Showmanship
Table of Contents Appearance of a Show Exhibitor... Page 3 Show Ring Etiquette... Page 3 Beef... Page 4 Dairy... Page 7 Goat... Page 9 Horse... Page 11 Lama... Page 13 Poultry... Page 15 Rabbit... Page 17 Sheep... Page 19 Swine... Page 21 Works Cited... Page 23 Showmanship varies from county to county so contact your local Extension Office for additional information on rules and resources. The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer.
Appearance as a Show Exhibitor Professionalism in the show ring is important. Looking neat and clean is expected. Pants should be clean and appropriately fitting. No shorts or capris. Wear a polo or button-down type shirt. Avoid screen printed t-shirts. Your outfit should compliment your animal to present it to the best of its ability. Make sure your clothing fits appropriately and is cut modestly. Your waist, chest or back should never be exposed to the judge or the public. Hard soled brown or black boots/shoes are suggested. Absolutely no sandals or backless shoes. Tennis shoes should be avoided if possible. Exhibitors hair should be neatly combed and out of their face to allow eye contact with the judge. No hats period! Only exception to this is a cowboy hat may be worn for horse showmanship. Certain species have a special dress code: dairy and diary goat showmen wear all white; meat goat showman where white shirt and black pants, poultry showmen where white, and rabbit where a white show jacket unless the rabbit is white in which case you would wear a dark colored shirt. Show Ring Etiquette Professionalism in the show ring is important. Follow the direction of the ring steward to be respectful of the judge s time. Keep your eyes and ears on what is happening in the ring at all times. Do not let yourself get distracted by people or things outside of the show ring. Maintain eye contact with the judge at all times. It is common courtesy in the show ring to leave enough space between you and the next exhibitor. This allows the judge to view your animal and other s animals without feeling crowded. It also allows your animal room in the event they will not stand still and you need to walk them around to come back in line. Remember you are showing the animal and exhibiting your showmanship skills. Show good sportsmanship and have a courteous attitude towards other exhibitors, the judge and ring stewards. Be prepared for specie specific questions about your project, such as breed, nutrition, carcass value, growth performance, etc. Showmanship starts the minute you walk into the arena for your first class and continues through the entire show. Special Thanks To: Grant Nelson, 2011 Swift County 4-H Summer Intern who compiled the initial information. Final Editing, 2012 MaryAnn Anderson, 4-H Program Coordinator, Lac qui Parle County Kirstin Koch, 4-H Program Coordinator, Stevens County Shelly Vergin, 4-H Program Coordinator, Swift County 3
Beef Appearance of the Animal Washing or rinsing a calf daily will keep the animal free of dirt and stains, and will also promote healthy skin and hair growth. Use a blower to dry the calf s hair after a bath. Blowing the hair is a fast, efficient way to keep the calf clean in between washing or rinsing. The hair normally is combed upward at a 45 degree angle towards the animal s head. No hair or color changing agent can be added to the hide of the animal this is prohibited and unethical! Paint can be used from the flank and down towards the hoof. Clipping and Fitting Do the major clipping (shaving heads and necks) about a month before the show. Minor touch-ups can be made on show day. Rest of the body can be done 2 weeks before. The head is completely shaved, leaving the eyelashes. The poll is generally clipped on steers and can be trimmed, left long or clipped for heifers. The neck is trimmed and blended in with the body. The tail is clipped from a certain point up. Do not clip the tailhead; however it is good to trim the long, stray hairs. Also clip the top line to make the animal look smooth and strong topped. Clipping is done to make the animal look more square. Always blend in the areas you have clipped to keep it looking natural. To fit the body of the calf, comb the hair up and forward, and then spray on an oil conditioner. This gives the hair a healthy looking shine that compliments your calf. Be sure to wash your animal completely after the show to get all the oils out. Showing the Animal When using a halter, make sure the halter sits on the bridge of the animals head. 4 Always lead on the left side of your animal. You should have a show stick of appropriate length so you are comfortable with it and can easily reach the calf s back legs. When standing, the exhibitor will face the calf and hold the lead strap in hand near the head while holding the calf s head up high. (Eyes just above the shoulder) When the judge starts to choose the placing for the class, move your animal in the spaces in front of you so the judge can compare your animals together. Keep your animal standing alert with head up, back level and legs placed squarely under the body when standing side by side with other exhibitors. In the head to tail position, the back legs should be slightly staggered with the left leg slightly ahead of the right. Use the show stick to move the calf s feet, pushing gently on the halter back or forth in the direction you want your calf s foot to move. Remember the show stick is also used to keep the animal calm. Gently scratching the belly or brisket will keep the animal calm and relaxed.
