STM103 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 1
Structure of class I. Majoralternativeconcepts alternative ofdemocratic governance Electoral democracy: JosephSchumpeter/Przeworski Liberal democracy: Robert Dahl/Polity IV Good governance: World Bank/Ibrahim Index 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 2
Class Resources Geraldo L. Munck and Jay Verkuilen. 2002. Conceptualizing and measuring democracy - Evaluating alternative indices. Comparative Political Studies. 35 (1): 5-34. LeDuc, Niemi and Norris Comparing Democracies 3 Haerpfer Democratization Ch 2 Supplementary optional readings by Dahl, Schumpeter, Dryzek, and Held. 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 3
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Alternative concepts of democratic governance Electoral democracy Przeworski/Cheibub Liberal democracy Good governance Polity IV/ Polity IV/ Ibrahim Index/ Ibrahim Index/ Freedom House World Bank Minimalist Maximalist 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 5
1.Electoral democracy Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, socialism s and democracy Procedural minimalist definition "The democratic method dis that institutional i i arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the people's vote Multiparty elections at regular intervals Citizens select leaders Pros and cons of this notion? How would you measure it? 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 6
Pros and cons? Validity? Reflects basic commonsense notions of democracy Excludes too much? No notion of freedom of speech or assembly, civil liberties, political rights, human rights, common good, regime structure, quality of governance, policy outputs? Reliability? Institutional criteria (elections) can be observed and verified Are there multiparty competitive elections for national office? Yet what counts as a genuine competitive struggle? Electoral autocracy? Potential measurement error through misclassification 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 7
Measured dby Przworski/Cheibub ib b Adam Przeworski et al Democracy and development (CUP 2000) Jose Cheibub Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Democracy (CUP 2007) Minimalist Dichotomous classification democratic v. autocratic regime, not a continuous scale Criteria Contestation Regimes that allow some regularized competition among conflicting visions and interests Regimes in which some values or interests enjoy a monopoly buttressed by threat or the actual use of force
Operationalization Democracy is a regime in which government offices are filled by contested elections. p19 Democracy is a system in which incumbents lose elections and leave office when the rules dictate. p54. All other regimes are not democratic.
Rules 1. Chief executive must be elected directly or indirectly 2. The lower house of the legislature must be elected 3. There must be more than one party 4. (If pass above) and if incumbents subsequently held, but never lost elections, regimes are authoritarian. Cases of Singapore, Botswana, Japan, Kenya, Mexico?? Contestation rules: Ex ante uncertainty (probability that at least one member of incumbent coalition will lose) Ex post irreversibility (whoever wins election will be allowed to assume office) Repeatability y( (temporary outcomes)
Figure 3.1: Trends in Cheibub and Gandhi s classification of regime types, 1945-2002 120 Cheibub Type of Regime Democracy Dictatorship 100 80 Cou unt 60 40 20 2002 2000 1998 1996 1994 1992 1990 1988 1986 1984 1982 1980 1978 1976 1974 1972 1970 1968 1966 1964 1962 1960 1958 1956 1954 1952 1950 1948 1946 Year Source: José Cheibub and Jennifer Gandhi. 2004. A six-fold measure of democracies and dictatorships. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 11 Association.
Minimalist exclusions No social or economic aspects included No measure of accountability, responsibility, responsiveness or representation No measure of freedom, liberties or human rights No measure of participation ii i eg franchise No reference to civil military relations Advantages and disadvantages of this approach?
