DYNAMICS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS

DYNAMICS AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS Results of Bird Ringing Project of Tömörd Bird Observatory 1998-27 by JÓZSEF GYURÁCZ PÉTER BÁNHIDI University of West Hungary István Chernel Ornithological and Nature Conservation Society Szombathely 28

To the memory of JAKAB VÖNÖCZKY-SCHENK Reviewed by: CSABA NÉMETH English reviewed by: PÉTER MOLNÁR ISBN 978-963-9871-17-5 Published by: Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Savaria Campus University of West Hungary 971 Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., P. Box: 17. gyjozsi@ttmk.nyme.hu; www.nyme.hu Printed by: Balogh és Társa, Szombathely 2

Contents Introduction 7 Study area and methods 9 Study site and fieldwork 9 Data processing and statistical testing 11 Results 12 1. Teal (Anas crecca) 12 2. Garganey (Anas querqudula) 12 3. Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) 12 4. Hawk (Accipiter gentilis) 12 5. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) 12 6. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) 17 7. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) 17 8. Quail (Coturnix coturnix) 17 9. Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) 17 1. Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus) 17 11. Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana) 18 12. Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) 18 13. Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) 18 14. Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) 18 15. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) 18 16. Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) 18 17. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) 17 18. Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) 19 19. Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) 19 2. Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) 19 21. Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) 21 22. Swift (Apus apus) 2 23. Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) 2 24. Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) 2 25. Hoopoe (Upopa epops) 2 26. Wryneck (Jynx toruilla) 2 27. Grey-headed Woodpecker (Picus canus) 22 28. Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) 22 29. Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) 22 3. Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) 22 31. Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) 22 32. Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) 22 3

33. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) 23 34. Skylark (Alauda arvensis) 23 35. Sand Martin (Riparia riparia) 23 36. Swallow (Hirundo rustica) 23 37. House Martin (Delichon urbica) 25 38. Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) 26 39. Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) 27 4. Water Pipit (Anthus spinoletta) 28 41. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) 28 42. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) 28 43. White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) 28 44. Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) 28 45. Dunnock (Prunella modularis) 32 46. Robin (Erithacus rubecula) 34 47. Thrush Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia) 37 48. Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) 38 49. Bluethroat (Luscinia svecica) 38 5. Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) 38 51. Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) 39 52. Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra) 41 53. Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) 42 54. Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) 44 55. Blackbird (Turdus merula) 44 56. Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) 48 57. Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) 48 58. Redwing (Turdus iliacus) 51 59. Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) 53 6. Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella naevia) 53 61. River Warbler (Locustella fluviatilis) 55 62. Savi s Warbler (Locustella luscinioides) 55 63. Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon) 56 64. Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) 56 65. Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris) 58 66. Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) 6 67. Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) 62 68. Icterine Warbler (Hippolais icterina) 62 69. Barred Warbler (Sylvia nisoria) 64 7. Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) 64 71. Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) 67 72. Garden Warbler (Sylvia borin) 69 4

73. Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) 71 74. Pallas s Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) 75 75. Yellow-browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus) 75 76. Wood Warbler (Phylloscopous sibilatrix) 75 77. Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) 77 78. Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) 8 79. Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) 82 8. Firecrest (Regulus ignicapillus) 85 81. Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) 87 82. Red-breasted Flycatcher (Ficedula parva) 89 83. Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) 9 84. Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) 9 85. Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus) 92 86. Marsh Tit (Parus palustris) 94 87. Willow Tit (Parus montanus) 96 88. Crested Tit (Parus cristatus) 96 89. Coal Tit (Parus ater) 96 9. Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) 97 91. Great Tit (Parus major) 1 92. Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) 14 93. Treecreeper (Certhia familiaris) 15 94. Short-toed Treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla) 17 95. Penduline Tit (Remis pendulinus) 19 96. Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) 11 97. Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) 11 98. Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor) 113 99. Jay (Garrulus glandarius) 113 1. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) 114 11. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) 114 12. Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) 114 13. Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) 116 14. Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) 118 15. Serin (Serinus serinus) 12 16. Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) 12 17. Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) 122 18. Siskin (Carduelis spinus) 122 19. Linnet (Carduelis cannabina) 123 11. Redpoll (Carduelis flammea) 123 111. Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) 123 112. Scarlet Rosefinch (Carpodacus erytrinus) 123 5

113. Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) 123 114. Hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) 125 115. Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) 127 116. Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana) 129 117. Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) 129 118. Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra) 131 Summary and discussion 133 Acknowledgements 137 References 138 Appendix 139 6

Introduction Bird migration is one of the most exciting phenomena of our living world, and therefore it is not surprising that it has been the subject of investigation since ancient times. Each year an estimated 5, million birds travel somewhere in the world. Short-distance migrants may just leave their mountainous breeding areas to seek milder winter conditions in the nearby foothills whereas long-distance migrants often cover tens of thousands of kilometres (ALERSTAM 199). The principal migratory routes for many species of passerines migrating from the Europe to African wintering sites are fairly well known. What is missing is a detailed analysis of environmental factors controlling bird migration as well as the temporal and spatial course of the migratory journeys (BAIRLEIN 1997, TIELEMAN 27). Palearctic-African migratory bird populations have to defeat several ecological barriers, like seas and deserts during the migration in postbreeding season and spring. During the migration driven natural selection population-specific strategies (e.g. habitat selection, food preference, fat deposition, migratory direction, migratory speed and dynamic, intra- and inter-specific competition, moult timing, etc.) and control mechanisms (e.g. photoperiodicity of hormonal system, nervous system and orientation, etc.) have evolved. The migration dynamics involves the evolution of the number, time and duration of the stopover of the migratory population on a territory for feeding or resting (BERTHOLD 1993, RAPPOLE & JONES 22). Many species of European bird species are currently undergoing rapid declines, but some birds have increasing and expansive populations (BIRDLIFE 24). The causes of these changes are not clear but factors like habitat fragmentation, agricultural technology, hunting and global climate change known to be seriously affecting certain European bird populations. Monitoring is essential for the identification of ecological and conservation problems affecting birds. According to the EC Birds Directive on the protection of European bird population, all European Community countries have an obligation to monitor bird population. In Annex V of the directive, specific reference is made to use bird ringing for the monitoring of population levels of migratory bird species. Birds are particularly good subjects for population monitoring because they are sensitive indicators of habitat changes. Annual counts of birds tell us how numbers are changing, but bird ringing is needed if we want to understand the mechanism of the observed changes. 7

Bird ringing for scientific purposes started in Hungary in 198, when JAKAB VÖNÖCZKY-SCHENK released White Storks that were ringed with metal rings engraved with numbers. Bird ringing and bird migration studies in particular were revolutionized in the mid-2. century when mistnets first became generally available. Mist-nets placed besides suitable vegetation readily capture passerines like warblers in their mesh. The BirdLife Hungary started a project called Actio Hungarica (AH) for investigation of bird migration in 1974 (SZENTENDREY et al. 1979). Actio Hungarica has been involved in the netting of migrating songbirds at a network of bird ringing camps in Hungary. The netting effort was strictly standardized and the habitat was not allowed to change, so changes in the numbers of birds captured should reflect changes in the migrating populations. The Tömörd Bird Observatory was founded in 1998 and it joined to the Actio Hungarica and the South-East Bird Migration Network (SEEN) that focuses SE flyway that has been poorly studied yet (BUSSE 2). Different types of useful information can be recorded when birds are caught for the purpose of ringing. These include the age and sex of the bird, a variety of measurements which can be used to characterize different populations, the amount of fat stored by migratory birds, the state of feather moult as well as the habitat in which the species was captured. Single birds can be recaptured by other ringers, resighted or recovered by members of the public in a variety of different ways: hit by cars, found dead, caught by cat, shot, etc. If a bird is subsequently recaptured by other ringers, resighted repeated measurements make the study of different aspects of the annual life cycle, such as body mass changes prior to migration or the seasonal progression of moult possible. The National Ringing Centres collect all the information provided by ringers and members of the public who find ringed birds. The Hungarian Ringing Centre of BirdLife Hungary is located in Budapest. When birds overfly national boundaries information needs to be exchanged between Ringing Centres and the European Union for Bird Ringing (EURING) ensures that this happens efficiently (KESTENHOLZ 27). Bird ringing has been carried out in Hungary throughout whole twentieth century. As the result, the long-term recovery and biometrical data for birds became one of the most valuable sets of information available for any group of animals. Despite all these ringing activities, many problems still remain unsolved, moreover, many more new ones recently emerged. For instance, the current global climate change the past decade has been the warmest for 1 years is confronting us with so 8

many rapid changes in the phenomenology of bird migration that we can hardly keep up with recording and analyzing them (BERTHOLD et al. 23). In this publication the autumn migration of birds captured in the Bird Ringing Project of Tömörd Bird Observatory between 1998 and 27 is characterized. A total of 49619 individuals of the 118 studied species were marked. The main aspects of the analysis were: 1. To register annual change of the migrating population size and trends found in migratory birds. 2. To describe the progress in time (dynamics) of the post-breeding movement by analysis of daily capture-recapture data. 3. To describe the habitat use of the migratory population by analysis of sites of captures. 4. To reveal the origin, migration direction and wintering sites of the migratory populations of Tömörd area by evaluating recoveries. Study site and field work Study area and methods The birds were captured and ringed at the Tömörd Bird Observatory (47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E) (Photo 1) in the west of Hungary. Tömörd is a small village in Vas County. It is located 15 kilometres from Szombathely (Fig. 1). Bird ringing took place during the autumn migration, from the end of July or early ust to the end of ober or early ember (Table 1). Fig. 1. Location of the Tömörd ringing site in Hungary (Figure is from the website of SEEN) 9