Beef Showmanship Patterns To move your animal to the front of the line lead out at least one animal body length, turn across the front of your animal, lead back through the line at least one animal body length and proceed to the front of the line. To realign your animal in a position again lead your animal out at least one animal body length, turn across the front of your animal, lead past the line at least one body length, and return to line. This demonstrates a staggered feet placement when showing a female. This gives the animal a longer bodied, more structurally correct appearance. Having the animals feet set squarely underneath the body is acceptable when the animals are positioned side-by -side but is less effective for side views in a head-to-tail alignment. The showman s position in relationship to the animal is important. Standing parallel to or slightly forward of the animals head gives the judge an unobstructed view of the animal. When displayed side-by-side, animals should be aligned evenly with the first animal in line with adequate spacing. When animals are stopped in a head-to-tail alignment, the showman must leave space in front of their animal. This will allow the judge a better opportunity to evaluate the class. Source: Ohio State University 5
Dairy Appearance of the Animal Wash the animal so the hair and hide are free of dirt, dandruff and foreign objects. The animal s feet and legs should be cleaned, along with the hooves. An extremely clean animal will give you an edge! When washing the animal use soap and warm water. The soap doesn t have to be expensive, dish soap works very well with cattle. Use a brush to clean the dirt from the hide, and make sure all of the soap is rinsed out to avoid irritation of the skin. Make sure the halter is clean and free of debris, and that it is properly fitted. Make sure to wash the ears inside and out by hand using a damp cloth. Be extremely careful not to get water in the ear canal. Make sure to handwash the udder, not with the hose. Clipping and Fitting Clip the head, neck, ears, tail, and udder (cows and springing heifers only). Other parts of the animal can be clipped on an "as-needed" basis. Clip the front and rear legs to give the appearance of greater flatness of bone and to remove stains. Trim toplines to improve straightness. Clip the withers to a sharp point to improve angularity. Body clipping is acceptable, especially when the body hair is excessively long. Do not clip the belly and udder of heifers that have not calved and are not springing. Blend the neck and shoulders by clipping in the direction the hair runs. Start at the point of shoulder, and clip upward to the top of the shoulder blade. Clip the tail from a point about 4 inches above the hairs on the switch. Clip against the hair on the tail until you reach the tailhead. Blend the longer hair and close-clipped area at the point where the tail lies over the pinbones. You can blend the clipper lines by clipping with the hair. Showing the Animal No show sticks are used in dairy showmanship. Use a leather halter and chain. The leather should compliment the color of the cow. When using a halter, make sure the halter sits on the bridge of the animals head. If the halter sits too high, it will irritate the eyes. If the halter sits too low, it will interfere with the nasal breathing patterns. Always lead on the left side of your animal. The ring steward will let the exhibitors know where to go with their animal. Always present the animal to the judge; keeping it between yourself and the judge. When the judge starts to choose the placing for the class, move your animal in the spaces in front of you so the judge can compare your animals together. 6
Showing the Animal (continued) When standing in line, or posing your animal, place the legs in appropriate places to show off her better qualities. Place hand in shoulder blade to set animal up or take a step or two with the animal. For fresh cows, the right rear leg should be in front of the left rear leg to permit viewing of the rear udder. The legs should be spaced so that the back is straight and the rump is nearly level. When changing your animal s pose try to keep it looking as natural as possible. Do NOT abuse your animal, hitting and kicking are not allowed. ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THE JUDGE IS AT! Correct rear leg position for heifer Correct rear leg position for cow giving the judge a good view of both the front and back of her udder. Always stay on the left side of the animal. Hold her head high and keep the extra lead line rolled up in your hand for a neat and clean look. 7
