Mark Scheme (Results) Summer 2007 GCSE GCSE Religious Studies (5565) Edexcel Limited. Registered in England and Wales No. 4496750 Registered Office: One90 High Holborn, London WC1V 7BH
Unit C Mark Scheme Summer 2007 QUESTION 1 (a) What is atheism? Correct answer believing that God does not exist not believing in God Partially correct answers could be: no God not believing in religion Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. Definitions of agnosticism should receive no marks. Definitions of different keywords should receive no marks. 1 mark (b) Outline a non-religious (scientific) explanation for the existence of the world. The main features are likely to be: about 15 billion years ago, the matter of the universe became so compressed that it produced a huge explosion (the Big Bang); as the matter of the universe flew away from the explosion, the laws of science joined some of the matter into stars, and the solar system was formed; the combination of gases on the earth s surface produced primitive life forms; the process of evolution led to the development of animals and humans L1 any one correct feature L2 two correct features OR one developed L3 three correct features OR two features with one developed
(c) Explain how a religious upbringing in a Catholic family can lead to, or support, belief in God. The main reasons from a Catholic upbringing are: Catholic parents teach their children to pray, praying to God will make children believe he exists; Catholic parents take their children to church where they will hear all about God existing and so believe he does; Catholic parents will make sure their children have first confession and communion where they will hear all about God existing and so believe he does; Most Catholic parents send their children to a church school where they will hear all about God existing and so believe he does; Catholic parents encourage their children to be confirmed where they may feel the presence of God in the prayers, vows and anointing. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) The fact that there is so much religion in the world proves that God exists. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: Over 80% of the world s population believes in God, so many people can t be wrong Lots of intelligent people believe in God and they can t be wrong Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: Most people used to believe the earth was flat and they were wrong. A lot of people believing something does not prove anything If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 2 (a) What is meant by design? Correct answer when things are connected and seem to have a purpose (for example the eye is designed for seeing) when things work according to a plan any form of the design argument Partially correct answers could be things like watches, DNA etc. unlinked to their purpose Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. Answers which refer solely to creation rather than design or purpose receive no marks. 1 mark (b) Describe, with examples, what is meant by unanswered prayers. An unanswered prayer is when a person prays to God requesting something, but the request never happens and so they believe that God has not answered their prayer. Examples will vary from candidate to candidate, but must be an example of someone s prayer not being answered. L1 A simple definition OR an example L2 A simple definition with an example OR a developed definition OR two examples L3 A simple definition with two examples OR a developed definition with one example OR three examples
(c) Explain how Catholics respond to the problem of evil and suffering. The main Catholic responses are: All Catholics believe evil and suffering is against God s will and that God wants them to help those who suffer. All Catholics do this by trying to help those who suffer in practical ways. Many Catholics become doctors, nurses, social workers etc as an answer to evil and suffering. Most Catholics also feel they should help by praying for those who suffer (intercessionary prayer) to gain God s strength. They feel that Jesus showed Catholics that God wants them to fight against evil and suffering, so they follow the example of Jesus. Some Catholics think that God gave humans free-will, and humans have used their free will to do evil things so bringing suffering into the world. So evil and suffering is the fault of humans not God. Other Catholics believe that this life is a sort of test in which people prepare their souls for heaven. If there was no evil and suffering, then Catholics would not be able to develop as good people. Many Catholics believe that God has a reason for allowing evil and suffering, but people cannot understand it. Some Catholics believe that evil is the fault of Satan. L1 one response L2 two responses OR one developed response L3 three responses OR two responses with one developed OR one fully developed response L4 Four responses OR three responses with one developed OR two developed responses OR one comprehensively explained response 8 marks
(d) God is the only possible cause for the existence of the universe. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer, showing you have considered another point of. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: A form of the design argument A form of the cosmological argument Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: The Big Bang Evolutionary theory If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 3 (a) Give ONE example of non-voluntary euthanasia. Correct answer Switching off a life-support machine Stopping feeding someone in a coma Withdrawing drugs from someone in a coma Not giving medical treatment to a baby or person who does not know what is happening Partially correct answers could be: A definition of non-voluntary euthanasia Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline different Christian attitudes to contraception. The Roman Catholic Church teaches that all forms of artificial contraception are wrong, but allow the rhythm method based on a woman s infertile period. Other Christians believe contraception can be used, especially to limit family size. L1 any one correct attitude L2 two correct attitudes OR one developed L3 two attitudes with one developed