Table 1. Ringing activity periods Year Date 1998 1. 2. and 16 31. 1999 22. 31. 2 2. 19. 21 5. 18. 22 28 Jul. 1. 23 27 Jul. 9. 24 1. 9. 25 1. 6. 26 29 Jul. 11. 27 3 Jul. 11. For catching the birds 29 numbered mist-nets (12 meter long and 2.5 meter high with 5 shelves and a mesh size of 16 mm) were used. The nets were positioned in four different habitat types around the ringing station (Photo 2). These were characterised below according to the SE European Bird Migration Network (BUSSE 2) (See below). Forest (W.LB6N.2EUPR.N.). The 6-9 m high trees and bushes made up a compact, dense edge vegetation. It had an ecoton community. Its characteristic plant species were: Quercus cerris, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Pyrus pyraster. There were 4 nets in this habitat (Photo 3). Bushy (S.BH2N.2PRCR.O.). The 2-3 m high bushes made up a compact, dense vegetation, which was dissected by small grass patches. Its characteristic plant species were: Prunus spinosa, Crataegus monogyna, Pyrus pyraster, Rosa canina. 11 nets were standing in this biotope (Photo 4). Grassland with scrubs (S.BG2N9.1ROCA.O.). It made a transition between the wet biotopes of the swamp and the steppe communities that used to cover the croplands around. There were a few bushes in the grassland. Its characteristic plant species were: Calamagrostris epigeios, Cirsium arvense, Arrhenatherum elatius, Verbascum thapsus. There were two small patches of Sambucus ebuli. There were 8 nets in this biotope (Photo 5). Marsh (S.TC1S..R.). Characteristic plants were Glyceria maxima, Typha latifolia, Salix cinerea. It was dried out in 2 and 21. 1

There was.5-1 ha open water in the other years. There was a line of 6 nets here (Photo 6). Data processing and statistical analysis All birds were ringed and aged according to SVENSSON (1994) and Actio Hungarica (SZENTENDREY et al. 1979). Biometric data were taken using the methods of Actio Hungarica. All birds were ringed, sexed and weighed to the nearest.1 g (using a spring balance). The wing and tail lengths were measured to the nearest 1 mm. The fat reserves were estimated visually according to BUSSE (2) ranging from (no fat) to 8 (bulging fat). Linear regression analysis and Pearson s correlations were used to determine trends in the number of yearly captures. The average daily captures of the years were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test. Migration curves and cumulative graphs for the age groups or sexes were calculated based on the average daily captures of the years smoothed by a 3-day moving average. Based on this information the peak migration period (when we captured the most birds in that season) and the month with the highest captures were identified. By using the minimum stopover time of the recaptured birds the migration dynamics curves were plotted. The beginning of migration was determined based the analysis of the fat score of the captured birds and the dynamics of daily captures. Birds on migration accumulate much larger fat reserves than in other seasons. This fact made it possible to distinguish residents from migrants, as well as the discrimination of the beginning of migration from the post breeding dispersal. In this study it was assumed that the beginning of migration was the day when the first passage of very fat birds i.e. in which the fat covered completely the intestines (fat score 3 or higher) was noted. The average date of the beginning of migration is marked with arrow ( ) on the migration curves. Linear regression analysis and Pearson s correlations were used to determine the trend observed in the change of the beginning of migration. The median dates of the migration were calculated with the exclusion of, the number of birds caught before the day starting the migration. The end date of migration was considered as the day after which only single individuals were captured in few-day intervals. The date of the end of migration is marked with arrow ( ) on the migration curves. The distribution of the captures in the different biotope types was checked by χ 2 -test for the year with the most captures. 11

Sites of ringing and sites of recovery were delineated on a map for all the birds ringed abroad or at other Hungarian ringing sites and recovered in Tömörd and also those ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad or at other Hungarian ringing sites (Photo 6). Results ANSERIFORMES Anatidae 1. Teal (Anas crecca) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on 5 tember 26 in the marsh. 2. Garganey (Anas querquedula) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 1 th ust, 24 in the marsh. of ACCIPITIFORMES Accipitridae 3. Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) In total, 3 individuals of Marsh Harriers were marked between 1998 and 27.One adult female of this species was captured on the 2 th of ust, 2, one adult male and one juvenile female were captured on the 25 th of ust,. 22. 4. Hawk (Accipiter gentilis) In total, 4 individuals of Hawks were marked between 1998 and 27. One bird of this species was captured on the 15 th of ust, 21, one adult female was captured on the 28 th of July, 22, one juvenile bird was captured on the 22 nd of tember, 27 and one juvenile male was captured on the 6 th of ober, 27. 5. Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) In total, 12 individuals of Sparrowhawks were marked between 1998 and 27. There were not captures in 1998, 1999 and 2. One bird 12

Photo 1. The Tömörd Bird Observatory Photo 2. A view of the study area. Photos by T. Markovics 13

Photo 3. A net site in the forest Photo 4. A net site in the bushy 14

Photo 5. A net site in the grassland with scrub Photo 6. A net site in the marsh 15

Photo 7. Recovery of ringed birds. Yellow triangles: Birds ringed abroad or at other Hungarian ringing sites which located further than 5 km from Tömörd and recovered in Tömörd. Red circles: Birds ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad or at other Hungarian ringing sites which located further than 5 km from Tömörd. The map was made by Zs. Karcza, Hungarian Ringing Centre 16

was captured each year in 21, 22, 24 or 26, 2 birds were captured in 27 and 3 birds were captured in 23 and in 25. 6. Buzzard (Buteo buteo) The Buzzard was very common species in the study area. In total, 11 individuals of Buzzards were marked between 1998 and 27. There were no captures in 1998, 1999, 24, 25 and 27. One bird was captured in each year of 2, 23 and 26, 4 birds were captured in 21 and in 22. FALCONIFROMES Falconidae 7. Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) One bird of this species was captured on the 24 th of ust, 2. GALLIFORMES Phasianidae 8. Quail (Coturnix coturnix) In total, 31 individuals of Quails were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 23 (11 indiv.) and 24 (1 indiv.). There were no captures in 22 and 27. The date of the last capture was 3 ober. 9. Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) In total, 6 individuals of Pheasants were marked between 1998 and 27. One bird was captured in 25 and in 27. Two birds were captured in 2 and in 22. GRUIFORMES Rallidae 1. Water Rail (Rallus aquaticus) In total, 7 individuals of Water Rails were marked between 1998 and 27. Four birds were captured in 24, 1 bird was captured in 25 and 2 birds were captured in 26. The date of the last capture was 2 ober. 17

11. Spotted Crake (Porzana porzana) In total, 13 individuals of Spotted Crakes were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (1 indiv.) were captured in 24. One bird was captured in 1998, in 1999 and in 23. The date of the last capture was 15 tember. 12. Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) Two birds were captured in 1999 and in 24. The dates of last captures were 19 tember. CHARADRIIFORMES Scolopacidae 13. Jack Snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) One bird was captured on the 18 th and on the 25 th of ober, 1999, also on the 2 nd of ober, 23 and on the 22 nd of ober, 26 in the marsh. 14. Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) In total, 6 individuals of Snipes were marked between 1998 and 27. One bird was captured in 23 and in 25, 2 birds were captured in 24 and in 26. The date of the last capture was 22 ober. 15. Woodcock (Scolopax rusticola) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 5 th ember, 24 in the bushy. of 16. Green Sandpiper (Tringa ochropus) In total, 1 individuals of Green Sandpipers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, 2 individuals were on the 22 nd of tember and 3 individuals were on the 11 th of ober. One bird was captured in each year of 1998, 1999, 24, 26 and 27. 18

17. Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola) One bird was captured of this species in ust, also in years 1998, 23, 26 and 27. COLUMBIFORMES Columbidae 18. Turtle Dove (Streptopelia turtur) In total, 9 individuals of Turtle Doves were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (4 indiv.) were captured in 1998, 3 birds were captured in 25 and 1 bird was captured both in 22 and in 27. STRIGIFORMES Strigidae 19. Long-eared Owl (Asio otus) In total, 14 individuals of Long-eared Owls were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (6 indiv.) were captured from ust to early ember in 27. The date of the last capture was 4 ember. 2. Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 8 th tember, 24. of CAPRIMULGIFORMES Caprimulgidae 21. Nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 27 th ust, 21 in the bushy. of 19

APODIFORMES Apodidae 22. Swift (Apus apus) One bird of this species was captured on the 28 th of ust, 1998 in the marsh. CORACIIFORMES Alcedinidae 23. Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) One bird was captured on the 1 th of ust, 1998, 1 bird was captured on the 2 nd of tember, 25 and 1 bird was captured on the 25 th of tember, 27. Meropidae 24. Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) One bird of this species was captured on the 28 th of ust, 1998 in the marsh. Upopidae 25. Hoopoe (Upopa epops) One bird of this species was captured on the 1 th of tember, 26 in the grassland. PICIFROMES Picidae 26. Wryneck (Jynx torquilla) The Wryneck was accessory bird in the study area. In total, 114 individuals of Wrynecks were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 26, the least were in 1999. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=14.21, p>.5, but the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 2). The migration started in the first half of ust. The date of the last capture was 23 tember. ust was the month with the most captures (Fig. 3). 75 per cent of the Wrynecks were captured in the bushy in 26, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 4). 2

25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 2. Yearly capture numbers of Wrynecks. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.85, p<.1 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 3. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Wrynecks Forest Bushy Marsh Fig. 4. Capture rate (%) of Wrynecks in the four habitats, 26 21

27. Grey-headed Woodpecker (Picus canus) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 14 th of ust, 22 in the bushy. One adult female was captured on the 6 th ust, 25 in the bushy. 28. Green Woodpecker (Picus viridis) The Green Woodpecker was rare bird in the study area. In total, 24 individuals of Green Woodpeckers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (7 indiv., 6 in the bushy and 1 in the forest) were captured in 27. There was no capture in 1998. 29. Black Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius) One male bird was captured on the 18 th of ober, 21 in the bushy. One juvenile male was captured on the 12 th of ust, 24 in the bushy and one juvenile bird was captured on the 26 th of ober, 24 in the grassland. 3. Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos major) The Great Spotted Woodpecker was rare bird in the study area. In total, 93 individuals of Great Spotted Woodpeckers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (17 indiv.) were captured from July to ember in 27. From them 6 birds were captured in the bushy 6 birds were captured in the grassland and 5 birds were captured in the forest. 31. Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus) The Syrian Woodpecker was very rare bird in the study area. One bird was captured in 21 and in 26. 32. Middle Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius) The Middle Spotted Woodpecker was very rare bird in the study area. In total, 12 individuals of Middle Spotted Woodpeckers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (3 indiv.) were captured in 2. There were no captures in 1998, 21 and 25. 22