Goat Appearance of the Animal Using a mild shampoo wash the goat to free it of dirt and debris, be sure to rinse all of the soap out to avoid dandruff. Keep the udder, flanks, feet, legs, ears, eyes, mouth and nose clean. Clip dairy goats 7-10 days before the show, a number 10 blade is usually used for the body, while a shorter blade (number 20 or 40) is usually used for the udder. Clip the entire body, including whiskers, beard and hair inside the ears and the feet and legs. The hair on the tail is squared off below the last bone in the tail, leaving a triangular tuft of hair at the end of the tail. Shear meat goats at least 7-10 days before the show to ensure clipper tracks disappear. Do not clip the hair below the knees and the hocks. Run the clippers parallel to the length of the body rather than vertically, small animal clippers may be needed to clip closely around the eyes, ears & pasterns. Angora goats may or may not be washed (make sure they appear clean) and are not clipped. Washing removes the natural oils in the mohair. All goats must be disbudded/de-horned. Trim hooves one to two weeks before the show. Showing the Animal Chain collars are preferred; one may also use a narrow leather collar. Work with your goat before the show, practice walking it around the pen or yard. Let your animal become accustomed to other people. Have others run their hand over the neck, withers, back, sides and udder similar to what a judge would do in the show ring. Once in the show ring set up the goat in line, pose the feet squarely under the body with the hind feet slightly spread. It is usually easiest to set up the hind feet first. Hands can be used as much as need be, however, judges do not like the exhibitor to fuss with the goat. You can move the back feet where you want them by pressing back on the opposite shoulder or by picking up the leg between the hock and pastern and setting it down in the desired position. Lead the goat with one hand using the collar and always keep the goat between you and the judge. If you need to change sides move around the goat s head and change hands on the collar, keeping the collar high on the goats neck. Always keep the goat between you and the judge except when needing to cross the goat. Do not cross at the rear of the goat. You can use either hand on the collar, depending on where the judge is standing. DO NOT be abusive to your goat, no slapping, pinching, etc. ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THE JUDGE IS AT! Pay attention to the judge and the ring steward. 8
Always keep the goat s head up, with its body, neck and head in a straight line. Keep just enough space between you and the animal in front of you. You don t want to crowd but yet you don t want too much space either. 9
Horse Appearance of the Animal Make sure the coat is clean and shiny. Mane, tail, and forelock should be free of tangles and trimmed correctly for the breed. Clipping is done to accentuate the face and legs. Clipping should be done at least 2 weeks prior to the show and touch ups done that day. In general, the long hair around the jaw, fetlocks, pasterns and bridle path should be trimmed. Know the breed guidelines when clipping. The feet should be either trimmed or shod properly. Hoof polish (clear and black) is acceptable. Showing the Animal A pattern may be used for the standard showmanship; prior to the class, learn the pattern. Always be in the proper position the judge or ring steward tells you to be in For Western Style Showmanship, use a well fitting halter and lead rope. The lead rope should be 6-7 feet long. Be sure your equipment is clean and complements your animal. In Western Style, the lead halter rope should be held in the right hand with the excess safely held in the left hand in a loop or figure eight fold. In Hunt Seat style, the reigns should be held in the right hand, or the reigns be laid over the wither and use a lead shank with a chain running through the rings of the bit in a triangular fashion. Your hands should move naturally and not stiffly. When turning to the right, the right hand with the lead should move underneath the horse s head. Never stand directly in front of the horse, always allowing the judge to have a clear look at the horse. When leading the horse to the judge, don t position yourself to the judge but position the horse in front of the judge. Your horse should be set up with all four legs square or according to breed standards. Use pressure on the lead rope to set up the horse, do not place your hand on the horse. Keep at least 1-2 horse lengths between your horse and the next horse. Appearance of Exhibitor For Western Showmanship wear western boots, a western hat or helmet, a dress or western shirt with long sleeves and collar, dress or western pants and a belt. Gloves, vest or jacket are optional; chaps and spurs are not allowed. For English Showmanship, refer to the Minnesota 4-H Horse Project Rulebook. 10
