ROADS AND FOOTPATHS STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO MANAGING ROAD AND FOOTPATH RISKS REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

ROADS AND FOOTPATHS STEP BY STEP GUIDE TO MANAGING ROAD AND FOOTPATH RISKS REPUBLIC OF IRELAND

YOUR QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE TO THE PROCESS Consider: Compile asset register of all roads and footpaths Note their condition Regular documented inspections Categorise by: Very high, high, medium or low risk Likelihood of incident happening

OF Decide to: Terminate Treat Transfer Tolerate Ensure best practice prevails with: A coordinated, agreed approach Regular inspections Analysis of results Prioritisation of actions

OUR MISSION To build a world-class business that puts you at the centre of our organisation and society at the heart of our goals. OUR VISION As a mutual, we care about people. We understand that our progress is dependent on all our stakeholders, including our Members, staff, broker partners, clients and the community at large. We are committed to delivering innovative, world-class business practices underlined by our ethical approach and our clear vision. OUR COMMITMENT A sustainable business depends on meeting the needs of all stakeholders. Our continued success depends on meeting and beating our clients expectations. This means recognising and rewarding local initiatives in building a better Ireland. In 2012, IPB announced its first social dividend, focusing on Youth and Community, Education, Sport, Business Innovation and Diaspora.

CONTENTS Context P/04 The UK Code of Practice for Highway Maintenance P/05 Managing risk Step 1: P/07 Step 2: P/10 Step 3: P/13 Step 4: and review P/15 Insurance P/19 Claims P/21 References P/24 Appendices Appendix 1: Information to be considered for recording P/25 in an asset register Appendix 2: UK Highway Authorities definitions P/31 Appendix 3: Completing a Public Liability Investigation Report P/33

03 THIS IS THE START OF YOUR JOURNEY We will guide you through the process of managing road and footpath risks. YOU ARE AT THE START

04 CONTEXT Under the Roads Act, 1993, local authorities (LAs) are described as road authorities and have a legislative responsibility to construct and maintain public roads and footpaths to a reasonable standard. Funding is allocated to the LAs for the maintenance of public roads and footpaths. While LAs have responsibility for maintenance, they work closely with the Department of Transport, Marine and Natural Resources, the Department of Environment, Community and Local Government, and the National Roads Authority to provide a safe network of roads and footpaths for all users. Claims that arise relating to property damage or personal injury caused by defects in roads and footpaths are described as Public Liability claims. These can range from minor claims for motor damage, for example tyre or windscreen damage caused by pothole defects, to very serious claims for bodily injury, including death caused by major defects on a road or footpath. This guide has been prepared to assist LAs in identifying and managing road and footpath risks so as to eliminate or minimise the number of incidents and public liability claims that arise relating to roads and footpaths. It is not a definitive guide but is designed to complement the directives, recommendations and advice given in various legislation and publications, some of which are outlined on page 24.

05 THE UK CODE OF PRACTICE FOR HIGHWAY MAINTENANCE Although the UK Code of Practice for Highway Maintenance ment published by the Roads Liaison Group in 2005 is not technically applicable within Ireland, it can provide and be used as a potential reference to be considered by Irish LAs. The Code of Practice sets out a highway authority s core objectives for highway maintenance as follows: 1 2 3 Network safety Complying with statutory obligations. Meeting users needs. Network serviceability Ensuring availability. Achieving integrity. Maintaining reliability. Enhancing condition. Network sustainability Minimising cost over time. Maximising value to the community. Maximising environmental contribution.

IDENTIFY MONITOR MANAGING RISK ASSESS MANAGE

07 MANAGING RISK In order to effectively manage associated with roads and footpaths, a documented risk assessment should be undertaken and a risk management plan should be prepared where possible. The process for managing risk can be broken down into the following four key steps. Step 1: ing is the first step to a successful risk management process. LAs should start by identifying all roads and footpaths within its ownership and control. These assets should be recorded in an appropriately designed asset register and include all relevant information, such as the condition of the road or footpath, defects present, previous and pending claims or complaints, etc. Appendix 1, Information to be considered for recording in an asset register gives a summary of the information that may be recorded for each road. This information would be useful in the identification of risks. Appendix 2 provides an overview of the UK Highway Authorities definition of damages in relation to defects. Carrying out inspections of roads and footpaths at pre-determined intervals will allow the LA to identify hazards before they create a risk for motorists or pedestrians. ing risks early will also mean that the defect can be corrected at a lower cost to the LA. Encouraging the public to inform the LA of hazards, such as trip hazards on footpaths or new potholes on roads, should be considered. The following questions may assist in the identification of key risks: Footpaths Are there footpath defects? Are gully traps in working order? Are stopcocks in working order?