33. Lesser Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) The Lesser Spotted Woodpecker was rare bird in the study area. In total, 54 individuals of Lesser Spotted Woodpeckers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (12 indiv.) were captured from the early ust to the end of ober in 24. From them 6 birds were captured in the grassland, 4 birds were captured in the bushy and 2 birds were captured in the forest. PASSERIFORMES Alaudidae 34. Skylark (Alauda arvensis) The Skylark was rare songbird in the study area. One bird was captured on the 14 th of ust, 24. Hirundinidae 35. Sand Martin (Riparia riparia) The Sand Martin was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 13 individuals of Sand Martins were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (6 indiv.) were captured in 24. 36. Swallow (Hirundo rustica) The Swallow was dominant songbird in the study area, but it was rare when there was small water in the lake or the lake dried out. In total, 113 individuals of Swallows were marked between 1998 between 27. The most birds were captured in 22, the least in 1999. The average daily captures of the years changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.57, p<.1 (Fig. 5). On average, migration of the Swallow started on the 9 th of ust (the earliest 31 July, the last 26 ust). The average median date of the passage was 24 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 2 ober. The date of the last capture was also 2 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the early ust in the years of 1998-27. ust was the month with the most captures (Fig. 6). 96 per cent of the Swallows were captured in the marsh in 22, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 7). The main migration direction is presumed SSW from Tömörd (Table 2). 23

3 25 2 15 1 5 25 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 5. Yearly capture numbers of Swallows 2 15 1 5 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- Fig. 6. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Swallows 2- Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 7. Capture rate (%) of Swallows in the four habitats, 22 24

Table 2. Data for all the Swallows ringed in Tömörd and recovered at the other Hungarian ringing sites or abroad Capture Distance Direction Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Type km degree 1. 2. Ringing adult female 24.8.23. Recovery adult 27.3.25. Ringing juvenile 15.9.25. Recovery adult male 2.9.26. Tömörd (AH) Potenza Picena, Italy Tömörd (AH) Sumony (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E Elapsed days 43 23'N 13 41'E 5 28 581 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 58'N 17 56'E 182 148 37 37. House Martin (Delichon urbica) The House Martin was subdominant songbird in the study area, but it was rare when there was small water in the lake or the lake was dried out. In total, 598 individuals of House Martins were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 23, the least in 1999. The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=6.94, p>.5 (Fig. 8). On average, migration of the House Martin started on the 24 th of ust (the earliest 9 ust, the last 13 tember). The average median date of the passage was 5 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 26 tember. 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 8. Yearly capture numbers of House Martins 25

The date of the last capture was also 26 tember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ust in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 9). 97 per cent of the House Martins were captured in the marsh in 22, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 1). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 9. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of House Martins 16- Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 1. Capture rate (%) of House Martins in the four habitats, 22 Motacillidae 38. Tree Pipit (Anthus trivialis) The Tree Pipit was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 656 individuals of Tree Pipits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, the least in 27. The average daily 26

captures of the years changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=77.41, p<.1 (Fig. 11). 3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 11. Yearly capture numbers of Tree Pipits On average, migration of the Tree Pipit started on the 26 th of ust (the earliest 1 ust, the last 13 tember). The average median date of the passage was 4 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 26 tember. The date of the last capture was 17 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 12). 63 per cent of the Tree Pipits were captured in the grassland in 22, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 13). Some Tree Pipits migrating above Tömörd originated from Finland (Table 3). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27-1- 24-7- 21-5- 19-2- 16- Jul Fig. 12. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Tree Pipits 27

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 13. Capture rate (%) of Tree Pipits in the four habitats, 22 Table 3. Data for the Tree Pipit ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed AgeCode Date Place Type Text km degree days Ringing juvenile 5.9.22. Tömörd 47 21'23"N (AH) 16 4'4"E Recovery - 28.5.24. Lerviken, 63 2'N Seiplax, 22 23'E Finland 1814 11 631 39. Meadow Pipit (Anthus pratensis) The Meadow Pipit was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 4 individuals of Meadow Pipits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 26, the least in 24 and 25. The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=7.54, p>.5 (Fig. 14). Before 2 ust Meadow Pipits were caught only in 26. On average, the migration of the Meadow Pipit started on the 5 th of ober (the earliest 3 tember, the last 23 ober). The average median date of the passage was 2 ember. The average date of the end of migration was 11 ember. The date of the last capture was also 11 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ober and the early ember in the years 1998-27. The most capture occurred in tember-ober (Fig. 15). 82 per cent of the Meadow Pipits were captured in the marsh in 26, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 16). 28

12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 14. Yearly capture numbers Meadow Pipits 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 15. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Meadow Pipits Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 16. Capture rate (%) of Meadow Pipits in the four habitats, 26 29

4. Water Pipit (Anthus spinolenta) One adult bird of this species was captured on the 1st of ober, 23 in the marsh. 41. Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla flava) The Yellow Wagtail was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 15 individuals of Yellow Wagtails were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (7 indiv.) were captured at the end of ust and tember 23. 42. Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) The Grey Wagtail was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 18 individuals of Grey Wagtails were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (14 indiv.) were captured in the second half of ust and early tember 1998. 43. White Wagtail (Motacilla alba) The White Wagtail was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 67 individuals of White Wagtails were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (2 indiv.) were captured in 23. Troglodytidae 44. Wren (Troglodytes troglodytes) The Wren was rare songbird in the post-breeding dispersal period, but it was subdominant passerine during autumn migration in the study area. In total, 539 individuals of Wrens were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 2, the least in 23. The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=7.88, p>.5 (Fig. 17). On average, migration of the Wren started on the 29 th of tember (the earliest 17 ust, the last 18 ober). The average median date of the passage was 22 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 11 ember. The date of the last capture was also 11 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the mid-ober in the years 1998-27. 3

The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 18). According to the distribution of recaptures, birds arrived at the peak period of migration left the area quickly by early ember. 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 17. Yearly capture numbers of Wrens 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 18. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Wrens 1-15- 29-12- 26-1- 24-7- Fig. 19. Individual capture histories of Wrens captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 31

The quick migration through the area was also suggested by lower proportion of recaptures (8-18%). Wrens spent short time in the area, the maximum was 11 days (Fig. 19). The ratio of overwintering birds was probably very low in the area. 38 per cent of the Wrens were captured in the bushy in 2, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 2). Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 2. Capture rate (%) of Wrens in the four habitats, 2 Prunellidae 45. Dunnock (Prunella modularis) The Dunnock was rare songbird in the post-breeding dispersal period, but it was subdominant passerine during autumn migration in the study area. In total, 797 individuals of Dunnoks were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1998. The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=3.81, p>.5, but the yearly captures showed significant increasing trend between 1999 and 27 (Fig. 21). On average, migration of the Dunnock started on the 27 th of tember (the earliest 21 tember, the last 17 ober). The average median date of the passage was 9 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 28 ober. The date of the last capture was 8 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the first half of ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 22). According to the distribution of recaptures, birds arrived at the peak period of migration left the area quickly by early ember. The quick migration through the area was also suggested by lower proportion of recaptures (4-16%). Dunnocks spent short time in the area, the maximum was 26 days (Fig. 23). The ratio of overwintering birds was probably very low in the area. 51 per cent of the Dunnocks were captured in the grassland in 25, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 24). 32

14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 21. Yearly capture numbers of Dunnocks. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.69, p<.5 6 5 4 3 2 1 27-1- 24-7- 21-5- 19-2- 16- Jul Fig. 22. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Dunnocks 29- Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- Fig. 23. Individual capture histories of Dunnocks captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 33

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 24. Capture rate (%) of Dunnocks in the four habitats, 25 Turdidae 46. Robin (Erithacus rubecula) The Robin was most dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 6375 individuals of Robins were marked between 1998 and 27. During the autumn migration the most birds were captured in 27, the least in 1998 (Fig. 25). The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=9.16, p>.5, but the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1999 to 27 (Fig. 25). 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 25. Yearly capture numbers of Robins. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.67, p<.5 The course of the catching dynamics was very similar for years and age groups, Kruskal-Wallis test, p>.5. On average, migration of the 34

Robin started on the 24 th of ust (the earliest 27 July, the last 22 tember). The average median date of the passage was 3 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 15 ember. The date of the last capture was 18 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of tember and mid-ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 26). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.34, p>.5 (Fig. 27). The proportion of recaptured birds was 16-39%, however, it significantly varied from year to year. Majority of Robins spent only a short time, whereas some Robins spent a longer time in the area. The mean minimum stopover time of recaptured birds was 4.2 ± 4.94 days, the maximum was 64 days. Local breeding birds ringed in ust left the study area by the end of tember (Fig. 28). The Robins were grouping in the bushy areas, the width of their habitat was small compared to other species (GYURÁCZ et al. 25). 49 per cent of the Robins were captured in the bushy in 27, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 29). Individuals captured in the bushy were fatter than those captured in the forest, grassland and marsh (ANOVA, p<.1) (Table 4). The most of the Robins ringed in Tömörd probably wintering in Italy (Table 5). 25 2 15 1 5 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 26. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Robins 35

4-24- 14-4- 25-15- 5-26-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 27. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Robins 1-15- 29-12- 26-1- 24-7- Fig. 28. Individual capture histories of Robins captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 29. Capture rate (%) of Robins in the four habitats, 25 36