The Quarter System Always be in a position where you can observe your horse and keep an eye on the judge. The Quarter Method is the suggested method of showmanship. Imaginary lines bisect the horse into four equal parts as seen in the illustration. When the judge is in I, the handler should be in IV. As the judge moves to II, the handler should move to I. When the judge moves to III, the handler moves to IV. As the judge moves up the horse to IV, the handler returns once more to I. Always turn your horse away from you. When leading your horse, keep your shoulders even with their ear. Set your horse up with its feet squarely set (or according to the breed standard). 11
Lama Appearance of the Animal Have clean, dry fleece which should be free of foreign objects. Brush the fiber beginning at the top of the leg up to the top of the back and then back down again. Use a slicker to pick up the fiber to work on the underneath coat. Use both a small and large slicker brush to remove debris. After brushing, use the blower to remove the loose debris. Trim the toenails and keep them free of debris. Wipe any dirt from the corners of the eyes and around the nostrils. Start grooming your animal at least one month before fair. Work with your lama, it should be well trained, have great manners, lead willingly, walk briskly and allow you to touch. Showing the Animal Maintain a safe distance between animals. Lead your animal from the left side, holding the lead rope 8 inches from the halter. Hold the excess lead rope in your left hand. Walk with the neck at a 90-degree angle. Be sure not to wrap the lead rope around your hand or fingers or have loose ends which flap around your knees or wrap around your neck. Set up your lama squarely on all four feet; stand facing the lama at a 45-degree angle off to its left shoulder. Move smoothly from side to side, passing in front of the lama as the judge moves around. To set your lama you move its head to place it temporarily off balance - to the right to move its left hind leg back and to the left to move its right hind leg back. Never touch your lama or use your shoe to place its legs in the correct positions. Avoid pulling forward and down on the lead which causes the back to go down and the top line to round. When your lama is having trouble standing still while in line you may need to start over and reset it. This means walking forward out of line, haunch turning to the rear (180 turn), walking back through the line and haunch turning again toward the front (180 turn), walking back into your place in the lineup and finally resetting your lama. If you need to pass another exhibitor such as when the exhibitor s lama suddenly stops for a bathroom break, simply receive permission from the ring steward and pass on the inside of the ring. Change positions (quadrants) based on the position of the judge. Make sure your lama knows your commands, so they stop when you stop. ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THE JUDGE IS AT! Smile! 12
When your lama is having trouble standing still while in line you may need to start over and reset it. Lamas with silky wool that lays close to the body seem to be hotter than those with a fluffy fleece. Do not forget the light wool lamas - their fiber is dense and the skin needs to breathe. Sheared lamas do very well in a show ring. It makes the job a lot easier for a judge to evaluate the lama, besides, sheared lamas are beautiful! They have gorgeous bodies. Any of these three shearing styles would be appropriate for your lama. Hand Shears: They are fast, but harder for a woman to hold. You need a lot of practice to do a good job. Scissors: These are easy to use and fit well in a small hand. The lamas seem to tolerate the scissors quite well. The hand shears or scissors give a bit of a scalloped effect that grows out looking very nice. The difference between a good haircut and a great haircut is about six weeks growth. It takes about 30 minutes to give a lama a haircut with scissors. Leave about ½ to 1 inch of wool on the body. Electric Shears: They are wonderful but can be quite heavy. When using electric shears, you will shear to the skin, leaving about ¼ inch on the body. The finished job is even and smooth, but keep in mind, they shear very close. So if you do not have shade and fans where the lamas can relax during the sunny hours, they could get sunburned. 13