08 Are covers present on all service portals? Have there been slips, trips or falls on these paths? Have any complaints been received? Have there been claims related to the path? What type of material has been used for the footpath and is the material likely to give rise to risks in the future? For example, where paving slabs are used and placed on sand, they can become unstable over time and give rise to slip or trip hazards. Is the LA the owner of the footpath? Roads Are there road defects or potential defects? What is the quality of the surface dressing? What type of material has been used for the road and is the material likely to give rise to risk in the future? For example, where cobblestones are used and placed on sand, they can become unstable over time and give rise to slip or trip hazards. Are road markings clear and easy to read? Where potholes are present, what is the nature of them? Has repair work been carried out to an acceptable standard? Are manholes sufficiently secure? Are any road works being carried out? Are there any issues with road design? Have there been any claims related to the road? Has a skid resistance (SCRIM) analysis been completed? Are any cat s eyes missing? Are any cat s eyes unstable? Are all roadside hazards (ditches, bridges, etc.) protected by a barrier? Is the LA the owner of the road? Walking each footpath and driving each road is an invaluable way to ensure that all relevant information is recorded when identifying risk. Where possible, photographs and/or video recordings should be taken with dates, times and weather conditions noted.

10 Step 2: The next step is to assess the likelihood of the risk occurring and the impact the risk would have if it did occur. It may be necessary to seek the input of a professional when carrying out the risk assessment. Taking account of the risk and the existing management controls, the LA should assess the likelihood of the risk occurring and the impact of the risk if it did occur. The assessment can be done using the model on the page opposite. Each identified risk should be recorded in the appropriate box in the diagram. The likelihood of a risk occurring can be categorised as very high, high, medium or low. When assessing the impact of a road or footpath risk, it is important to consider the worst case scenario based on the information available. It is also important to consider the long-term consequences if the risk materialises. Risks located in the red or high impact/likelihood box will require immediate attention, amber will require monitoring and green can be reviewed as appropriate.

11 ASSESS THE RISKS LIKELIHOOD A: VERY HIGH B: HIGH C: MEDIUM D: LOW IMPACT 1 = MINOR i.e. causing no interruption to users or adversely impacting a person s dignity, for example where a person suffers embarrassment following a slip or trip. 2 = MODERATE i.e. road and footpath users are temporarily adversely affected, for example requiring first aid. 3 = MAJOR i.e. destruction of a motor vehicle or hospitalisation of a member of the public. 4 = SEVERE i.e. death or permanent disablement of a person.

TERMINATE TOLERATE 4 WAYS TO MANAGE RISK TREAT TRANSFER

13 Step 3: There are four main ways to manage risk: 1 Terminate The initial approach should be to terminate the risk as early as possible, for example by fixing any defects as soon as they are identified or notified to the LA. Some risks can be terminated before the road or footpath is built by considering safety at the planning and design stage, for example using concrete for paths rather than paving slabs. 2 3 Treat The purpose here is to contain the risk at an appropriate level. The majority of risks will be managed in this way. When a hazard has been identified that has the potential to give rise to a risk, early intervention should be the norm based on the level of risk, volume of motor vehicle traffic or footfall traffic and other relevant factors known to the LA. Examples of treating a risk include repairing a trip hazard on a footpath or filling a pothole on a road to prevent further deterioration of the road and to prevent damage to road users. Transfer This entails taking measures to transfer a risk, or responsibility for a risk, to a third party. One way to transfer risk is by purchasing Public Liability insurance, so that when a risk materialises that may give rise to a claim, the liability of the LA is covered. Risks may be transferred either to reduce exposure of the LA, employees and users of the roads and footpaths or because another organisation is more capable of managing it. It is important to note that some risks are not fully transferable, for example reputational risks.

14 4 Tolerate Where there are minor defects that may give rise to risk but the likelihood of the risk occurring is very low, the LA may decide to tolerate the risk. The LA should keep the level of risk under review by undertaking regular inspections so as to immediately identify any deterioration of the defect. Deterioration may occur due to wear and tear, inclement weather, growth of tree roots in footpaths, etc.