Table 3. Average fat score of Robins captured id different habitats 1 8 One-way ANOVA, Tukey HSD test Forest Bushy Grassland and marsh N 313 269 261 Mean 1.98 2.53 1.67 S.D. 1.41 1.28 1.26 Forest - p<1-5 P<.1 Bushy - p<.1 1. Table 4. Data for all the Robins ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree Ringing juvenile 2.9.1999. Tömörd (AH) Recovery adult 22.1.22. Arbus (Campagna di), Italy 47 22'N 16 41'E 39 32'N 8 36'E Elapsed days 189 217 855 2. Ringing adult 12.9.1999. Tömörd (AH) Recovery - 3.5.2. Anterselva, Italy 47 22'N 16 41'E 46 52'N 12 5'E 353 261 234 3. Ringing juvenile 1.9.24. Tömörd (AH) Recovery adult 5.5.26. Klostermarienberg, Oberpullendorf, Austria 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 47 25'N 16 34'E 1 313 62 4. Ringing adult 14.3.21. Tömörd (AH) Recovery adult 17.3.23. Ladná, Czech Republic 47 22'N 16 41'E 48 48'N 16 52'E 16 5 733 47. Thrush Nightingale (Luscinia luscinia) The Thrush Nightingale was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 28 individuals of Thrush Nightingales were marked between 1998 37

and 27. The most birds (4 indiv.) were captured in 23, 24 and in 26. All birds were captured in ust. 48. Nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos) The Nightingale was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 71 individuals of Nightingales were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (12 indiv.) were captured in 23. The most birds were captured in ust. The date of the last capture was 21 tember. 49. Bluethroat (Luscinia luscinia) The Bluethroat was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 4 individuals of Bluethroats were marked between 1998 and 27. The date of the captures: 16 tember 1999, 3 ober 2, 3 tember 23, 15 tember 27. 5. Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) The Black Redstart was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 275 individuals of Black Redstarts were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 21, the least were in 1998. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=3.92, p>.5 (Fig. 3). 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 3. Yearly capture numbers of Black Redstarts 38

On average, migration of the Black Redstart started on the 14 th of ober (the earliest 4 ober, the last 23 ober). The average median date of the passage was 19 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 6 ember. The date of the last capture was 1 ember. The peak period of migration fell in the second half of ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 31). There were no recaptures. 5 per cent of the Black Redstarts were captured in the grassland in 21, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 32). 2 1 27-1- 24-7- 21-5- 19-2- Jul Fig. 31. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Black Redstarts 16- Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 32. Capture rate (%) of Black Redstarts in the four habitats, 21 51. Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus) The Redstart was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 161 individuals of Redstarts were marked between 1998 and 27. The most 39

birds were captured in 21, the least in 1998. The average daily captures of the years did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=1.19, p>.5 (Fig. 33). 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 33. Yearly capture numbers of Redstarts On average, migration of the Redstart started on the 9 th of tember (the earliest 11 ust, the last 2 tember). The average median date of the passage was 22 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 3 ober. The date of the last capture was 2 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the mid-tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 34). There were no recaptures. 4 per cent of the Redstarts were captured in the grassland in 21, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 35). 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 34. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Redstarts 16-4

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 35. Capture rate (%) of Redstarts in the four habitats, 21 52. Whinchat (Saxicola rubetra) The Whinchat was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 183 individuals of Whinchats were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, there was no capture in 1999. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=29.53, p<.1 (Fig. 36). 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 36. Yearly capture numbers of Whinchats On average, migration of the Whinchats started on the 25 th of ust (the earliest 4 ust, the last 12 tember). The average median date of the passage was 6 tember. The average date of the end of 41

migration was 22 tember. The date of the last capture was 5 ober. The peak period of migration fell in the end of ust and early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 37). 92 per cent of the Whinchats were captured in the grassland in 22, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 38). 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 37. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Whinchats Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 38. Capture rate (%) of Whinchats in the four habitats, 22 53. Stonechat (Saxicola torquata) The Stonechat was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 274 individuals of Stonechats were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, there was no capture in 1998. The 42

average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.95, p<.1 (Fig. 39). 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 39. Yearly capture numbers of Stonechats On average, migration of the Stonechats started on the 13 th of tember (the earliest 13 ust, the last 5 ober). The average median date of the passage was 3 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 18 ober. The date of the last capture was 23 ober. The peak period of migration fell in the second half of tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 4). 6 per cent of the Stonechats were captured in the marsh in 22, χ 2 =2, p>.5. There were no captures in the forest and bushy (Fig. 41). 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 4. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Stonechats 43

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 41. Capture rate (%) of Stonechats in the four habitats, 22 Table 6. Data for the Stonechats ringed at the other Hungarian ringing sites and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing Keszthelyadult 46 42'55"N 27.9.2. Fenékpuszta, male 17 14'48"E Balaton Recovery adult male 4.6.24. Tömörd 47 22'N 16 41'E 85 33 1346 54. Wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe) The Wheatear was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 1 individuals of Wheatears were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (4 indiv.) were captured in 22. The date of the last capture was 1 ober. 55. Blackbird (Turdus merula) The Blackbird was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 1997 individuals of Blackbirds were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 27, the least in 22. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=49.64, p<.1 (Fig. 42). On average, migration of the Blackbirds started on the 1st of ober (the earliest 6 tember, the last 21 ober). The date of the earliest beginning of the migration was 6 tember in 24. The average median date of the passage was 17 ober. The average date of the end of 44

migration was 18 ember. The date of the last capture was 18 ember. The peak period of migration fell in the mid-ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 43). 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul Fig. 42. Yearly capture numbers of Blackbirds 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 43. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Blackbirds Proportion of recaptured birds were 13-33%, however, it varied significantly from year to year. According to the distribution of recaptures, some of the local breeding birds captured in ust stayed in the study area until early ember and probably overwintered in the study area. The most of birds arriving at the peak period of migration leave the area quickly by early ember. Some of them probably also overwintered in 45

the study area (Fig. 45) 46 per cent of the Blackbirds were captured in the bushy in 27, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 44). Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 44. Capture rate (%) of Blackbirds in the four habitats, 27 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 45. Individual capture histories of Blackbirds captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 46

The number of recoveries abroad was 11. The direction of migration averaged 225.17 (SW) and the distance of migration averaged 667.17km for Blackbirds. The most Blackbirds ringed in Tömörd wintered at the Apennine peninsula from mid-ober to the end of January (Table 7). Table 7. Data for all the Blackbirds ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Capture Type Ringing Recovery Ringing Recovery Ringing Recovery Ringing Age/Sex Date Place juvenile male adult female juvenile male juvenile male adult female adult female juvenile male 21.8.23. Tömörd (AH) 12.1.23. M. Proace, Idro, Italy 3.1.1998. Tömörd (AH) 1.11.21. Portovenere, Italy 2.8.1998. Tömörd (AH) 22.12.22. Les Aires, France 3.1.1998. Tömörd (AH) Recovery adult 8.11.1998. Caino, Italy Ringing juvenile male Recovery adult 28.12.2. Ringing juvenile female Recovery adult 14.12.1999. Ringing juvenile male Recovery adult 23.12.2. Ringing Recovery Ringing Recovery 1. Ringing juvenile male adult male juvenile male adult male juvenile male 27.9.1999. Tömörd (AH) Cimini (Monti), Viterbo, Italy 13.1.1999. Tömörd (AH) Montegaudio, Monteciccardo, Italy 13.1.1999. Tömörd (AH) Mandela (Comune di), Italy 14.1.1999. Tömörd (AH) 31.1.23. Santa-Luciadi-Mercurio, France 18.9.2. Tömörd (AH) 18.1.2. Capena, Italy 27.1.2. Tömörd (AH) Coordinates Text 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 43'N 1 28'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 44 3'N 9 51'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 43 35'N 3 4'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 45 37'N 1 19'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 25'N 12 9'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 43 48'N 12 47'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 2'N 12 55'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 42 19'N 9 13'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 9'N 12 33'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days 59 249 52 647 235 1125 1141 248 1585 525 248 9 655 213 458 498 217 62 663 27 437 814 226 125 664 29 4 47

11. 12. Recovery adult 15.11.2. Ringing juvenile female Recovery adult 15.11.23. Ringing juvenile male Monte Sant Angelo, Italy 22.1.23. Tömörd (AH) 3.1.23. Recovery adult 21.1.24. P.Te Del Diavolo, Tarquinia, Italy Tömörd (AH) Colognola Del Piano, Bergamo, Italy 41 42'N 15 57'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 15'N 11 45'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 4'N 9 39'E 632 185 19 688 214 24 57 251 357 56. Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) The Fieldfare was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 14 individuals of Fieldfares were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (5 indiv.) were captured after 25 ober in 27. There were no captures in 1998, 21, 23 and 26. 57. Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) The Song Thrush was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 833 individuals of Song Thrushes were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 27, the least in 1988. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=24.52, p<.1, and the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1999 to 27 (Fig. 46). 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 46. Yearly capture numbers of Song Thrushes. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.76, p<.1 48

On average, migration of the Song Thrushes started on the 4 th of ober (the earliest 1 tember, the last 21 ober). The date of the earliest beginning of the migration was 1 tember in 27. The average median date of the passage was 16 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 5 ember. The date of the last capture was 9 ember. The peak period of migration fell in the early ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 47). Proportion of recaptured birds were 5-1%, however, it varied from year to year. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in ust left the study area by mid-tember and the most of birds arrived in ober left the area quickly by early ember (Fig. 48). 51 per cent of the Song Thrushes were captured in the bushy in 22, χ 2 =1, p>.5 (Fig. 49). 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 47. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Song Thrushes 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 48. Individual capture histories of Song Thrushes captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 49

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 49. Capture rate (%) of Song Thrushes in the four habitats, 27 The number of recoveries abroad was 6. The direction of migration averaged 22.33 (SSW) and distance of migration averaged 681.5km for Song Thrushes. The most Song Thrushes ringed in Tömörd wintered at the Apennine Peninsula from mid-ober to the end of January (Table 8). Table 8. Data for all the Song Thrushes ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree days 1. Ringing juvenile 3.11.22. Recovery adult 17.1.25. Tömörd (AH) Marsaz, France 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 7'N 4 56'E 937 255 179 Ringing juvenile 8.1.2. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 2. Recovery adult 11.11.2. Castel Rinaldi, Massa Martana, Italy 42 48'N 12 31'E 63 213 34 3. Ringing juvenile 17.1.2. Recovery adult 12.11.2. Tömörd (AH) Guidonia, Italy 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 1'N 12 45'E 67 28 26 4. Ringing juvenile 6.11.2. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 5

