The Future of the Jet Engine M.J. Benzakein Cincinnati, OH, USA
100 Years of Propulsion Innovation Engine Specifications Bore: 4 inches Stroke: 4 inches Displacement: 201 cubic inches Compression Ration: 4.7:1 Horsepower: 25 hp Cooling: Liquid Circulated by thermosiphon and radiator Lubrication: Splash system, circulation by pump and gravity Dry Weight: 180 pounds GE90-115B Specifications Thrust Class (lb) 115,300 Length (in) 218 Bypass Ratio 7.1 Pressure Ratio 42.2 AT 030905/2 25-May-06
Propulsion Driving Industry Advances 0.90 JT3C Turbojet Low Bypass Turbofan High Bypass Turbofan 2 nd Gen High Bypass Turbofan 0.80 JT3D-1 CJ805 JT8D-9 SFC 35K/0.8Mn Uninstalled 0.70 0.60 JT9D-7A JT8D-217 TAY 620 JT9D-3A CFM56-2 CF6-6D RB-211-524D V2500 A1 CFM56-5A BR 715 JT9D-7R4G2 CF6-80A RB-211-535E4 CF6-80C2-B6F PW2037 CFM56-5C4 PW4056 CF6-80E1-A2 PW4168 PW4098 PW4084 TRENT 895 0.50 GE90-85B GE90-115B AT 030905/3 25-May-06 0.40 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Certification Date
Noise Reduction Advancements 120 Turbojet 707-100 Normalized to 100,000-lb. thrust Noise levels are for airplane/engine configurations at time of initial service Noise Level, EPNdB (1500-ft. sidelines) 110 727-200 DC-9-10 737-200 Second Generation Turbofan 100 First Generation Turbofan 747-200 DC-10-30 A310 737-300 737-200 A321 747-400 A330 AT 030905/4 25-May-06 90 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year of Initial Service
Emissions 120 ICAO NOx Standards 1981 standard 100 CAEP/2-1996 Trend 80 CAEP/4-2004 NO X 60 40 20 Current GE Engines 0 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Engine pressure ratio AT 030905/5 25-May-06 Emissions Stringency Increasing
21 st Century Vehicle Systems Safe, Environmentally Friendly, Longer Range Commercial and Military Transportation Regional 100-150 pax 250+ pax Global Reach Transport Overland Capable, Environmentally Friendly, Supersonic Commercial Transport / Military Strike Supersonic BisJet Supersonic Transport Long Range Strike Aircraft AT 030905/6 25-May-06
21 st Century Vehicle Systems Heavy-Lift Runway-Independent Aircraft Apache V-22 Osprey High Lift Vehicle Uninhabited Air Vehicles AT 030905/7 25-May-06 Predator Sensorcraft
21 st Century Vehicle Systems Safe, Low-Cost Access-to-Space Vehicles / Spaceplane AT 030905/8 25-May-06
Simplicity Low Emissions Customer Satisfaction Low Noise Low Cost of Ownership Reliability Performance AT 030905/9 25-May-06
GENY The Next Step Goals CO 2 Ultra Clean: NO X and CO 2 20% reduction in engine CO 2 (fuel burn) relative to current (GE90) technology 85% reduction relative to 1996 ICAO Ultra Quiet 55% Reduction in noise relative to today s aircraft 33 EPNdB below Stage 3 Ultra Intelligent 50% reduction in engine in-flight failures 50% reduction in delays and cancellations On-condition maintenance 21 st Century Aeropropulsion Preeminence AT 030905/10 25-May-06
GENY Technologies Advanced Composite Fan Hybrid/Ceramic Bearings Intelligent Engine Controls and Adv. Sensors Fluidics for Noise Reduction and High Stage Loading Nano Material Blade/Structure Technology Hi Temp. Rotor Materials High Pressure Ratio Compressor Counterrotating Vaneless LPT Ceramic Matrix Composite Liners, Blades, & Vanes Active Combustor Controls for Ultra-Low Emissions Technology to Revolutionize the State of the Art AT 030905/11 25-May-06
Nano-Phase Aluminum Blades and Vanes 20 nm 200nm Yield Strength (ksi) 120 80 40 0 Conventional 7xxx Alloys Nano-Al Goals 0 100 200 300 400 Temperature (F) AT 030905/12 25-May-06 Improved Strength and Fatigue Capability Using Advanced Al Alloys
Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC) CMC Combustor Liner 2200 F Capability 50% Cooling Air Reduction 50% Weight Reduction 20% NOx Reduction CMC Vane CMC Blade 2200 F Capability 70% Weight Reduction Reduced Cooling Air Increased Efficiency CMC s Reduce Weight and Improve Performance AT 030905/13 25-May-06