15 Step 4: and review The development of an inspection regime for all roads and footpaths in the ownership and control of the LA will help to ensure that any new risks are noticed immediately and on-going risks are monitored. When designing the inspection regime, the following points should be taken into consideration: Data capture and recording approach (i.e. agreeing where and how all relevant information is to be stored and accessed). Items for inspection when examining roads and footpaths. A definition of defects; see Appendix 2. A note of the degree of deficiency of the individual roads and footpaths. A hierarchy plan of the roads and footpaths to be inspected (i.e. which roads and footpaths are to be inspected first). A specification of the frequency of the inspections to be carried out. A specification of how the inspection is to be carried out (i.e. will the route be driven or walked?). Items to be recorded during the inspection, for example: The degree of deficiency or positive recordings (i.e. no damage noted). Presence of damage or potential damage by trees. A note of any training needed to equip people to carry out standardised inspections. Analysis of the results of the inspections carried out. An agreed response to the findings, including the nature of the response needed, timings for taking corrective action, costs, etc. ing of whether the response agreed is being implemented on time and to the standards agreed. A definition of the complaints handling approach, including a definition of a complaint, standard procedure and how implementation of the procedure will be monitored. A budget will need to be specified, allocated and monitored.

16 Frequency of inspections Regular safety inspections that record the degree of any deficiencies and the nature of the proposed response to these deficiencies should be undertaken. An example of the frequency of these inspections is detailed in the table below: Frequency of inspection for roads Motorway/dual carriageway National primary road National secondary road Regional road Local access road Monthly Monthly Monthly Quarterly Annually Frequency of inspection for footpaths High footfall traffic Primary walking route Secondary walking route Link footpath Local access footpath Monthly Monthly Quarterly Biannually Annually

19 INSURANCE Local authorities annual Public Liability policies provide indemnity in relation to legal liability attached to the LA for accidental third-party property damage and accidental third-party bodily injury arising from their activities. This automatically includes activities relating to their statutory role as roads authorities. Where LAs engage contractors to carry out construction or maintenance works on roads or footpaths, they should ensure that the contractors hold current Public and Employers Liability insurances that comply with the requirements of the Contract Conditions under which they have been engaged. IPB Insurance provides a free Contractors Advisory Service, and LAs should avail of this either by contacting us directly or via the Contractor section on our website, which provides a direct link to Insurance Reports that we have issued. It is important that you ensure that the report you access is current. If the report is not current, the contractor should be requested to submit full copies of their insurance policies to IPB Insurance for validation. LAs should be aware of the limitation of indemnity under their Public/Products Liability insurances in relation to road openings. Where the LA is requested to carry out permanent reinstatement of a road opening by a third party who has been granted approval to carry out a road opening, the indemnity provided under the Public Liability policy only operates for a period of three months after the request to carry out permanent reinstatement has been made.

20 Evidence of Public Liability insurance should also be sought from the following: Groups requesting permission to use public roads for races, festivals, sponsored walks, cycling tours, etc. Traders wishing to put street furniture, signage, etc. on public footpaths or roads. Street market traders operating on council property, for example a town square. Tidy Towns Committees wishing to carry out clean-up works, etc. on public roads, footpaths, roundabouts and similar locations. Third parties wishing to place advertising on roundabouts or other council property. The LAs should be aware that they are not protected against material damage to their outdoor space, including roads, footpaths and bridges. The risk of damage as a result of weather, events or wear and tear is too high to provide material damage insurance cover. In respect of legal liability arising from flooding and resulting in third-party property damage or third-party bodily injury, cover is available under Public Liability insurance up to a certain limit but not all LAs have availed of this. It is essential that gullies, cuttings, ditch drains, etc. on the side of the roads are properly maintained and inspected on a regular basis.

21 CLAIMS In the event that a claim is notified to the LA in respect of an incident relating to a road or footpath, the information should be passed immediately to the local authorities insurance officer, who will manage all communications with IPB Insurance. They will forward the claim by email to the IPB Insurance Claims Department at claims@ipb.ie. In the event of a serious incident, IPB Insurance s Risk r is available on 087 967 2124 to provide advice and support. Reference should be made to Guidelines on Managing Serious Incidents where there is a risk of Criminal Investigation (IPB Insurance 2014). In order for IPB Insurance to investigate and defend a Public Liability claim on behalf of a local authority, the local authority should supply a Public Liability Investigation Report. Providing IPB Insurance with a detailed report will allow us to promptly make an informed decision on liability, deal with the claim quickly and therefore keep the claims costs down. Appendix 3 contains a Public Liability Investigation Report template and guidance to assist engineers/investigators in reporting claims. The management of road and footpath claims should be an item on the LA management team agenda on a quarterly basis. The focus should be on tracking the number of road and footpath claims, identifying developing trends, recording the cost of road and footpath claims, and other relevant information emanating from inspections of roads and footpaths.