Recovery adult 4.11.21. Bosco Signura, Maglie, Italy 4 8'N 18 17'E 814 171 59 5. Ringing juvenile 26.1.23. Recovery adult 24.1.25. Tömörd (AH) Peglio, Firenzuola, Italy 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 44 9'N 11 22'E 545 229 729 Ringing juvenile 28.1.26. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 6. Recovery adult 5.1.27. Cendella, Lonato, Bresica, Italy 45 27'N 1 29'E 52 246 342 58. Redwing (Turdus iliacus) The Redwing was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 356 individuals of Redwings were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 21, there were no captures in 1988. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=1.7, p>.5 (Fig. 5). On average, migration of the Redwings started on the 22 nd of ober (the earliest 2 ober, the last 24 ober). 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 5. Yearly capture numbers of Redwings 51

The date of the earliest capture was 14 ober. The average median date of the passage was 3 ember. The date of the last capture was 19 ember. The peak period of migration fell in the early ember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ember (Fig. 51). Proportion of recaptured birds were and 19 %, however, it varied from year to year. According to the distribution of recaptures, the most of birds arrived in ober-ember left the area quickly by mid-ember, but some birds overwintered in Tömörd (Fig. 52). 51 per cent of the Redwings were captured in the bushy in 21, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 53). The main migration direction was presumed SE from Tömörd (Table 9). 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 51. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Redwings 28- Jul 11-25- 8-22- 6-2- 3-17- Fig. 52. Individual capture histories of Song Thrushes captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 52

Forest Bushy Grassland Fig. 53. Capture rate (%) of Redwings in the four habitats, 21 Table 9. Data for all the Redwings ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Type Age Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing adult 12.1.1999. Tömörd 47 22'N (AH) 16 41'E Recovery adult 8.1.2. Attiki, Greece 38 13'N 23 56'E 1178 15 88 59. Mistle Thrush (Turdus viscivorus) One bird of this species was captured on the 1st of ember 22 in the bushy. Sylviidae 6. Grasshopper Warbler (Locustella naevia) The Grasshopper Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 129 individuals of Grasshopper Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 23, the least in 22 (Fig. 54). The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal- Wallis test, H=12.28, p>.5, but the yearly captures showed a significant decreasing trend from 23 to 27 (Fig. 55). 53

35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 54. Yearly capture numbers Grasshopper Warblers 3 25 2 15 1 5 23 24 25 26 27 Fig 55. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=-.94, p<.2 On average, migration of the Grasshopper Warblers started on the 2 th of ust (the earliest 2 ust, the last 1 tember). The average median date of the passage was 12 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 2 tember. The date of the last capture was 3 ober. The most captures occurred in ust in the post-breeding dispersal (Fig. 56). 45 per cent of the Grasshopper Warblers were captured in the grassland in 23, χ 2 =, p>.5. There were no captures in the forest (Fig. 57). 54

2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 56. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Grasshopper Warblers Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 57. Capture rate (%) of Grasshopper Warblers in the four habitats, 23 61. River Warbler (Locustella fluviatilis) The River Warbler was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 28 individuals of River Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (9 indiv.) were captured in ust and first half of tember, 24. The date of the last capture was 13 tember. 62. Savi s Warbler (Locistella luscinioides) The Savi s Warbler was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 8 individuals of Savi s Warblers were marked between 1998 and 55

27. The first capture was in 23. The most birds (3-3 indiv.) were captured from the end of July to mid-tember in 25 and 27. The date of the last capture was 11 tember. 63. Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon) One bird of this species was captured on 24 ust 24 in the marsh. 64. Sedge Warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus) The Sedge Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 229 individuals of Sedge Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 21 when the lake was dried out. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=36.43, p<.1 (Fig. 58). 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 58. Yearly capture numbers of Sedge Warblers On average, migration of the Sedge Warblers started on the 19 th of ust (the earliest 31 July, the last 14 tember). The average median date of the passage was 26 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 29 tember. The date of the last capture was 28 tember. The most captures occurred in ust in the post-breeding dispersal (Fig. 59). Proportion of recaptured birds were and 3 %, however, it varied from year to year. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local 56

birds ringed in the post-breeding dispersal left the study area by mid- ust, the most of birds arrived in ust left the area quickly by early tember (Fig. 6). 84 per cent of the Sedge Warblers were captured in the marsh in 24, χ 2 =4, p<.5 (Fig. 61). Some Sedge Warblers migrated above Tömörd originated from Sweden (Table 1). 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 59. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Sedge Warblers 31-Jul 14-28- 11-25- 9-23- 6- Fig. 6. Individual capture histories of Sedge Warblers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 57

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 61. Capture rate (%) of Sedge Warblers in the four habitats, 24 Table 1. Data for all the Sedge Warblers ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad and also those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age Date Place Type Text km Degree days Tömörd 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 13.8.24. (AH) 16 4'4"E 1. Rynningeviken, 59 17'N Recovery adult 15.5.25. Venan, 1332 356 275 15 15'E Sweden 2. Ringing juvenile 26.8.25. Recovery juvenile 4.9.25. Vnanje Gorice, Ljubjansko barje Slovenia Tömörd (AH) 46 'N 14 25'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 229 49 9 65. Marsh Warbler (Acrocephalus palustris) The Marsh Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 242 individuals of Marsh Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 2 and 21 when the lake dried out. The average daily captures of the years changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.93, p<.1 (Fig. 62). 58

1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 62. Yearly capture numbers of Marsh Warblers On average, migration of the Marsh Warblers started on the 7 th of ust (the earliest 1 ust, the last 2 ust). The average median date of the passage was 26 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 7 tember. The date of the last capture was 3 tember. The most captures occurred in ust in the post-breeding dispersal (Fig. 63). The recapture ratio was 18 % in 24. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 9 days in 24 (Fig. 65). 64 per cent of the Marsh Warblers were captured in the marsh in 24, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 66). 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 64. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Marsh Warblers 59

29-Jul 18-7- 27-17- 6- Fig. 65. Individual capture histories of Marsh Warblers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 66. Capture rate (%) of Marsh Warblers in the four habitats, 24 66. Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) The Reed Warbler was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 93 individuals of Reed Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 2 and 21 when the lake dried out. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal- Wallis test, H=4.28, p>.5 (Fig. 67). 6

3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 67. Yearly capture numbers of Reed Warblers On average, migration of the Reed Warblers started on the 24 th of ust (the earliest 9 ust, the last 2 tember). The average median date of the passage was 5 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 25 tember. The date of the last capture was 7 ober. The most captures occurred ust in the post-breeding dispersal (Fig. 68). The recapture ratio was 12 % in 24. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 4 days in 24. 84 per cent of the Reed Warblers were captured in the marsh in 24, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 69). 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 68. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Reed Warblers 61

Grassland Marsh Fig. 69. Capture rate (%) of Reed Warblers in the four habitats, 24 67. Great Reed Warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus) The Great Reed Warbler was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 9 individuals of Great Reed Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The first capture was in 23. The most birds (4 indiv.) were captured in the early ust 24. The date of the last capture was 19 ust. 68. Icterine Warbler (Hippolais icterina) The Icterine Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 151 individuals of Icterine Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 2 when the lake dried out. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=7.6, p>.5 (Fig. 7). On average, migration of the Icterine Warblers started on the 19 th of ust (the earliest 6 ust, the last 31 ust). The average median date of the passage was 27 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 19 tember. The date of the last capture was 28 tember. The peak period of migration fell on the second half of ust in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 71). Proportion of recaptured birds was 3% in 25. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 1 days in 25 (Fig. 72). 41-41 per cent of the Icterine Warblers were captured in the bushy and grassland in 25, χ 2 =4, p<.5 (Fig. 73). 62

3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 7. Yearly capture numbers of Icterine Warblers 1 27-1- 24-7- 21-5- 19-2- Jul Fig. 71. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Icterine Warblers 16-29-Jul 18-7- 27-17- 6- Fig. 72. Individual capture histories of Icterine Warblers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 63

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 73. Capture rate (%) of Icterine Warblers in the four habitats, 25 69. Barred Warbler (Sylvia nisoria) The Barred Warbler was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 3 individuals of Barred Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (8-8 indiv.) were captured in 22 and 23. The date of the last capture was 27 tember. 7. Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) The Lesser Whitethroat was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 145 individuals of Lesser Whitethroats were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=18.8, p<.5 (Fig. 1). On average, migration of the Lesser Whitethroats started on the 7 th of ust (the earliest 27 July, the last 8 tember). The average median date of the passage was 29 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 1 ober. The date of the last capture was 12 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ust and the early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 75). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.47, p<.5 (Fig. 76). Proportion of recaptured birds was 25% in 25. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 16 days in 25 (Fig. 77). 88 per cent of the Lesser Whitethroats were captured in the grassland in 25, χ 2 =4, p<.5 (Fig. 78). Some Lesser Whitethroats migrated above Tömörd originated from Germany and Finland (Table 11). 64

18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 74. Yearly capture numbers of Lesser Whitethroat 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 75. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Lesser Whitethroats 19-9- 3-2- 1-31-Jul 21-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 76. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Lesser Whitethroats 65

31-Jul 14-28- 11-25- 9-23- 6- Fig. 77. Individual capture histories of Lesser Whitethroats captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 78. Capture rate (%) of Lesser Whitethroats in the four habitats, 25 Table 11. Data for all the Lesser Whitethroats ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad and also those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 6.8.23. Tömörd (AH) 16 4'4"E 1. 2. 3. Recovery juvenile 23.8.23. Bukovac, Sombor, Jugoslavia Ringing juvenile 2.9.24. Tömörd (AH) Recovery adult 5.6.25. Ringing juvenile 26.8.23. Lágskár, Lemland, Finland Numburg, Kyffhauserkreis, Germany Recovery adult 17.9.23. Tömörd (AH) 45 47'N 19 5'E Elapsed days 255 133 17 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 59 5'N 19 56'E 146 9 276 51 25'N 1 59'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 612 138 22 66

