933 1 2 1 1 1 3 1. 100101 2. 100049 3. 100191 94 F 0. 05 3 90 = 6. 346 P = 0. 001 F 0. 05 3 90 = 2. 925 P = 0. 038 r = 0. 202 ~ 0. 282 R749. 79 doi 10. 3969 /j. issn. 1671-167X. 2013. 06. 022 A 1671-167X 2013 06-0933-05 Impact of sleep duration on cognitive functions among preschoolers ZHOU Wen-jiao 1 2 WANG Li-gang 1 LI Ye 1 GAO Wen-bin 1 SUN Xin-ying 3 1. Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China 3. Department of Social Medicine and Health Education Peking University School of Public Health Beijing 100191 China ABSTRACT Objective To explore the effect of sleep duration including napping night sleep and total sleep duration on cognitive functions among preschoolers. Methods The samples consisted of 94 preschoolers aged from 2. 58 to 6. 75 years from Hangzhou and Beijing. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test- Revised PPVT-R Picture Deletion Task for Preschoolers PDTP and Spatial Working Memory Test were applied to assess the cognitive functions of these preschoolers. Basic demographic information and sleep information were collected with self-made questionnaires. Results The results of the present study indicated that among all the participants there were significant grade differences in napping duration and total sleep duration F 0. 05 3 90 = 6. 346 P = 0. 001 F 0. 05 3 90 = 2. 925 P = 0. 038. The total sleep duration was decreased with age. However the night sleep duration was not changed significantly with age. The correlations between the night sleep and total sleep duration and the scores of attention and working memory were significantly positive r = 0. 202-0. 282. No significant correlations were noted between the napping and all the scores of cognitive tests. The regression analysis showed that the total sleep duration especially the night sleep duration could well explain the variance of attention and working memory. Conclusion Total sleep duration especially night sleep duration may have great impact on preschoolers cognitive functions such as attention and working memory. Enough sound night sleep may help to promote the cognitive functions of the target population. KEY WORDS Sleep Attention Memory Language development Child preschool 1-2 3-4 2012BAI36B01 CGA11134 Supported by Fund of Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences the Mega-projects of Science Research for the 12th Five-Year Plan 2012BAI36B01 and the Project of 12th Five-Year Plan on Beijing s Education CGA11134 Corresponding author s e-mail gaowb@ psych. ac. cn xysun@ bjmu. edu. cn 2013-12-2 13 57 19 http / /www. cnki. net /kcms /detail /11. 4691. R. 20131202. 1357. 013. html
934 5-8 175 8 6 9-12 1. 2. 2 Picture Deletion Task for Pre- 17-18 13 schoolers-modified PDTP 14 234 60 25. 6% 15 10 10 s 6 4 = / - / 1 1. 1 30 nursery class 22 104 1. 2. 3 10 94 49 45 2. 58 ~ 6. 75 4. 63 ± 1. 31 94 2. 58 ~ 3. 08 22 lower kindergarten 27 3. 75 ~ 4. 75 4. 18 ± 0. 28 upper kindergarten 19 4. 83 ~ 5. 67 5. 21 ± 0. 28 preschool class 26 5. 75 ~ 6. 75 6. 25 ± 0. 28 1. 2 Corsi Block 19 2. 80 ± 0. 14 1 / 1 ~ 6 3 2 1 2 3 1. 2. 1 Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised PPVT-R 0 ~ 6 Llody Dunn Leota Dunn 1990 16 1. 2. 4 4 4 night sleep duration