(c) Explain why people argue about abortion. The main reasons are: many religious people say life begins as soon as an egg is fertilised and so abortion is murder many people say life only begins when the foetus can survive outside the mother so abortion should be allowed. many non-religious people say a woman should have the right to do what she wants with her own body, they think an unwanted foetus is no different from an unwanted tumour. Many religious people say the unborn child and the father have claims on the mother s body. Some people say doctors and nurses have a responsibility to carry out abortions because they should work for the well-being of the mother. Other people say doctors and nurses should have a choice a choice about carrying out abortions whatever the mother wants. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) The paranormal proves that there is life after death. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: mediums claim that they can talk to dead people so there must be life after death people who claim to remember a previous life must be living after death Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: mediums have been proved to be cheats if there is reincarnation wouldn t we all have memories of previous existences If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 4 (a) What is resurrection? Correct answer Rising from the dead, the body staying in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised, when Jesus was raised from the dead, Partially correct answers could be: life after death Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline different Christian attitudes to euthanasia. All Christian Churches are against euthanasia; most Christians agree with switching off life-support machines most Christians agree with not striving officiously to keep alive terminally ill people some Christians believe life-support machines should not be switched off some Christians believe doctors should strive to keep alive L1 any one correct attitude L2 two correct attitudes OR one developed L3 two attitudes with one developed
(c) Explain why some people do not believe in life after death. The main reasons are: there is no clear evidence as no one has returned from the dead; the evidence from holy books is contradictory e.g. the Bible and Qur an teach resurrection, the Gita and Vedas teach reincarnation; science shows that when the body dies the brain dies (e.g. life-support machines) so what could survive death; there is no sign of a place where life after death could take place; Atheists do not believe in God, therefore believe there is no soul and on afterlife. L1 one reason OR a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) Abortion is never right, whatever the circumstances. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. In your answer, you should refer to Catholic Christianity. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: A Catholic/Evangelical Protestant reason against abortion Another Catholic/Evangelical Protestant reason against abortion Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: The belief that abortion is the lesser of two evils in cases such as rape or when the mother s life is threatened A Liberal Protestant reason for allowing abortion in certain circumstances. If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. Answers which do not refer to Catholic Christianity cannot go beyond level 2. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 5 (a) What is marriage? Correct answer A sacrament uniting a man and a woman (before God) The condition of a man and woman legally united (for the purpose of living together, and usually, having children) A man and woman joined either legally, religiously or by vows. Partially correct answers could be: A man and woman forming a family A sacrament Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline different Christian attitudes to divorce. Roman Catholic Christians do not allow divorce at all, though they do allow annulment if the marriage was not a proper one in the eyes of the Church. Other Christians disapprove of divorce, but allow it in certain circumstances. L1 any one correct attitude L2 two correct attitudes OR one developed L3 two attitudes with one developed
(c) Explain why family life is important in Catholic Christianity. The main reasons are: the Bible has many references to the importance of family life; raising a Christian family is a major feature of the Catholic marriage service; the Church teaches that the family was created by God to keep society together; the Catechism teaches that the family as the basis of society. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) No Christian should ever have sex before marriage. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: God gave sex to have children so it should only happen between married couples so children are born into a family; the Bible teaches that fornication (sex before marriage) is wrong ; the Church teaches that sex before marriage is a sin. Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: Christian teachings allowing pre-marital sex in certain circumstances Christian being part of a society where pre-marital sex is now accepted. If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 6 (a) What is a nuclear family? Correct answer Mother, father and children living together as a unit A household of parents and children Partially correct answers could be: A family without grandparents etc Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline different Christian attitudes to homosexuality. Many Evangelical Protestants think that homosexuality is a sin and that homosexuals can be changed into heterosexuals by prayer. Roman Catholics believe that homosexuality is not a sin, but homosexual sex is a sin, however, homosexuals must be respected by Catholics. Other Protestants believe that homosexuals should be welcomed by the Church and encouraged to have a relationship with one partner for life, in the same way as heterosexuals. L1 any one correct attitude L2 two correct attitudes OR one developed L3 three correct attitudes OR two attitudes with one developed