71. Whitethroat (Sylvia communis) The Whitethroat was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 133 individuals of Whitethroats were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 2. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=27.51, p<.1 (Fig. 79). On average, migration of the Whitethroats started on the 1 th of ust (the earliest 1 ust, the last 26 ust). The average median date of the passage was 26 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 27 tember. 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 79. Yearly capture numbers of Whitethroats The date of the last capture was 29 tember. The peak period of migration fell on the mid-ust in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 8). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.68, p<.5 (Fig. 81). Proportion of recaptured birds was 13-14% in 24-26. The minimum stopover time of the individuals recaptured was min. 2, max. 2 days in 25 (Fig. 83). 88 per cent of the Whitethroats were captured in the grassland in 25, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 82). One bird, which was ringed in Czech Republic, recovered in Tömörd (Table 12). 67

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- 3-25- 2-15- 1-5- 31-Jul 26-Jul Fig. 8. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Whitethroats 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 81. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Whitethroats Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 82. Capture rate (%) of Whitethroats in the four habitats, 25 68

27-Jul 16-5- 25-15- 4- Fig. 83. Individual capture histories of Whitethroats captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Table 12. Data for all the Whitethroats ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree days Ringing adult male 6.6.22. Studénki Czech Republic 5 27'N 14 59'E Recovery adult male 3.9.22. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 366 16 89 72. Garden Warbler (Sylvia borin) The Garden Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 425 individuals of Garden Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 26, the least in 2 (Fig. 1). The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.72, p<.1 and the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 84). On average, migration of the Garden Warblers started on the 19 th of ust (the earliest 7 ust, the last 2 tember). The average median date of the passage was 5 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 23 tember. The date of the last capture was 3 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 85). 69

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 84. Yearly capture numbers of Garden Warbler. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.8, p<.1 The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.66, p<.5 (Fig. 86). There were no recaptures. 62 per cent of the Garden Warblers were captured in the grassland in 26, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 87). 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 85. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Garden Warblers 7

24-14- 4-25- 15-5- 26-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 86. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Garden Warbler in Tömörd Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 87. Capture rate (%) of Garden Warblers in the four habitats, 26 73. Blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) The Blackcap was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 4551 individuals of Blackcaps were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 27, the least in 2. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=5.27, p<.1 and the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 88). On average, migration of the Blackcaps started on the 2 th of ust (the earliest 31 July, the last 7 tember). The average median date of the passage was 14 tember. The average date of the end of 71

migration was 31 ober. The date of the last capture was 7 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the early tember and end of tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 89). The significant shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not revealed in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.46, p>.5 (Fig. 9.). Proportion of recaptured birds was 5-1% in 24-26. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 57 days in 25 (Fig. 91). 36 per cent of the Blackcaps were captured in the grassland in 27, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 92). Some Blackcaps migrated above Tömörd originated from Czech Republic and Finland (Table 13). 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 88. Yearly capture numbers Blackcaps. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.95, p<.1 27-1- 24-7- 21-5- 19-2- Jul Fig. 89. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Blackcaps 72

14-9- 4-3- 25-2- 15-1- 5-31-Jul 26-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 9. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Blackcaps 25 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-26 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 91. Individual capture histories of Blackcaps captured more than once within a season during the study period. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 73

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 92. Capture rate (%) of Blackcaps in the four habitats, 27 Table 13. Data for all the Blackcaps ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad and also those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree days juvenile Tömörd 47 21'23"N Ringing 11.9.1998. male (AH) 16 4'4"E Lanzhot, 1. adult Breclav, 48 43'N Recovery 28.4.21. 153 8 96 male Czech 16 58'E Republic juvenile Tömörd 47 22'N Ringing 29.8.1999. female (AH) 16 41'E 2. juvenile Vrhnika, 45 57'N Recovery 28.9.1999. 241 229 3 3. 4. 5. Ringing Recovery Ringing Recovery Ringing Recovery Recovery female juvenile female juvenile female juvenile female juvenile female juvenile female adult female adult female 14.9.27. 17.6.28. 28.8.27. 23.9.27. 16.9.2. 3.4.21. 2.5.21. Slovenia Tömörd (AH) Stetteldorf am Wgram, Korneburg, Austria Praha 5 Hlubocepy, Czech Republic Tömörd (AH) Hrase, Smlednik, Slovenia Tömörd (AH) Tömörd (AH) 14 18'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 48 24'N 16 1'E 5 3'N 14 23'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 46 1'N 14 27'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 126 337 277 344 151 26 215 52 226 215 52 228 74

6. Recovery Ringing Recovery adult female adult female adult female 5.5.21. 12.17.1999. Tömörd (AH) Kvismaren, Ängfallet, Sweden 25.9.2. Tömörd 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 59 11'N 15 24'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 215 52 231 1318 176 441 74. Pallas s Warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus) The Pallas s Warbler was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 2 individuals of Pallas s Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The dates of the captures were 23 ober 23 and ember 24. 75. Yellow-browed Warbler (Phylloscopus inornatus) The Yellow-browed Warbler was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 2 individuals of Yellow-browed Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The dates of the captures were 12 ober 22 and 25 tember 27. 76. Wood Warbler (Phylloscopus sibilatrix) The Wood Warbler was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 163 individuals of Wood Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, the least in 1998. The average daily captures did not changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.47, p>.5 (Fig. 93). On average, migration of the Wood Warblers started on the 16 th of ust (the earliest 29 July, the last 21 tember). The average median date of the passage was 26 ust. The average date of the end of migration was 16 tember. The date of the last capture was 24 tember. The peak period of migration fell in the first half of ust in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 94). The significant shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not revealed in the years 22-27, Pearson s r=-.41, p>.5 (Fig 95). One recaptured bird was in 22, there were no recaptures in the other years. 45 per cent of the Wood Warblers were captured in the forest in 22, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 96). 75

4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 93. Yearly capture numbers of Wood Warblers 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 94. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Wood Warblers 6 5 4 3 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 Fig. 95. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Wood Warblers 76

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 96. Capture rate (%) of Wood Warblers in the four habitats, 22 77. Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita) The Chiffchaff was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 3359 individuals of Chiffchaffs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=36.65, p<.1 and the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 97). 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 97. Yearly capture numbers of Chiffchaffs. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.79, p<.1 On average, migration of the Chiffchaffs started on the 2 nd of tember (the earliest 1 ust, the last 24 tember). The average 77

median date of the passage was 5 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 6 ember. The date of the last capture was 11 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the early ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 98). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.45, p>.5 (Fig. 99). Proportion of recaptured birds was 13-22% in 24-26. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 26 days in 25 (Fig. 1). The body mass and fat load of the recaptured birds did not changed significantly during stopover period (t probe, p>.5). 36 per cent of the Chiffchaffs were captured in the grassland in 24, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 11). Some Chiffchaffs migrated above Tömörd originated from the Czech Republic and Austria (Table 14). 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 98. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Chiffchaffs 29-19- 9-3- 2-1- 31-Jul 21-Jul 11-Jul 1-Jul 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Fig. 99. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Chiffchaffs 78

27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 1. Individual capture histories of Chiffchaffs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 11. Capture rate (%) of Chiffchaffs in the four habitats, 24 Table 14. Data for all the Chiffchaffs ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad and also those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days 1. Ringing juvenile 5.1.24. Recovery adult male 5.5.27. Tömörd (AH) Bulhary, Breclav Czech Republic 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 48 5'N 16 45'E 165 2 942 79

2. Ringing juvenile 11.1.23. Recovery adult 22.1.26. Hohenau, Ringelsdorf, March, Austria Tömörd (AH) 48 35'N 16 55'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 138 188 117 78. Willow Warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus) The Willow Warbler was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 858 individuals of Willow Warblers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1999. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=21.5, p<.1 (Fig. 12). 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 12. Yearly capture numbers of Willow Warblers On average, migration of the Willow Warblers started on the 19 th of ust (the earliest 5 ust, the last 3 tember). The average median date of the passage was 9 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 12 ober. The date of the last capture was 14 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig 13). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.53, p>.5 (Fig. 14). Proportion of recaptured birds was 2% in 25. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 2 days in 25 (Fig. 15). 8 per cent of the Willow Warblers were captured in the grassland in 25, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 16). Some Willow Warblers probably migrated probably to SW from Tömörd (Table 15). 8

N o. of birds 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 13. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Willow Warblers 5-31- 26-21- 16-11- 6-1- 27-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 14. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Willow Warblers 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 15. Individual capture histories of Willow Warblers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 81

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 16. Capture rate (%) of Willow Warblers in the four habitats, 25 1. 2. Table 15. Data for all the Willow Warblers ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad and also those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing juvenile 29.4.23. Tömörd 47 21'23"N (AH) 16 4'4"E Lagoa de Recovery adult 22.8.23. Santo 38 5'N André, 8 47'W 2318 244 115 Portugal Ringing juvenile 26.8.21. Recovery adult male 31.8.21. Gbelce, Slovakia Tömörd (AH) 47 51'N 18 29'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 147 248 5 79. Goldcrest (Regulus regulus) The Goldcrest was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 264 individuals of Goldcrests were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 2, the least in 22. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=54.64, p<.1 (Fig. 17). On average, migration of the Goldcrests started on the 4 th of ober (the earliest 2 tember, the last 22 ober). The average median date of the passage was 24 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 1 ember. The date of the last capture was 18 82

ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 18). 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 17. Yearly capture numbers of Goldcrests The seasonal dynamics of sexes was somewhat different in 2 and 21. It seemed that the share of males increased during peak period of migration (Fig. 19) (GYURÁCZ et al. 23a). The apparent shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.45, p>.5 (Fig. 11). Proportion of recaptured birds was 5-8% in the years 2-26. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 26 days in 24 (Fig. 111). 64 per cent of the Goldcrests were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 112). The most Goldcrests migrating above Tömörd probably originated probably from the Baltic region and NW Russia (Table 16). 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 18. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Goldcrests 83

1 8 male % 6 4 female 2 7-5- 2-24- 21-19- 16- Fig. 19. Migration dynamics of the male and female Goldcrests in 2 3-2- 1-3- 2-1- 31-21- 11-1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Fig. 11. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Goldcrest 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 111. Individual capture histories of Willow Warblers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 84