22 Using nonfeasance to defend a claim Under Irish law a distinction is made between nonfeasance and misfeasance in relation to the responsibilities of LAs in their capacity as roads authorities. Nonfeasance denotes a failure to perform an act that one is bound by law to perform, while misfeasance denotes an improper performance of an otherwise lawful act, for example where there is an act of positive negligence (Managing Liability Risks in Public Agencies, Halliday, Ilan & Scott 2009). Liability only attaches to misfeasance; that is, where a local authority performs its duty of repairing a highway, but does so in a negligent manner and damage or injury is caused as a consequence of such negligent works, then it is guilty of misfeasance and accordingly liable. LAs cannot be held liable for failing to maintain and repair a road, however serious the disrepair of the road may be. This means that where a road has been well constructed initially but wears out over time because of use and weather, LAs are not legally liable for loss occasioned by safety defects (McMahon & Binchy, 2000). The nonfeasance defence should only be relied upon where authorities are confident that the road in question falls within these limited circumstances.

24 REFERENCES Guidelines on Managing Serious Incidents where there is a risk of Criminal Investigation, IPB Insurance 2014. LOCAL AUTHORITY RISK excellence in governance through best practice risk management, IPB Insurance, 2005. TOOLKIT supporting LOCAL AUTHORITY RISK excellence in governance through best practice risk management, IPB Insurance, 2006. McMahon, B. & Binchy, W. Irish Law of Torts, 3rd Edition, Butterworths, 2000. Report on the ment of Risk for Roads and Footpaths within Galway County Council, IPB Insurance and Zurich Municipal Insurance, 2004. The Publication of Information (Standards of Performance) Directive, UK Audit Commission, 1994. Well-maintained Highways, Code of Practice for Highways Maintenance ment, The UK Roads Liaison Group, 2005. Halliday, S., Ilan, J. & Scott, C. Managing Liability Risks in Public Agencies: A Comparative Study of Road Maintenance in Ireland and Scotland, 2009. Available online from: http://www.ucd.ie/roads/roads_documents/compcult%20wp%20no3.pdf http://www.irishstatutebook.ie

25 APPENDIX 1 Information to be considered for recording in an asset register The following should be considered for inclusion in an asset register as well as for the development of an inspection checklist: Road classification category Road classification number Location Length Width Footpath present Yes No GPS coordinates Motor traffic volume, i.e. number of vehicles per 24 hours Footfall traffic volume, i.e. number of pedestrians per 24 hours Is the motor vehicle volume higher at specified times of the year, e.g. during a horse racing event, an exhibition, etc.? Is the footfall traffic higher at specified times of the year, e.g. during a concert, school term, etc.? Is the footpath a walking route, e.g. to a train station, shopping centre, car park, scenic area, etc.? Yes Yes Yes No No No

26 Risk assessment finding(s) road Date(s) Time(s) Risk assessment finding(s) footpath Date(s) Time(s) Street furniture present Yes No List of street furniture present Presence of street lighting Yes No Quality of street lighting Very Good Poor Good Broken Moderate Trees present Yes No Footpath condition where trees are located

27 Grade of defect(s) in footpath resulting from trees Grade of defect(s) in road resulting from trees Presence of defect(s) road Grade of defect(s) road Presence of defect(s) footpath Grade of defect(s) footpath

28 Presence of utilities Yes No Access covers present Yes No Owner of access covers identified Yes No Repair date(s) road Repair date(s) footpath Type of material(s) used to repair/ reinstate road Type of material(s) used to repair/ reinstate footpath Presence of rubbish, rubble or other hazards Notification of claim(s) date road Notification of claim(s) date footpath Public Liability Investigation Report date road Public Liability Investigation Report date footpath

29 Notification to IPB Insurance road claim Notification to IPB Insurance footpath claim Response to Injuries Board road claim Response to Injuries Board footpath claim Closure of claim road Closure of claim footpath Settlement cost(s) road Settlement cost(s) footpath Corrective action implemented road Corrective action implemented footpath

31 APPENDIX 2 UK Highway Authorities definitions Definition of damage to highways* Damage is defined as a defect in the highway that impairs the value or usefulness of the carriageway and provides a safety hazard(s) for road users. A sharp-edged depression (pot hole) of 40mm or greater in depth and extending in any one direction greater than 300mm may constitute a safety hazard and should be repaired in accordance with individual highway authority response times. >40mm <300mm Definition of damage to pavements Damage is defined as a defect in the footway that impairs the value or usefulness of the footway and provides a safety hazard for pedestrians, for example: Trips greater than 20mm. > 20mm

32 Rocking flags greater than 20mm. > 20mm > 20mm Rapid changes of footway profile greater than 25mm and extending in plan direction less than 600mm. < 600mm > 20mm These should be repaired in accordance with individual local authorities planned response times. *Reference: The Publication of Information (Standards of Performance) Directive, UK Audit Commission, 1994.