Poultry Appearance of the Bird Wash the bird so feathers are free of dirt, stains and foreign debris two days before the show. Do NOT wash your bird the day before the show; birds need a full 48 hours to re-oil their feathers to look their best. Clean the bird s feet and nails. You want your bird to look calm and relaxed during the show, so it is generally a good idea to handle your bird a few times before bringing it to the show. If your bird cooperates, you will look more professional, and judges notice that! Showing the Bird To remove your bird from the cage, reach in and pin the bird down. Turn it so the head is facing the door. Place one hand beneath the body with the index fingers between the legs and the remaining fingers grasping one leg and the thumb on the other. Place your other hand on the back and remove the bird head first. Close the door! To carry the bird, place the bird s head into the crook of your arm with its head hiding in your arm. When you get to the table, place the bird standing upright, and if able (only if able, we don t like birds flying away) take your hands off of the bird and place them behind your back. The judge will ask you to show him/her certain parts of your bird. Just pick it up and give him/her the best view possible without injuring your bird. Things the judge may ask you could include: Wings - counting and spreading the feathers Undercolor - check for mites and lice Width of Body - tell the judge the width Breast - measure the length of the keel bone Vent - show the judge the vent area Feet and Legs - looking for dirty, scaly legs or diseases Return your bird to its cage by carrying it as previously described and placing the bird into the cage head-first, closing the door afterward. Return to the table to await further instructions or dismissal by the judge. Do NOT abuse your animal - hitting and kicking are not allowed. ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THE JUDGE IS AT! Smile! 14
Poultry Showmanship Steps Carry the bird balanced and upright on the palm of your hand with the head between your arm and body. Pose the bird on the table in alert position with tail fluffed, head raised, feathers smooth and wings in normal position. Examine head by raising to shoulder height and with free hand move head. Turn the bird and examine other side. First wing spread by grouping wing tip with free hand and pulling. Second wing examined by placing free hand across body of bird and applying pressure to last wing joint with thumb and fingers to extend wing. To examine undercolor, user finger tips to gently pull tops of feathers against the grain. To show the width of body, place thumb and index finger of free hand across the bird s body directly behind the base of the wings. When checking the breast, bird s head is held downward with its back against you. Free hand measures breast bone and examines keel. Vent examined and depth of abdomen is measured by placing as many fingers of the free hand as possible between the top of the keel and pubic bones. Measure the width of the pubic bones by placing as many fingers as is easily possible between the tips of the pubic bones. From the APA s Poultry Showmanship book To examine feet and legs, hold bird against your body and use your free hand to examine all parts. Bird is swiveled to examine front of feet and legs. 15
Rabbit Appearance of the Animal The rabbit MUST be clean and appear at its best. It should not have any visible dirt or foreign objects in the fur. Have the nails neatly trimmed and clean the paws and inside of the ears. It is important to condition your rabbit before the show, this is a long-term process. Keep the cage clean to keep your bunny clean. When washing your rabbit, use a damp cloth to clean your rabbit s coat. Use baby wipes to clean in the ears and around the nose and eyes. Do not overwork your rabbit s coat. This may cause early molting. Learn the breed s guidelines for trimming hair and toenails. Showing the Animal Showman should wear long sleeves or show jackets to protect from scratches. When carrying the rabbit, tuck it under your arm and hold it with that same arm (kind of like a football). You should be able to hold your rabbit in position and be able to flip it around without any discomfort from your rabbit. A rabbit with faults and disqualifications will not be discounted or eliminated during showmanship. However, the exhibitor is expected to know his or her rabbit s good qualities, as well as any faults or disqualifications. When you get to the show table, set your rabbit down and pose it. For proper pose, front feet should be even with the eyes. Rear feet should be firmly on table with toes even with haunch (thigh joint). Know the Standards of Perfection for the breed that you are showing. You should know what the judge is looking for and expecting in your exhibit. The judge may ask you to do one of several things with your rabbit: check the ears for ear mites turn the rabbit over check the teeth for defects check the eyes for deformities check the chin/neck area for dewlap or abscesses check the tail for a stub, broken or wry tail check the toenails for missing or unmatched nails check for the sex of the rabbit check fur quality and cleanliness 16
