TORT LAW LIBRARY DAMAGES IN TORT by David K. Allen, MA (Oxon); LL.M (McGill) of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law Vice Président Immigration Appeal Tribunal Honorary Visiting Fellow, Department of Law, University of Leicester General Editor, Personal Injuries and Quantum Reports John T. Hartshorne, LL.B (Exeter); LL.M (Leicester) of the Inner Temple, Barrister-at-Law Lecturer in Law, University of Leicester Robyn M. Martin BA; LL.B; M.U.R.P. (Adel.) Professor of Law, University of Hertfordshire London Sweet &c Maxwell 2000
CONTENTS Préface Abbreviations Table of Cases Table of Statutes Table of Statutory Instruments Table of E.C. Législation Table of International Cases Table of International Législation PAGE v xi xv xxiii xxxvi xxxvii xxxviii xxxix PARA 1. INTRODUCTION 1-001 1. The nature of damages 1-003 2. Some other terminology 1-007 3. Différent types of loss 1-012 4. One bite at the cherry 1-024 5. Types of damages 1-046 2. DAMAGES IN PERSPECTIVE 2-001 1. CONSTRAINTS OF THE LEGAL SYSTEM 2-002 1. Political constraints and the preferencing of certain types of injury 2-009 2. European and international constraints on damages 2-024 2. ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS ON DAMAGES 2-003 3. CULTURAL C:ONSTRAINTS ON DAMAGES 2-052 4. A CX)MPENSATION SYSTEM TO WHAT END? 2-062 1. Damages to what end? 2-072 2. Some criticisms of the tort system of damages 2-090 3. FACTORS OF GENERAL RELEVANCE TO THE ASSESSMENT OF DAMAGES 3-001 1. The disclaimer defence 3-004 2. The consent defence 3-019 3. The illegality defence 3-025 4. The necessity defence 3-026 5. The warning defence 3-027 6. The contrihutory négligence defence 3-028 7. Calculation of interest on damages 3-037 8. Costs 3-045 9. Limitation periods 3-052
viii CONTENTS 4. LIMITATIONS TO THE PRINCIPLE OF COMPENSATION 4-001 1. CAUSATION AND REMOTENESS OF DAMAGE 4-003 1. Causation as a matter of fact 4-003 2. Remoteness of damage 4-025 3. Intervening events 4-045 2. THE REQUIREMENT TO MITIGATE 4-067 1. Examples 4-068 2. Claimant's impecuniosity 4-077 3. Costs incurred through mitigation 4-079 4. Determining when losses hâve been reduced or avoided through "mitigation" 4-080 3. DÉDUCTION FOR COMPENSATING DAMAGES 4-083 1. The relevance of causation 4-085 2. Public policy 4-088 3. Reform 4-100 5. NON-COMPENSATORY DAMAGES 5-001 1. NOMINAL DAMAGES 5-001 2. CONTEMPTUOUS DAMAGES 5-002 3. EXEMPLARY DAMAGES 5-004 1. Oppressive, arbitrary or unconstitutional action by the servants of the government 5-019 2. Cases in which the defendant's conduct has been calculated by him to make a profit for himself which may well exceed the compensation payable to the claimant 5-023 3. Cases where exemplary damages are expressly authorised by statute 5-026 4. Further restrictions on the award of exemplary damages 5-028 5. Assessment of exemplary damages 5-037 6. Vicarious liability 5-041 7. The future of exemplary damages 5-044 4. RESTITUTIONARY DAMAGES 5-057 6. DAMAGE/INJURY TO PROPERTY RIGHTS 6-001 1. INTRODUCTION 6-001 2. DAMAGE TO LAND 6-002 1. Expenses 6-014 2. Loss of profits 6-015 3. Non-pecuniary losses 6-016 4. Limited interest of claimant 6-017 3. WRONGFUL INTERFERENCE WITH LAND 6-020 1. Temporary deprivation 6-021 2. Permanent deprivation 6-028 3. Housing Act 1988 sections 27 and 28 6-029 4. DESTRUCTION OF GOODS 6-032
CONTENTS ix 5. DAMAGE TO GOODS 6-042 6. CONSEQUENTIAL LOSSES 6-048 1. Loss of profit-earning goods 6-048 2. Loss on non-profit-earning goods 6-054 7. MlSAPPROPRIATION OF GOODS 6-058 7. DAMAGE TO ECONOMIC INTERESTS 7-001 1. INTERFÉRENCE WITH CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS 7-002 2. INFRINGEMENT OF INTEI.I ECTUAL PROPERTY R1GHTS... 7-009 3. NÉGLIGENCE 7-018 4. MLSREPRESENTATION 7-019 1. Fraudulent misrepresentation 7-020 2. Négligent misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967 7-025 3. Innocent misrepresentation 7-031 8. DAMAGE TO REPUTATION, MENTAL DISTRESS AND PHYSICAL INCONVENIENCE 8-001 1. DAMAGE TO RÉPUTATION 8-003 1. Awards for damage to réputation in defamation 8-005 2. Awards in cases of false imprisonment and malicious prosecution 8-017 2. MENTAL DISTRESS 8-025 3. PHYSICAL INCONVENIENCE 8-054 4. QUANTIFYING DAMAGES FOR MENTAL DISTRESS AND PHYSICAL INCONVENIENCE 8-058 9. DAMAGES FOR PERSONAL INJURY 9-001 1. DAMAGES FOR PECUNIARY LOSS 9-003 1. Pre-trial losses 9-004 2. Post-trial losses 9-006 2. DÉDUCTION OF COLLATÉRAL BENEFITS 9-045 1. Insurance 9-046 2. Charitable and other payments 9-048 3. Sick pay 9-050 4. Disability pensions 9-053 5. Retirement pensions 9-054 6. Redundancy payments 9-057 7. Social Security benefits 9-058 8. Rights of third parties 9-066 3. NoN-PECUNIARY LOSSES 9-068 1. Pain and suffering 9-071 2. Loss of amenity 9-073 3. The tariff System 9-075 4. Reform proposais for non-pecuniary losses 9-083 4. ALTERNATIVE FORMS OF AWARD 9-088 1. Structured settlements 9-089 2. Provisional damages 9-096 3. Intérim damages 9-101
x CONTENTS 5. INTEREST 9-102 10. DAMAGES ON DEATH 10-001 1. CLAIMANTS UNDER THE FATAL ACCIDENT ACT 10-005 1. Calculating the dependency 10-012 2. Funeral expenses 10-027 3. Non-pecuniary losses 10-028 4. Collatéral benefits 10-030 5. Claims brought on behalf of the deceased's estate 10-043 11. THE FUTURE OF DAMAGES IN TORT 11-001 1. The Human Rights Act 1998 11-006 2. The laws of European States 11-015 3. Commonwealth and North American Law 11-021 4. Woolf 11-023 5. Funding of damages claims 11-029 6. Recoupment 11-037 7. Conclusion 11-044 Page Index 295