(c) Explain why there are more divorces now than there used to be. The main reasons are: people live much longer, so marriages last longer and couples are more likely to need a divorce; women now have equal rights and will not put up with the bad treatment from husbands which they used to; divorce is easier to obtain; divorce is more accepted by society divorce is less expensive to obtain. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) Family life is more important for Catholics than for non-religious people. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: the Bible has many references to the importance of family life; the Catholic marriage services refer to founding a family and bringing children up in a Christian environment as major purposes of marriage; the Catechism teaches that the family was created by God to keep society together; Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: The importance of children to non-religious people Social reasons for the importance of family life If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 7 (a) What is a multi-ethnic society? Correct answer Many different races/cultures living together in one society Different races/cultures living together Partially correct answers could be: Lots of different races Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline biblical teachings on the roles of men and women. the teaching of Genesis 1 that God made both men and women in his image so they are equal; the teaching of Paul in Galatians that men and women are equal in Christ; the teaching of Paul in Ephesians and 1 Timothy that women should not lead worship and should keep quiet in church. the teaching of Paul in Ephesians that wives should submit to their husbands and that the man should be the head of the household as Christ is the head of the church L1 any one correct teaching L2 two correct teachings OR one developed L3 three correct teachings OR two teachings with one developed
(c) Explain why there are different Christian attitudes towards other religions. Many Christians believe that Christianity is the only way to come to God and that all other religions are wrong because: Jesus said that he was the only way to God. They think converting their neighbour is the way to love them by getting them into heaven. Jesus said Christians have to convert all the nations. Many Christians believe that people can come to God through different religions, but only Christianity has the full truth because: It is the teaching of the Catholic Church. The Bible says that salvation (going to heaven) comes through believing in Jesus. The Bible says God can be contacted by other religions, but the full truth about God can only be seen in Jesus. Some Christians believe that all religions are just different ways of finding God because: They do not regard the Bible as the word of God. They believe that God is a force like gravity which can be discovered by humans in different ways. They see Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs etc living good holy lives. L1 a description of two attitudes OR a reason for one attitude L2 a description of one attitude and a reason for a different attitude OR a reason for one attitude and a reason for a different attitude L3 One attitude with two reasons and a different attitude with one reason OR three different attitudes with a reason each L4 One attitude with at least two reasons and a different attitude with at least two reasons OR two attitudes with a reason each and a third attitude with at least two reasons 8 marks
(d) If everyone were religious, there would be no racism. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. In your answer you should refer to Catholic Christianity. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: God created all races in his image; The Catholic Church has made statements recently condemning any form of racism or racial discrimination; The Catholic Church has members, priests, bishops and cardinals of all races and colours. Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: Evidence of racism in a religious society Evidence of religious people being racist If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. Answers which do not refer to Catholic Christianity cannot go beyond level 2. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 8 (a) What is racism? Correct answer The belief that some races are superior to others, Treating other races badly Hating other races Partially correct answers could be: Being racist A type of discrimination. Any alternative wording of the above points is acceptable. 1 mark (b) Outline the benefits of living in a multi-faith society. The main benefits are: It increases tolerance and understanding; it gives people an insight into different religions; it makes believers think seriously about their own beliefs; it makes people think about truth in religion; it makes people think about the need for religious freedom and pluralism. L1 any one correct benefit L2 two correct benefits OR one developed L3 three correct benefits OR two benefits with one developed
(c) Explain why Catholics should help to promote racial harmony. Jesus treated people of different races equally; in the Parable of the Good Samaritan, Jesus showed that races who hated each other should love each other as neighbours; Love your neighbour as yourself God created all races in his image; The Catechism condemns racism The Pope has urged Catholics to work for racial harmony; St Peter had a vision telling him that God has no favourites among the races. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(d) Women should have the same rights as men in religion. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. In your answer, you should refer to Christianity. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: Any anti-sexism argument Liberal Protestant teachings on the equality of women Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: Catholic teachings on only men being priests Evangelical Christian teachings on religious leadership being only for men If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. Answers which do not refer to Christianity cannot go beyond level 2. L1 One point of with a supporting reason 1 mark L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 3 marks
