly how multilateral cooperation continue to be needed to help national and regional efforts. Furthermore, stricter national law enforcement response, societal mobilization against the harms of drugs and enhanced regional and international cooperation, including timely exchange of information was witnessed during the period under review, namely 2012-2015..The findings of this report suggest that there is a long way ahead towards a durable solution to the drug problem in our region. ECO needs to develop concrete programmes to address the menace of drugs as a critical impediment for economic growth and sustainable development of its individual Member States, particularly Afghanistan, and the Region as a whole. International community needs to further support ECO in this regard. This is in line with the outcome of the UN Special Session on World Drug Problem, held in April 2016, the resolution called Our joint commitment to effectively addressing and countering the world drug problem. The UN resolution calls for actions to significantly and measurably reduce or eliminate the illicit cultivation of Page 143

opium poppy used for the production of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. This is the area ECO can promote cooperation, including through alternative development programmes, helping Afghanistan to curb the production, and therefore trafficking, of drugs. The resolution also specifies the need for concrete measures to monitor current trends and drug trafficking routes and share experiences, best practices and lessons learned, in order to prevent and counter the misuse of international trade for illicit drug-related activities. This is encouraging that efforts are being made within ECO Region to establish multi pronged security cooperation mechanism at the regional level. For enforcement cooperation, ECOPOL is being established which would enhance information/intelligence sharing and help conduct joint operations against transnational criminal groups involved in drug trafficking by the Member States. Decision has also been taken by ECO Attorney Generals to establish a regional judicial/legal cooperation mechanism for the Member States. The anti-corruption agencies of the Member States are also in the process of establishing ECO Regional Centre to facilitate their mutual cooperation. This envisaged security structure is expected to improve the security situation within the Region which would also improve the drug situation of the ECO Region and the world. These are all in line with above mentioned UN resolution which seeks to strengthen coordinated border management strategies, as well as the capacity of border control and law enforcement and prosecutorial agencies, and to promote and strengthen the exchange of information and, as appropriate, drug-related criminal intelligence among law enforcement and border control agencies. ECO Drugs and Organized Crime Unit (ECO-DOCCU) will continue its interactions with the relevant focal points within the Member States as well as with the international partners with a view to contributing Page 144

into the implementation of the ECO drug-related agenda as well as the global agenda to address drug menace in the part of the world. Page 145

List of ECO National Focal Points on Drugs Member States Name & Designation Contact Details Afghanistan The Republic of Azerbaijan Iran Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Pakistan Tajikistan Turkey Turkmenistan Mr. Abdul Qayoom Samer, Director of Regional and International Cooperation of Ministry of Counter Narcotics Mr. Elshad Mammadli, Senior Officer, Head Department on Counter Narcotics, Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Mr. Mohammad Narimani, Director of Exchange of Information Department, Drug Control Headquarters of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Mr. Nurzhan Sadraliev, acting Head of International Cooperation Department of the State Drug Control Service under the Government of Kyrgyz Republic Brig. Akhtar Mahmood, Director (Headquarters),Anti-Narcotics Force. Mr. Farhod Radjabov, Deputy Head of Inspection Department, Ministry of Interior Mr. Orhan Ozdemir, Head of Department of Anti-Smuggling and Organized Crime, Turkish National Police Garajayev Charyyar Kakageldiyevich, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Criminal Investigations Department, Deputy Chief of the 4 th Division Tel: 0093788316332 Email: samershahid@yahoo.com Tel: 00994125909015 Fax: 00994125909699 E-mail: el.mamm_bnmi@mail.ru Tel : 0098-21-22901220 Fax : 0098-21-22901221 E-mail : mnarimani@dchq.ir Tel: +996 312 432978 Email: sadraliev@mail.ru Tel: 0092-51-9270180 0092-51-9270165 Fax: 0092-51-9270194 E-mail: anf@anf.gov.pk URL:http/www.anf.gov.pk Tel: 992-37-2277054 Fax: 992-37-2276587 E-mail: rajabfo65@mail.ru Tel: +90 312 426 2714 Fax: +90 312 410 0621 Tel: +993-12-388138 +993-12-388838, +993-12- 357365 E-mail: hukukiim@mail.ru Uzbekistan Mr. Rakhmatulla Mukhammedov, Head, NCDC, Uzbekistan E-mail: NCDC@uzbak.uz Page 146