Nitrided Bearing Material Technology HRC 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 58 57 Base Hardness Microhardness Nitrided Case 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 distance from edge (mils) Nitrided Surface 70 HRC 60 HRC!Leading Cause of Bearing Failures Due to Hard Particle Contamination!Nitriding Significantly Increases the Surface Hardness AT 030905/14 25-May-06
Airfoil Materials Trendline 300 CMC Vane & Coating System Gen III Temp. Capability, F 250 200 150 100 N5/Baseline TBC N6 N6/TBC-1 Advanced Alloy Advanced Thermal Barrier Coating N5/TBC-1 Gen I MX4/TBC-1.5 N6/TBC-1.5 MX4 MX4/TBC-2 Nb-Si & Coating System Gen II 50 N4 N5 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Introduction Date, NPI TG6 Turbine Airfoil Material Advancements Pushing the Envelope AT 030905/15 25-May-06
Chevron Nozzle Technology Development Chevron Nozzle AT 030905/16 25-May-06 Flight Tested on Bombardier CRJ700 Production Nozzle on CRJ900
NOx Reduction Goal: Levels 85% Below CAEP 2 Lean Blowout Detection & Avoidance Low NOx Production Microelectromechanical Local Flow Control Improved Emissions/Operability/Reliability AT 030905/17 25-May-06
Intelligent Engine Fault Detection & Accommodation Mission Optimization Service Optimization Detect and Isolate Adjust Operation Predict Service Need Revolutionary Improvement in Reliability AT 030905/18 25-May-06
Improved Thrust-to-Weight and Reduced Engine Envelope Relative Engine Size At Equal Thrust Engine Technology Improvements Reduced Volume Reduced Weight Improved Fuel Consumption Reduced Cost Improved Thrust-to-Weight Year 1960 1980 2000 2020 Technology J79 F404 F414/F120 VAATE T hrust-to-weight 4.5 7 9 20 Aircraft Benefits Lowered Acquisition Cost Reduced Fuel Burn Smaller Spot Factor Reduced Vulnerability AT 030905/19 25-May-06
Adaptive Cycle Engine Features Versatile Core with Core Drive Fan Lower Low Spool Temperatures Fixed Nozzle Capability FLADE Inlet flow control (simpler/lighter inlets) Improved installed SFC Smaller diameter / reduced drag Nozzle cooling Multiple Nozzle Configuration Capability Payoffs Highly Integrated Engine/Airframe Fixed/Simpler Inlets/Nozzles Extended Range Significantly Improved Survivability Low Community Noise Improved Durability Turbines, Exhaust System AT 030905/20 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Compression High Stage Space Loading Flow Controlled Airfoils Core Drive Fans Passive & Active Stability Supersonic Subsonic Composite High Speed Airfoils Hypersonic Blisks AT 030905/21 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Compression High Stage Loading Flow Controlled Airfoils Core Drive Fans Passive & Active Stability Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Combustion Space Low Emission Research High Mach Combustion High Heat Sink Fuels Supersonic Subsonic Coke Barrier Coatings Hypersonic Active Combustion Control AT 030905/22 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Space Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Supersonic Management Subsonic Clearance Management Hypersonic Highly Loaded Aerodynamics AT 030905/23 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Space Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Supersonic Air-Oil Brush Seals Hypersonic Subsonic AT 030905/24 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Materials High Space Temp. Ni Alloys CMC s PMC s Nano Supersonic Structures Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Air-Oil Brush Seals Subsonic Smart Materials & Structures Hypersonic Advanced NDE Accelerated Implementation Methods AT 030905/25 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Inlet / Space Nacelle/ Nozzle TiAl Supersonic Structures