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 112. Capture rate (%) of the Goldcrests in the four habitats, 2 Table 16. Data for all the Goldcrests ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing adult Gumbaritsy, 6 41'N 2.1.25. female Russia 32 57'E 1. Recovery adult 47 21'23"N 6.4.26. Tömörd (AH) female 16 4'4"E 182 215 186 2. Recovery Ringing Recovery adult female juvenile juvenile female 7.4.26. Tömörd (AH) 5.1.21. Rybachiy, Zelenogradskiy distr. Russia 15.11.21. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 55 9'N 2 51'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 182 215 187 915 199 41 8. Firecrest (Regulus ignicapillus) The Firecrest was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 311 individuals of Firecrests were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 1998, the least in 22. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=3.93, p>.5 (Fig. 113). On average, migration of the Firecrests started on the 16 th of tember (the earliest 17 ust, the last 7 ober). The average median date of the passage was 6 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 5 ember. The date of the last capture was 7 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 114). The apparent shift 85

of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not significant in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.53, p>.5 (Fig. 115). 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 113. Yearly capture numbers of Firecrests Proportion of recaptured birds was 2 and 12 % in the years 1998 and 27. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 4 days. 42 per cent of the Firecrests were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 116). 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 114. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Firecrests 86

14-4- 24-14- 4-25- 15-5- 26-Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 115. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Firecrests Forest Bushy Grassland Fig. 116. Capture rate (%) of Firecrests in the four habitats, 1998 Muscicapidae 81. Spotted Flycatcher (Muscicapa striata) The Spotted Flycatcher was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 282 individuals of Spotted Flycatchers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=14.86, p<.5 (Fig. 117). On average, migration of the Spotted Flycatchers started on 25 ust (the earliest 1 ust, the last 9 tember). The average median date of the passage was 12 tember. 87

6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 117. Yearly capture numbers of Spotted Flycatchers The average date of the end of migration was 26 tember. The date of the last capture was 15 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the mid-tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 118). The significant shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not revealed in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.61, p>.5 (Fig. 119). Proportion of recaptured birds was 3 % in 22. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 13, max. 17 days. 51 per cent of the Spotted Flycatchers were captured in the forest, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 12). 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 118. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Spotted Flycatchers 16-88

14-9- 4-3- 25-2- 15-1- 5-31-Jul 26-Jul 1998 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Fig. 119. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Spotted Flycatchers Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 12. Capture rate (%) of Spotted Flycatchers in the four habitats, 22 82. Red-breasted Flycatcher (Ficedula parva) The Red-breasted Flycatcher was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 15 individuals of Red-breasted Flycatchers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (3-3 indiv.) were captured in 21, 22 and 23. There were no captures in 24, 25 and 26. The date of first capture was 16 ust; the date of the last capture was 7 ober. 89

83. Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis) The Collared Flycatcher was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 36 individuals of Collared Flycatchers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (8 indiv.) were captured in 23. There were no captures in 1998, 1999 and 2. The most birds were captured in ust. The date of first captures was 3 July; the date of the last capture was 31 ober. 84. Pied Flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) The Pied Flycatcher was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 843 individuals of Pied Flycatchers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 21, the least in 25. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=19.13, p<.1 (Fig. 121). 14 13 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 121. Yearly capture numbers of Pied Flycatchers On average, migration of the Pied Flycatchers started on 27 ust (the earliest 3 ust, the last 6 tember). The average median date of the passage was 6 tember. The average date of the end of migration was 26 tember. The date of the last capture was 7 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the first half of tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig 122). The significant shift of the beginning of autumn migration towards earlier date was not revealed in the years 1998-27, Pearson s r=-.41, p>.5 (Fig. 123). 9

6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 122. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Pied Flycatchers 9-4- 3-25- 2-15- 1-5- 31-Jul 26-Jul 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 25 26 27 Fig. 123. Changes of date of the beginning of autumn migration of Pied Flycatchers 3-Jul 13-27- 1-24- 8-22- 5-19- Fig. 124. Individual capture histories of Pied Flycatchers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 91

Proportion of recaptured birds was 7 % in 26 and 27. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 23 days (Fig. 124). 52 per cent of the Pied Flycatchers were captured in the forest, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 125). Forest Bushy Grassland Fig. 125. Capture rate (%) of Pied Flycatchers in the four habitats, 27 Aegithalidae 85. Long-tailed Tit (Aegithalos caudatus) The Long-tailed Tit was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 74 individuals of Long-tailed Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 2, the least in 1998. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=6.37, p>.5 (Fig. 126). 13 12 11 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 126. Yearly capture numbers of Long-tailed Tits 92

On average, migration of the Long-tailed Tits started on 28 tember (the earliest 15 ust, the last 5 ember). The average median date of the passage was 22 ober. The average date of the end of migration and the last capture was 1 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the early ember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 127). Proportion of recaptured birds was 24-34 % in 24 and 26. The minimum stopover time of the recaptured individuals was min. 2, max. 23 days (Fig. 128). Some birds probably overwintered in the study area. 51 per cent of the Long-tailed Tits were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 129). 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 127. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Long-tailed Tits 16-27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 128. Individual capture histories of Long-tailed Tits captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 93

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 129. Capture rate (%) of Long-tailed Tits in the four habitats, 2 Paridae 86. Marsh Tit (Parus palustris) The Marsh Tit was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 217 individuals of Marsh Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 2, the least in 1999. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=31.8, p<.5 (Fig. 13). 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 13. Yearly capture numbers of Marsh Tits The average median date of the passage was 1 tember. The average date of the end of movement was 4 ember. The date of the last capture was 6 ember. The peak period of passage fell on the early ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig 131). Proportion of recaptured birds was 14% in 2, 42-54% in 25 and 27 (Fig. 132). 46 per cent of the Marsh Tits were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 133). 94

2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 131. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Marsh Tits 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 132. Individual capture histories of Marsh Tits captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Fig. 133. Capture rate (%) of Marsh Tits in the four habitats, 2 95

Table 17. Data for the Marsh Tit ringed at the other Hungarian ringing site and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing juvenile 1.8.2. Szőce, Őrség Vas County Recovery adult 22.8.2. Tömörd (AH) 46 53'N 16 34'E 47 22'N 16 41'E 55 9 12 87. Willow Tit (Parus montanus) The Willow Tit was very rare songbird in the study area. In total, 5 individuals of Willow Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The date of the captures: 26 tember 2, 2 and 26 ober 24, 3 ober 27 (2 indiv.). 88. Crested Tit (Parus cristatus) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on 17 tember 27 in the bushy. 89. Coal Tit (Parus ater) The Coal Tit was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 185 individuals of Coal Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (86 indiv.) were captured in 25. There were no captures in 1998 and 23. The most birds were captured at the end of tember and ober. The date of the earliest capture was 23 ust; the date of the last capture was 9 ember. One bird ringed in Slovenia recovered in Tömörd (Table 18). Table 18. Data for the Coal Tit ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Coordinates Distance Direction Age Date Place Text km degree Capture Type Ringing pullus 1.6.25. Mrzli studenec, Pokljuka (Triglav National Park), Slovenia Recovery adult 1.1.25. Tömörd (AH) 46 21'N 13 59'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E Elapsed days 233 61 113 96

9. Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus) The Blue Tit was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 3429 individuals of Blue Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=78.84, p<.1 (Fig 134). More than 8% of ringed birds were juvenile in 24-26 (Fig. 136). 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 134. Yearly capture numbers of Blue Tits On average, migration of the Blue Tits started on 25 ust (the earliest 9 ust, the last 1 tember). The average median date of the passage was 2 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 8 ember. The date of the last capture was 11 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of tember and early ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 136). Proportion of recaptured birds was 5% in 24, 13% in 25 and 15% in 26. 62 per cent of the recaptured birds were male (Fig. 137). According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in ust stayed until early ember and probably overwintered at the study area. The most of birds arrived in the peak migration period left the area quickly by the end of ober (Fig. 138). 68 per cent of the Blue Tits were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 139). The migratory Blue Tits probably followed SSW direction from Tömörd and wintered at the Adriatic region (Table 19). 97

% 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 24 25 26 Fig. 135. Ratio of juvenile and adult Blue Tits 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- juvenile adult 16- Fig. 136. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Blue Tits 38% male female 62% Fig. 137. Ratio of the recaptured males and females of Blue Tits 98

29-Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- Fig. 138. Individual capture histories of Blue Tits captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 139. Capture rate (%) of Blue Tits in the four habitats, 24 1. 2. 3. Table 19. Data for all the Blue Tits ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing adult Tömörd 47 21'23"N 28.1.22. (AH) 16 4'4"E Völcsej Recovery adult 1.1.23. Győr- 47 3'N Moson- 16 46'E Sopron 18 25 65 County Ringing juvenile 5.1.25. Tömörd 47 21'23"N Recovery male juvenile male 11.1.25. (AH) Ócsa (AH) Pest County Ringing juvenile 2.7.22. Szombathely Recovery juvenile 18.8.22. Tömörd (AH) 16 4'4"E 47 17'5"N 19 12'4"E 47 14'N 16 38'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 192 92 6 14 11 29 99

4. 5. Ringing juvenile female 21.1.24. Recovery adult 7.1.26. Ringing juvenile 16.1.2. Recovery adult male 4.3.21. Tömörd (AH) Vransko Jezero, Pakoštane, Croatia Tömörd (AH) Sombor Yugoslavia 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 43 56'57"N 15 3'57"E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 46'N 19 7'E 39 193 443 258 133 139 91. Great Tit (Parus major) The Great Tit was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 2843 individuals of Great Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=67.99, p<.1 and the yearly captures showed significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig 14). Significant positive correlation was found between the yearly numbers of males and females (Fig. 141). Significant negative correlation was found between the ratio of first-year birds (production) and the number of adults in a specific year (Fig. 142). On average, migration of the Great Tits started on 26 tember (the earliest 1 ust, the last ober). The average median date of the passage was 13 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 8 ember. The date of the last capture was 16 ember. The peak period of migration fell on mid-ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 144). 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 14. Yearly capture numbers of Great Tits Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.65, p<.5 1