Flipping Your Rabbit Place right hand on rump of animal. Source: http://lancaster.unl.edu Place left hand so thumb is under the rabbits jaw and the ears slide through behind either the first or second fingers. Gently and slowly roll the rabbit over. Handling Your Rabbit Put both of your arms in the hutch. Position one hand behind the rabbit s rump, while sliding the other hand underneath its belly. Be sure to lift the rabbit toward you so that you do not break or pull the rabbit s toenails, or catch a toe or foot on the wire. Remove the rabbit headfirst from the hutch. With your hands still supporting the rabbit s belly and rump, gently lift the rabbit up and tuck it under your arm. The rabbit s eyes should be covered by your elbow. Place one hand under the rump to support its weight. At the table, release the rabbit from under your arm while still supporting the rabbit s weight with one hand underneath its rump. Source: Ohio State s Rabbit Resource Handbook Place the rabbit on the table. If the rabbit seems insecure on the table, it may struggle which could result in injury. When this happens, tuck the rabbit s head under your arm or cover it s eyes with your hand. 17
Sheep Appearance of the Animal Cleanliness Have clean, dry wool, free of foreign objects. Keep the flanks, feet, legs, ears and nose clean. Trimming For market lambs, tightly shear the animal. You may leave wool below the knees, hocks and forward of the ears. For breeding ewes, trim so the wool is at a standard for that breed. Trim the sheep s feet so he can walk and stand naturally. Market Lambs Market lambs should be slick sheared so the judge can feel and evaluate muscling. You may leave the wool/hair below the hock if desired. Block the hair on the legs to bring out a larger bone. Breeding Ewes Breeding ewes may be slick shorn or fitted for show depending on show style, breed, and class. Wool breeds should be shown with about 1-2 inches of wool. Meat breeds should be exhibited with 1 inch of wool. NEVER wash wool breed sheep. Not washing maintains the quality of the wool. Showing the Animal Work with your lamb before the fair so the judge can see evidence of you actually working your lamb before the show. Males should be walked or run before fair to build muscle mass. Always keep the lamb between the judge and self, but do not step over or around the animal. Just step to the side when he walks around to see the front. Lead the lamb with one hand under the jaw and the other hand in the dock if the lamb needs to be encouraged to move at all. Always lead from the left side of your animal to keep in control. Hold the lamb with both hands, but make sure you do not lift the lamb s feet up off the ground. Try not to get too close to the other animals in the show ring. When setting up your animal, use your hand to place the feet so that they are square, do not overstretch the lamb, but keep its head up high to help lengthen the animal and make a straight back. It is okay to let the lamb relax a little bit when the judge is at the other end of the show ring. 18
Sheep Showmanship Patterns J J Animals entering the show ring and lining up on a rear-view. Notice the position of the judge and showmen. All animals begin to move to a profile or sideview. Move the animal s left side, push their front end away from you, and follow the lamb in front of you. J J (Top) Push the lamb out of line, move around the front of the lamb to change sides and proceed to the designated location. (Bottom) Push the lamb out of line and proceed to the designated spot in line. Completed moves from previous diagram leaves gaps that need to be filled. The head in or rear view. When the judge handles your lamb, it is important that you get a good brace. Be ready and push into the lamb before the judge comes to handle. The profile or side view. Hold the lamb with both hands, but make sure you do not lift the lamb s feet up off the ground. 19