Democratic governance Electoral democracy Przeworski/Cheibub Liberal democracy Good governance Polity IV/ Polity IV/ Ibrahim Index/ Ibrahim Index/ Freedom House World Bank Minimalist Maximalist 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 13
2. Liberal Democracy Robert Dahl 1956. A Preface to Democratic Theory Modern democratic states can be understood in practice as polyarchies Two concepts are important: Contestation and participation Polyarchies can be identified by the presence of certain key political institutions: 1) elected officials; 2) free and fair elections; 3) inclusive suffrage; 4) the right to run for office; 5) freedom of expression; 6) alternative information; and 7) associational autonomy 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 14
Dahl's Conceptual Logic Liberal Democracy Contestation Participation Right to form parties Freedom of the press Right to vote Fairness of election Associational autonomy Extent of suffrage 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 15
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Measurement: Polity IV Monty G. Marshall, and Keith Jaggers. 2006. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800 2006: Dataset Users Manual. Maryland: University of Maryland. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity/ Long time series (1800 2006) annual observations Academic standard especially in IR 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 17
Polity IV Concepts Democracy reflects three essential elements: The presence of institutions and procedures through which citizens can express preferences about alternative policies and leaders; The existence of institutionalized constraints on the power of the executive; and Theguarantee of civil liberties to allcitizens (although not actually measured). 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 18
Polity IV measurement Thedataset constructs a ten point democracy scale by coding The competitiveness of political participation (1 3), The competitiveness of executive recruitment (1 2), The openness of executive recruitment (1), and The constraints t on the chief executive (1 4). Autocracy is measured by negative versions of the same indices. The two scales are combined into a single democracy autocracy y score varying from 10 to +10. 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 19
Polity IV classification The existence or absence of institutional features of the nation state. Competitive executive recruitment is measured by leadership selection through popular elections contested by twoormore or parties orcandidates candidates. The openness of recruitment for the chief executive is measured by the opportunity for all citizens to have the opportunity ty to attain the eposition o through a regularized ed process, excluding hereditary succession, forceful seizure of power, or military coups. By contrast, autocracies are seen as regimes which restrict or suppress competitive ii political i l participation, ii i in which h the chief executive is chosen from within the political elite, and, once in office, leaders face few institutional constraints on their power. 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 20
Polity IV Figure 3.4: Trends in Polity IV measure of Constitutional Democracy, 1800-2000 4 2 0-2 -4 Mean Polity Combined 20-pt score -6-8 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960 1955 1950 1945 1940 1935 1930 1925 1920 1915 1910 1905 1900 1895 1890 1885 1880 1875 1870 1865 1860 1855 1850 1845 1840 1835 1830 1825 1820 1815 1810 1805 1800 Year Source: Monty Marshall and Keith Jaggers. 2003. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2003. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/polity/; 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 21
Polity IV Pros and cons? Validity? Reliability? 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 22
Democratic governance Electoral democracy Przeworski/Cheibub Liberal democracy Good governance Polity IV/ Polity IV/ Ibrahim Index/ Ibrahim Index/ Freedom House World Bank Minimalist Maximalist 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 23
Good governance indices Increasingly gycommonly used in the last decade World Bank Institute: Kaufmann Kray Good governance indicators 1996 date Rule of law Government effectiveness Transparency Voice Stability Will discuss in Class 11 Ibrahim Index of African Governance http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/index 2008/ p// / 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 24
Ibrahim Index 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 25
eg e.g. Ibrahim Index All citizens of all countries desire to be governed well. That is what citizens i want from the nation-states in which hthey live. Thus, nation-states in the modern world are responsible for the delivery of essential political goods to their inhabitants. The essential political goods can be summarized and gathered under five categories: Safety and Security; Rule of Law, Transparency, and Corruption; Participation and Human Rights; Sustainable S i Economic Opportunity; and Human Development. Together, these five categories of political goods epitomize the performance of any government, at any level. 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 26
Eg E.g. Ibrahim Index 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 27
Eg Ibrahim Index 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 28
Advantages? Disadvantages? Ibrahim index 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 29
Key questions? How would you assess the strengths and weaknesses of the normative concepts of electoral democracy, liberal democracy, deliberative democracy and good governance? Which of these concepts would you use to measure the quality of governance in your home region, for example, working in a UN agency, a national NGO, as a journalist, as an official for a bilateral donor, or as an academic analyst? How would you justify your choice of concepts and measures to a diplomatic official from, say, ASEAN, the African Union, or the UN? 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 30
Next class Note: Meet next on Wednesday 18 th Feb Introduction to the QoG dataset 9/21/2009 www.pippanorris.com 31