33 APPENDIX 3 Completing a Public Liability Investigation Report Why complete a Public Liability Investigation Report? The LA should provide IPB with a Public Liability Investigation Report that has been completed by an engineer or other qualified investigator, for example a Health and Safety Officer, so that we can investigate and defend a Public Liability claim on their behalf. The Public Liability Investigation Report will allow IPB to promptly make an informed decision on liability and adopt a strategy to deal with the claim that will result in a reduction in claims costs. Following consultation with a number of LA clients, we have prepared a Public Liability Investigation Report template to assist LAs. The main points to be noted by the engineer/ investigator in compiling the report include: Section 1: Reporting Engineer/Investigator Details In addition to recording the name, contact number and email address of the reporting engineer/investigator, the report must be signed and dated and the qualifications of the engineer/investigator recorded. Section 2: Claimant Details Information regarding the claimant (i.e. the person making the claim) should be recorded here, including the claimant s name and address and the date, time and location of the alleged incident. Time should be recorded using the 24-hour clock. If you are aware of additional information, such as the claimant s date of birth or legal representatives, this should also be recorded in this section if relevant.

34 Section 3: Inspection Details This is an Investigation Report and should focus on all aspects of the investigation. It will assist IPB in its investigations/defence and should be prepared in contemplation of Legal Proceedings. All commentary, in particular the section requiring Engineer/investigator response to allegations, should be based on fact rather than opinion. Please do not record rumour or hearsay, as we are unable to use this in our defence without supporting evidence. For example: Where a claimant has alleged that they lost control of the vehicle as a result of a pothole on the road, the response should refer to the measurements of the pothole and previous works carried out at the locus, etc., rather than comment on driver error. Where there is an allegation of skidding on the road, the response should refer to the slip resistance/condition of the road surface. Important Note: The engineer/investigator s views on liability or suggested tactics to be adopted should not be expressed in the report, as these are matters for our legal representatives. Relevant inspection details to be noted in Section 3 include: Date and time of inspection at incident locus. These details are important as the locus conditions may change. Please use the 24-hour clock when recording time of inspection. External conditions at time of incident (i.e. weather and lighting). Detailed description of the claimant s version of events, the engineer/ investigator s response to allegations and the version of events given by any witnesses. This should include: The circumstances of the incident. Names, addresses, contact details and statements of all witnesses. Details of any Garda involvement, including the name, Garda identification number, Garda Station and contact details of the investigating Garda. Engineer/investigator s description of locus. Depending on the information available, this should include but not be limited to the following: Defects or hazards present.

35 Warning signs present. Public lighting present, including pole numbers. Measurements. Other useful/relevant information. Details of any works in progress at the time of the incident. Has the incident locus been altered in any way since the incident? If so, provide details of the changes and, in particular, an explanation and a comment on whether or not the work was carried out because of the incident. If appropriate, comment on whether any system of inspection, for example safety inspection or safety audit, was in place in relation to the locus or any previous complaints about a particular locus. Is there any CCTV footage available of the works? Is there any driven inspection for road works or any walked inspection for roads or footpaths? Details of any previous works that had taken place. Details of when works were last carried out at the incident locus and the identity of the person who carried out the work if not the LA. Details of LA work programme and what guidelines were being followed for this work schedule. Details of any contractor or any other public utility that may have been working at the locus or have worked at the locus in the past and may have contributed towards this incident occurring. If work was carried out by a third party, the report should detail: Was there any work carried out by Council staff at the locus? Did the LA supervise the work? Did the LA inspect and sign off on the work after completion and take the locus back in their charge? Do you have any CT68 forms for the locus? Confirmation that the area in question was under the control of the particular LA at the time of the incident. If not, identify the owner/occupier of the locus. Identities of all parties attending inspection of locus to be recorded with their name and contact details.