Swine Appearance of the Pig Wash the pig so the hair and hide are free of dandruff. If you don t wash out all of the soap, the pig will get dandruff, so make sure it is all out! When washing the pig, try to avoid getting water in the ears, to clean out the ears just use a damp washcloth. Spraying water directly into the ear can he hazardous for the pig. The pig s feet and legs should be cleaned, along with their hooves. The hair is brushed in the direction it grows. Sprinkle water on the pig when is really warm outside. Use a soft bristled brush so you do not scratch the pig s skin. Showing the Pig Use a small whip, cane, pipe, etc. What is used is more or less exhibitor preference. The cane should be used to direct the animal in a certain direction, do not use hands for this! Try to keep the pig walking at a moderate pace, if the animal does take off in a dead run, don t chase after it, just follow it at a normal pace. Do not chase, this just looks foolish. Do not force the pig to make abrupt turns. Do NOT abuse your animal, hitting and kicking are not allowed. Do not hit the pig in the loin or ham. Keep the hog between you and the judge at all times. Make sure to give the judge a clear view of the animal. Attempt to keep the pig in an open area about 10 to 20 feet from the judge, try to avoid crowded areas. If the judge indicates he/she wants to inspect your animal, bring it to an immediate halt. Be showing the hog at all times. If pigs are fighting do not put your hands by their head, ring assistants will use boards to break it up. When the judge tells you to pen your animal, move your animal to the penning area while keeping the animal between you and the judge When penned up, brush your animal if it has shavings or dirt on it. Kneel behind your animal so the judge can still see the pig clearly. Do not sit on the gate. ALWAYS KNOW WHERE THE JUDGE IS AT! 20
Always keep your eye on the judge while keeping your hog between you and the judge. Driving the Pig Stay close and drive the pig from the neck and shoulder area by tapping lightly with the cane or stick. Never tap on the back or rump, as this may cause the tail to droop, and may also bruise muscle tissue. Acceptable areas to tap include: 1. jowel and neck region 2. Shoulder and front leg region 3. Rear hock region (be sure it is a light tap in this region) Proper training prior to the show should have resulted in the pig learning to move and turn by merely seeing the cane or stick. Pigs are one of the most intelligent domesticated animals and will learn very quickly to respond to visual placement of the cane or stick. When you want the pig to move to the left, you should be on the right side of the pig. The pig will turn away from you and the cane or stick. Bad Places to Tap a Pig Ham Loin * Is a high priced cut area. * If hit in the ham, the pig will usually tuck in his ham and arch his top making him look undesirable or not at its best. * Is a high priced cut area. Source: Ohio State s Swine Resource Handbook 21
Works Cited Bartz, Rae Ann, Barb Jurgens, Laurie A. Nelson, and Lynn Watland. Minnesota 4-H Horsemanship and Horse Training Manual. Publication. St. Paul: Minnesota Extension Servcie, 2002. Print. Faris, Brian R. "Market Lamb Showmanship." Market Lamb Showmanship. Kansas State University, July 2008. Web. 5 July 2011. <http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/library/lvstk2/ mf2828.pdf>. Frobose, Dan; Extension Agent, Wood County, OSUE. Swine Resource Handbook. Ohio State University, 2001. Funk, Pauline J., and Thomas D. Zurcher. Lama Showmanship. Publication. Ed. Nancy J. Hegland and Carolyn Dingfelder. University of Minnesota Extension, 2009. Web. 5 July 2011. <http://www1.extension.umn.edu/youth/mn4-h/projects/docs/lama-showmanship- Curriculum.pdf>. Grimes, John F., and Kelly Long. "The Beef Showman: Will You Be an Asset or a Liability?" Ohioline. Ohio State. Web. 05 July 2011. <http://ohioline.osu.edu/anr-fact/0018.html>. Johnson, Celina R., and Brett Kaysen. Beef Cattle Showmanship. Publication. Colorado State University. Web. 5 July 2011. <http://livestock.colostate.edu/youth/documents/beef/ BeefCattleShowmanship.pdf>. Miller, Lucinda, Leader Ohio State University. Rabbit Resource Handbook. Ohio State University, 2004. Redwood, Tamsin. "Show Preparation." The Rabbit Shack. Tamsin Redwood, 5 Nov. 2008. Web. 05 July 2011. <http://therabbitshack.tripod.com/id18.html>. Rugg, Bradley W., and Renee D. Kostick. Minnesota 4-H Horse Program Rule Book. Publication. St. Paul: University of Minnesota Extension, 2007. Print. Travis, Allison. "Beef Showmanship Pattern Instructions DailyPuppy.com." Puppies, Cute Puppy Names, Pictures of Puppies & More Daily Puppy. The Daily Puppy. Web. 05 July 2011. <http://www.dailypuppy.com/articles/beef-showmanship-pattern-instructions/ 22