QUESTION 9 (a) Describe how ONE religious or moral issue, of importance to Catholics, was dealt with in EITHER a soap opera, OR the national daily press. A wide range of issues is possible, but it must be a religious or moral issue from a soap or the national press. Issues from religious broadcasts or films should be given no marks. L1 any one issue identified with the soap or press also identified 1 mark L2 level 1 plus a simple description L3 level 1 plus a basic description 3 marks L4 level 1 plus a developed description (b) Explain why some people may be interested in the specifically religious programmes (not soaps, films or dramas) broadcast on British television. The most likely reasons are: religious people are likely to be interested in worship programmes because they give them an opportunity to worship at home, they give religious people a chance to see how other people worship in other places; religious people are likely to be interested in religious magazine type programmes because they deal with current issues and personalities in a religious way; many people are likely to be interested in religious documentaries because they investigate important life issues. L1 one reason or a description only L2 two reasons OR one developed reason OR one developed description L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(c) Films and television never treat religion fairly. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. In your answer you should refer to specific films and television programmes. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: The small percentage of religious broadcasts on television Bias against religion in news programmes (e.g. Islamophobia) Portrayal of religious people as out of touch in films, soaps and sit-coms Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: The range and variety of religious broadcasts The coverage of statements by religious leaders (e.g. the Pope, the Archbishop of Canterbury) The portrayal of religious people as in touch in films, soaps and sit-coms If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. Answers which do not refer to specific programmes cannot go beyond level 2. L1 One point of with a supporting reason L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 8 marks Quality of Written Communication You must now mark the QWC for question 9 Quality 1 - relevant information has been provided in a form which suits its purpose: add up the marks for a), b) and c). If it is 14 or more award Quality 1. Quality 2 - legible text with spelling, grammar and punctuation accurate so that meaning is clear: If you have been able to understand the answer easily and spelling mistakes have not detracted from clear meaning, you can award Quality 2 Quality 3 - a suitable structure and style of writing has been used: Have sentences and paragraphs been used? Have bullet points or slang been used? If the answer to the first question is Yes and the answer to the second question is No, you should award Quality 3.
QUESTION 10 (a) Choose ONE Catholic Agency and outline its work for world development and the relief of poverty. Candidates are likely to choose a Catholic Agency such as CAFOD, and outline longterm aid projects, emergency aid projects, campaigns to remove the cause of poverty such as unfair trade and unjust debts, education programmes in the UK. The agency must be Catholic, no marks should be given for non-catholic agencies such as Christian Aid or Oxfam or to Catholic agencies relieving poverty and suffering solely in the UK. L1 any one correct feature of its work 1 mark L2 two correct features of its work OR one developed L3 three correct features of its work OR two feature of its works with one developed L4 Four correct features of its work OR two features of its work developed OR two correct features of its work plus one correct feature of its work developed 3 marks
(b) Explain why Catholic agencies work to help world development. The main reasons are: Jesus taught in the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats that Christians should feed the hungry and clothe the naked and that in so doing they are helping him; in the Parable of the Good Samaritan, Jesus taught that Christians must love their neighbours whatever their race or country; the Church teaches that it is the duty of rich Catholics to help to relieve the poverty and suffering of LEDCs; there are many teachings in the New Testament that Christians should help the poor and suffering. L1 one reason or a description L2 two reasons OR one developed reason L3 Three reasons OR one reason and one developed reason OR one fully developed reason L4 Four reasons OR two developed reasons OR one fully developed reason and one basic reason OR one comprehensive explanation 8 marks
(c) You cannot be wealthy and really religious. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion, showing you have considered another point of. In your answer you should refer to Catholic Christianity. Reasons for supporting this statement could be: Christian teachings such as the rich young man Christian teachings about how hard it is for the rich to enter the kingdom of heaven The teachings of the Church about the need for giving to the poor Reasons for not supporting this statement could be: Catechism teachings that parents need to be able to support their families The idea that without wealth there would be no money to help the poor The examples of religious people who are wealthy e.g. the Queen If you are unsure about the validity of reasons, you must send to re. Answers which do not refer to Catholic Christianity cannot go beyond level 2 L1 One point of with a supporting reason L2 Two different points of with one supporting reason for each OR One point of with more than one supporting reason or a developed reason L3 One point of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) plus a different point of with one supporting reason Two points of with supporting reasons for each L4 Evaluation of two different points of with supporting reasons (or a developed reason) for each : EITHER showing clearly which they think is the stronger point of OR showing clearly that they think both points of are equally valid. 8 marks Quality of Written Communication You must now mark the QWC for question 10 Quality 1 - relevant information has been provided in a form which suits its purpose: add up the marks for a), b) and c). If it is 14 or more award Quality 1. Quality 2 - legible text with spelling, grammar and punctuation accurate so that meaning is clear: If you have been able to understand the answer easily and spelling mistakes have not detracted from clear meaning, you can award Quality 2 Quality 3 - a suitable structure and style of writing has been used: Have sentences and paragraphs been used? Have bullet points or slang been used? If the answer to the first question is Yes and the answer to the second question is No, you should award Quality 3.