935 total napping duration 2. 2 87. 2% total sleep duration 90. 3% 9 10 7 ~ 1. 3 12 h 9. 32 ± 0. 84 h 1 ~ 3 h 1. 85 ± 0. 51 h 4 20 min F 0. 05 3 90 = 6. 346 P = 0. 001 F 0. 05 3 90 = 2. 925 P = 0. 038 F 0. 05 3 90 = 0. 724 P = 0. 540 1. 4 SPSS 17. 0 2 t P < 0. 05 2 2. 3 2. 1 1 PPVT 62. 10 ± χ 2 = 1. 69 P = 0. 640 31. 49 46. 47 ± 21. 8 t = 2. 53 P = 0. 013 χ 2 = 21. 71 P = 0. 010 χ 2 = 43. 75 P < 0. 001 χ 2 = 13. 14 P = 0. 039 3 2 PPVT 1 Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of all participants Items n % Gender Male 49 52. 1 Female 45 47. 9 Father education level High school graduates and blow 10 10. 6 College graduates 25 26. 6 Bachelors 37 39. 4 Graduates and above 18 19. 1 Miss data 4 4. 3 Mother education level High school graduates and blow 14 14. 9 College graduates 21 22. 3 Bachelors 39 41. 5 Graduates and above 16 17. 0 Miss data 4 4. 3 Family monthly income yuan < 5 000 12 12. 8 5 000-10 000 27 28. 7 > 10 000 46 48. 9 Missing data 9 9. 6 2. 4 r = - 0. 265 ~ 0. 825 3 r = - 0. 031 ~ 0. 178 r = 0. 252 P = 0. 017 r = 0. 202 P = 0. 057 r = 0. 282 P = 0. 007 r = 0. 222 P = 0. 037 PPVT PPVT
936 31. 7% 39. 3% 4 Table 2 2 Comparison of study variables among the four grade groups Items Nursery n = 22 Lower kindergarten n = 27 Upper kindergarten n = 19 Preschool n = 26 F LSD Total napping /h 2. 14 ± 0. 52 1. 95 ± 0. 31 1. 62 ± 0. 60 1. 65 ± 0. 48 6. 346 # a b < c d Night sleep /h 9. 31 ± 0. 48 9. 46 ± 0. 84 9. 44 ± 1. 01 9. 16 ± 0. 82 0. 724 Total sleep /h 11. 45 ± 0. 78 11. 40 ± 0. 82 11. 06 ± 1. 01 10. 82 ± 0. 93 2. 925 * a b < d PPVT score 22. 91 ± 11. 49 41. 48 ± 19. 12 67. 32 ± 22. 44 86. 76 ± 19. 66 53. 938 # a < b < c < d PDTP blocks 7. 18 ± 2. 32 8. 52 ± 2. 15 9. 74 ± 1. 15 9. 96 ± 0. 20 12. 904 # a < b < c d Attention index 0. 06 ± 1. 14 1. 77 ± 0. 95 3. 00 ± 0. 62 3. 76 ± 0. 78 71. 401 # a < b < c < d Work memory 2. 86 ± 1. 13 4. 19 ± 1. 39 5. 21 ± 1. 18 5. 35 ± 1. 26 18. 827 # a < b < c d * P < 0. 05 # P < 0. 01. a nursery b lower kindergarten c upper kindergarten d preschool. PPVT Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised PDTP Picture Deletion Task for Preschoolers LSD Least significant difference. Table 3 3 Partial correlation controlling for age among cognitive and sleep variables Items PPVT PDTP blocks Attention index Work memory Total napping Night sleep Total sleep PPVT 1. 000 PDTP blocks 0. 054 1. 000 Attention index 0. 052 0. 209 * 1. 000 Work memory 0. 150 0. 162 0. 210 * 1. 000 Total napping 0. 046 0. 178-0. 031-0. 017 1. 000 Night sleep - 0. 049 0. 202 0. 111 0. 252 * - 0. 132 1. 000 Total sleep - 0. 020 0. 282 # 0. 085 0. 222 * 0. 418 # 0. 845 # 1. 000 * P < 0. 05 # P < 0. 01. PPVT Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised PDTP Picture Deletion Task for Preschoolers. Table 4 4 Regression of sleep variables on cognitive variables controlling for gender age family income parental education Dependent variables Independent variables B β t P R 2 R 2 adj F PDTP blocks Constant 1. 240 0. 546 0. 586 MA /MS or not of father - 1. 014-0. 204-2. 072 0. 041 Age 0. 691 0. 437 4. 423 0. 000 Night sleep 0. 497 0. 200 2. 209 0. 030 0. 337 0. 313 13. 741 # Work memory Constant - 3. 355-1. 966 0. 053 Age 0. 663 0. 533 5. 336 0. 000 Night sleep 0. 493 0. 252 2. 934 0. 004 0. 409 0. 380 13. 853 # # P < 0. 01. MA master of arts MS master of science PDTP Picture Deletion Task for Preschoolers. 3 15 3 ~ 6 14
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