Hypersonic Subsonic Materials High Temp. Ni Alloys CMC s PMC s Nano Structures Smart Materials & Structures Advanced NDE Accelerated Implementation Methods Light Weight Structures Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures Fluidic Mixing Fluidic Vectoring Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Air-Oil Brush Seals AT 030905/26 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Controls Space Intelligent Controls Distributed Control System Prognostic Sensors Subsonic MEMS Supersonic Hypersonic Wireless Communications Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Air-Oil Brush Seals Materials High Temp. Ni Alloys CMC s PMC s Nano Structures Smart Materials & Structures Advanced NDE Accelerated Implementation Methods Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle Light Weight Structures Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures TiAl Structures Fluidic Mixing Fluidic Vectoring AT 030905/27 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Compression High Stage Loading Flow Controlled Airfoils Core Drive Fans Passive & Active Stability Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Space Time Unsteady Aero Supersonic Combustion Low Emission Research High Mach Combustion High Heat Sink Fuels Coke Barrier Coatings Active Combustion Control Modeling Physics-based Tools Aeromechanics CFD Design Tools Combustor Codes Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Air-Oil Brush Seals Subsonic Digital Engine Model Hypersonic Noise Prediction Tools Manufacturing Modeling Controls Intelligent Controls Distributed Control System Prognostic Sensors MEMS Wireless Communications Materials High Temp. Ni Alloys CMC s PMC s Nano Structures Smart Materials & Structures Advanced NDE Accelerated Implementation Methods Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle Light Weight Structures Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures TiAl Structures Fluidic Mixing Fluidic Vectoring AT 030905/28 25-May-06
Technology Needs to Achieve A Long Range Propulsion Vision Combustion Compression Low Emission Research High Stage Loading High Mach Combustion Flow Controlled Airfoils High Heat Sink Fuels Core Drive Fans Coke Barrier Coatings Passive & Active Stability Active Combustion Control Composite High Speed Airfoils Blisks Turbines Integrated Turbine Blades/Disks Advanced Cooling Wake/Shock Management Clearance Management Highly Loaded Aerodynamics Modeling Physics-based Tools Time Unsteady Aero Aeromechanics CFD Design Tools Combustor Codes Digital Engine Model Noise Prediction Tools Manufacturing Modeling Space Supersonic Hypersonic Mechanical Components High DN Bearings Magnetic Bearings Air-Oil Brush Seals Subsonic Controls Intelligent Controls Distributed Control System Prognostic Sensors MEMS Wireless Communications Materials High Temp. Ni Alloys CMC s PMC s Nano Structures Smart Materials & Structures Advanced NDE Accelerated Implementation Methods Inlet / Nacelle/ Nozzle Light Weight Structures Integrated Airframe/Engine Structures TiAl Structures Fluidic Mixing Fluidic Vectoring AT 030905/29 25-May-06
Propulsion Vision for the 21 st Century L O C K H E E D M A R T I N Academia Industry Key to Success is Strong Cooperation Between Academia, Industry, and Government Agencies Government AT 030905/30 25-May-06
Summary U.S. Aerospace industry provides export leadership. Propulsion key contributor to aerospace superiority. Propulsion is a technology driven business Great advances have been made Lots of challenges and opportunities ahead Great payoffs in the commercial and military fields Propulsion requires aggressive short- and long-range technology development A strong Federal Labs /Industry/Academic World Partnership is key to maintaining U.S. leadership in Aeronautics. AT 030905/31 25-May-06