36 Section 4: Further Inspection Details Section 4 of the Public Liability Investigation Report template outlines a number of additional attachments that may be included with your report where appropriate. All attachments should be dated and measurements recorded on any maps/photographs. Photographic evidence, maps and measurements form an important part of the engineer/ investigator s report. Where legal proceedings are issued, these become a vital part of our defence. Photographs of the incident locus should be taken on the day of the incident or as soon as possible thereafter. When illustrating a locus, a close-up of the hazard should be captured, together with further evidence identifying the hazard with a landmark depicted in the photograph. This will allow us to confirm the locus should the area change over time. In addition, a sketch map with accurate measurements is also of assistance. This is particularly important in the case of road traffic incidents involving recently resurfaced roads. It is essential that IPB Insurance receive full details of all warning signs in place, their location and photographs. Arrows can be used to assist with measurements, depth, direction of travel, and exact location of alleged incident. The use of maps, such as Google Maps, can be helpful to identify the condition of a locus at a certain point in time. It is particularly helpful if any CCTV footage is available and if we are provided with details of any previous complaints, risk assessments or safety audits that have been carried out. Any attachments to the report should be recorded in Section 4.

37 Sample Photographs and Maps ACCIDENT LOCATION ACCIDENT LOCATION 1.4m WIDE 2.1m LONG 800mm LONG DIRECTION TRAVELLED BY CLAIMANT The use of arrows on photographs helps to make the direction of travel and the alleged incident location very clear DIRECTION TRAVELLED BY CLAIMANT The photograph below clearly shows the measurement at each point. This Google Map of Lower Mount Street illustrates the road markings, reinstatement work and evidence of trench cuttings. The map is dated June 2009 and can be useful in some cases or for the purposes of investigation of late notifications. The photograph below shows cracked pavement on the right and reinstatement work on the left together with evidence of road signage

39 Public Liability Investigation Report Template Name and address of local authority Insured name LA Claim Ref IPB Claim Ref Section 1: Reporting Engineer/Investigator Details Reporting engineer/investigator Contact phone number Email address Section 2: Claimant Details (if known) Claimant name Claimant address Date of alleged incident Location of alleged incident

40 Section 3: Inspection Details Date of inspection Time of inspection Lighting conditions on day of alleged incident Weather conditions on day of alleged incident Claimant s description of alleged incident Engineer/investigator s response to allegations This should include factual details of the circumstances, witnesses, Garda involvement, etc. Witnesses description of alleged incident, if any Please also include the witnesses names and addresses.

41 Engineer/investigator s description of locus This should include details of defects or hazards present, measurements, warning signs, public lighting (including pole numbers), etc. Details of any works in progress at the time of the alleged incident This should include details of when works were last carried out at the incident locus and the identity of who carried out the work if not the LA. If work was carried out by a third party, advise if: any of the work was carried out or supervised by Council Staff, or the LA inspected and signed off on the work after completion and took the locus back in their charge. Confirmation that locus is in the charge or control of the LA If not, who is in charge of it? Identities of all persons attending inspection of locus Please include names, addresses and involvement in alleged incident.

43 Section 4: Further Inspection Details Photographs of the incident locus are to be taken on the day of the alleged incident or as soon as possible thereafter. A sketch map with accurate measurements is also of assistance; this is particularly important in the case of road traffic accidents involving recently resurfaced roads. It is vital that IPB Insurance receive full details of all warning signs in place, their location and photographs. Additional Information Yes/No Where Yes, provide details Were photographs taken? Were measurements taken? Sample Maps Google Maps MapRoad GPS Co-Ordinates Was there a Garda investigation (CT68 form)? Was there any witness involvement?

44 Additional Information Yes/No Where Yes, provide details Was any system of inspection in place? Was a safety audit carried out? Were there any previous complaints about the locus? Was a Risk ment carried out? Was any CCTV footage of works available? Please ensure that all additional documentation is attached to the report. Signed: Date: To get a soft copy of this report template, email claims@ipb.ie.

Designed by FUDGE Creative fudgecreative.ie Material published in this Guide may not be reproduced in whole or in part including photocopying or recording, for any purpose without the advance written permission of IPB Insurance which reserves all rights. ROAD 1214 V2

WORKING TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE IPB Insurance 1 Grand Canal Square Grand Canal Harbour Dublin 2, Ireland Tel: +353 1 639 5500 Fax: +353 1 639 5510 Email: info@ipb.ie www.ipb.ie Reg. No. 7532 Republic of Ireland. Irish Public Bodies Mutual Insurances Ltd. trading as IPB Insurance is regulated by the Central Bank of Ireland.