3 No. of males 2 1 1 2 3 No. of females Fig. 141. Linear regression of yearly captures of females and males, r=.95, p<.1 7 6 ratio juvemilis/adults 5 4 3 2 1 2 No. of adults Fig. 142. Linear regression of yearly captures of adults and juveniles, r=-.68, p<.5 % 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 64 19 14 1 2 3 4 5 year from ringing Fig. 143. Ratio of recaptured Great Tits 3 11

Proportion of recaptured birds was 9% in 24, 15% in 25 and 22% in 26. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in May and ust stayed until early ember and probably overwintered at the study area (Fig. 145). 65 per cent of birds recaptured in ember were male (Fig. 146). The most of birds arrived in the peak migration period left the area quickly by the end of ober. 45 per cent of the Great Tits were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =, p>.5 (Fig. 147). Some migratory Great Tits probably wintered in Slovenia and Croatia (Table 2). 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 144. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Great Tits 16-1- May 15- May 29- May 12- Jun 26- Jun 1- Jul 24- Jul 7-21- 4-18- 2-16- 3-13- Fig. 145. Individual capture histories of Great Tits captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 12

ratio of recaptures % 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 11 31 24 34 female male female male adult juvenile Fig. 146. Ratio of sex and age groups of recaptured Great Tits in ember Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 147. Capture rate (%) of Great Tits in the four habitats, 25 Table 2. Data for all the Great Tits ringed at the other Hungarian ringing sites and recovered in Tömörd and also those ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Szelcepuszta 48 31'N Ringing juvenile 1.6.24. Hajdu-Bihar 2 36'E 1. County Recovery juvenile 17.1.24. Tömörd 47 21'23"N 321 246 129 2. 3. Ringing female juvenile female 23.1.25. Recovery adult 16.12.27. Ringing juvenile 26.9.27. Recovery juvenile 11.1.27. (AH) Tömörd (AH) Zidani Most, Slovenia Tömörd (AH) Brezno Donje, Croatia 16 4'4"E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 46 5'N 15 1'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 46 11'N 15 39'E 182 219 784 152 211 15 13

Sittidae 92. Nuthatch (Sitta europaea) The Nuthatch was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 131 individuals of Nuthatchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 21, the least in 1998. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.8, p>.5 (Fig. 148). According to distribution of daily captures and recaptures there were no migratory birds from other areas and the local birds stayed at the study area from ust to ember (Fig. 149, 15). 69 per cent of the Nuthatchs were captured in the forest, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 151). 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 148. Yearly capture numbers of Nuthatchs 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 149. Average daily captures of Nuthatchs 14

29- Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- Fig. 15. Individual capture histories of Nuthatchs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 151. Capture rate (%) of Nuthatchs in the four habitats, 21 Certhiidae 93. Treecreeper (Certhia familiaris) The Treecreeper was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 11 individuals of Treecreeper were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 2, the least in 1998. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=7.99, p>.5 (Fig. 152). 15

35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 152. Yearly capture numbers of Treecreepers On average, migration of the Treecreepers started on 17 tember (the earliest 5 ust, the last 25 ober). The average median date of the passage was 13 ober. The date of the last capture was 6 ember. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 153). 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 153. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Treecreepers Proportions of recaptured birds were 2% in 2 and 5% in 26. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in ust left the study area by mid-tember. The most of birds arrived in the end of tember and ober stayed until mid-ember at the study area (Fig. 154). 64 per cent of the Treecreepers were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 155). 16

29- Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- Fig. 154. Individual capture histories of Treecreepers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 26. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Fig. 155. Capture rate (%) of Treecreepers in the four habitats, 2 94. Short-toed Treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla) The Short-toed Treecreeper was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 117 individuals of Short-toed Treecreeper were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 27, the least in 1998 and 1999. The average daily captures did not change significantly, 17

Kruskal-Wallis test, H=2.87, p>.5, but the yearly captures showed significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 156). 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 156. Yearly capture numbers of Short-toed Treecreepers. Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.65, p<.5 On average, migration of the Short-toed Treecreepers started on 28 tember (the earliest 11 tember, the last 18 ober). The average median date of the passage was 12 ober. The date of the last capture was 1 ember. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 157). Proportions of recaptured birds were 26% in 24 and 5% in 27. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in July and ust left the study area by mid-tember. The most of birds arrived in tember stayed until mid-ober at the study area (Fig. 158). 7 per cent of the Short-toed Treecreepers were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 159). 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 157. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Short-toed Treecreepers 18

27-Jul 16-5- 25-15- 4- Fig. 158. Individual capture histories of Short-toed Treecreepers captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassaland Fig. 159. Capture rate (%) of Short-toed Treecreepers in the four habitats, 27 Remizidae 95. Penduline Tit (Remiz pendulinus) The Penduline Tit was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 22 individuals of Penduline Tits were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (11 indiv.) were captured in 2. There were no captures between 22 and 26. The date of the earliest capture was 2 ust 27; the date of the last capture was 11 ember. Some Penduline Tits migrated above Tömörd originate from the Baltic region (Table 21). Table 21. Data for the Penduline Tit ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Ringing adult 47 21'23"N 15.1.1999. Tömörd (AH) female 16 4'4"E Recovery adult 7.4.21. Kalnciems, 56 49'N Litvania 23 38'E 1155 24 54 19

Oriolidae 96. Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus) The Golden Oriole was rare songbird among the captured species but it was not rare in the study area. In total, 2 individuals of Golden Orioles were marked between 1998 and 27. The date of captures: 18 ust 1998, 2 tember 24. Laniidae 97. Red-backed Shrike (Lanius collurio) The Red-backed Shrike was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 693 individuals of Red-backed Shrikes were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 1999. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=17.54, p<.5, and the yearly captures showed a significant increasing trend from 1998 to 27 (Fig. 16). On average, migration of the Red-backed Shrikes started on the 2 th of ust (the earliest 1 ust, the last 31 ust). The average median date of the passage was 4 ust for females, 6 ust for males and 19 ust for first year birds (Fig. 161). The average date of the end of migration was 22 tember. The date of the last capture was 6 ober. The peak period of migration fell on the first half of ust in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 162). 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 16. Yearly capture numbers of Red-backed Shrikes Linear regression of yearly captures, r=.67, p<.5 11

daily captures % 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 3-1- 17-24- 31-7- 14-21- male female juvenile 28-5- 7 6 Fig. 161. Cumulative migration curves, 1998-24 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 162. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Red-backed Shrikes Proportion of recaptured birds was 27% in 24 and 8% in 25 and 32 % in 26. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in July and early ust left the study area by mid- ust (Fig 163). The average minimum stopover period was 9 days, the minimum was 2, and the maximum was 44 days. The majority of the Redbacked Shrikes captured at Tömörd had a small (<3) migrating fat supply before continuing their migration. 74 per cent of the Red-backed Shrikes were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =2, p<.5 (Fig. 164). 111

24 29-Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- 25 29-Jul 12-26- 9-23- 7-21- 4-18- Fig. 163. Individual capture histories of Red-backed Shrikes captured more than once within a season during the study period. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 164. Capture rate (%) of Red-backed Shrikes in the four habitats, 24 112

98. Great Grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor) The Great Grey Shrike was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 18 individuals of Great Grey Shrikes were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (4 indiv.) were captured in 24. The most birds were captured in ober. The date of earliest capture was 2 tember 26; the date of the last capture was 4 ember. Corvidae 99. Jay (Garrulus glandarius) The Jay was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 124 individuals Jays were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 22, there was no capture in 1998 (Fig. 165). The peak period of migration fell on the end of tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 166). 3 2 1 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 165. Yearly capture numbers of Jays 1 31- Jul 14-28- 11-25- 9-23- 6- Fig. 166. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Jays 113

Sturnidae 1. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) The Starling was rare songbird among the captured species but it was not rare in the study area. In total, 9 individuals of Starlings were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (44 indiv.) were captured in 27. The most birds were captured at the end of July and early ust. Some Starlings migrated above Tömörd wintered in Italy (Table 22). Table 22. Data for the Starling ringed in Tömörd and recovered abroad Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Distance Direction Text km degree juvenile 47 21'23"N 27.1.25. Tömörd (AH) female 16 4'4"E Capture Type Ringing Recovery - 15.12.25. Portazzolo, Sale Marasino, Italy 45 42'N 1 7'E Elapsed days 535 25 49 Passeridae 11. House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) The House Sparrow was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 14 individuals of House Sparrows were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (8 indiv.) were captured in 23. 12. Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus) The Sparrow was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 331 individuals of Sparrows were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 23, the least in 27. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=32.5, p<.1 (Fig. 167). The most daily captures were in the post-breeding dispersal. The most captures occurred in ust (Fig. 168). Proportions of recaptured birds were 9% in 24 and 5% in 25 and 4 % in 26. Some birds originated from Austria and wintered at the study area (Fig. 169, Table 23). 53 per cent of the Sparrows were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =2, p<.5 (Fig. 17). 114

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 167. Yearly capture numbers of Sparrows 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 168. Average daily captures (smoothed moving average) of Sparrows 31-Jul 2-9- 29-19- 8- Fig. 169. Individual capture histories of Sparrows captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 115

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 17. Capture rate (%) of Sparrows in the four habitats, 25 Table 23. Data for all the Sparrows ringed in Tömörd at the other Hungarian ringing site and those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Type Age/Sex Date Place Coordinates Text Distance km Direction degree Elapsed days Tömörd 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 4.8.23. (AH) 16 4'4"E 1. Recovery adult 23.4.24. Csepreg 6 36 263 2. Ringing juvenile 6.9.22. Recovery adult 28.1.22. Hohenau, Ringelsdorf, March, Austria Tömörd (AH) 47 24'N 16 43'E 48 35'N 16 55'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 138 188 52 Fringillidae 13. Chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs) The Chaffinch was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 118 individuals of Chaffinchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=138.7, p<.1 (Fig. 171). On average, migration of the Chaffinch started on the 4 th of ober (the earliest 1 tember, the last 23 ober). The average median date of the passage was 14 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 7 ember. The date of the last capture was 18 ember. The peak period of migration fell on first half of ober in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 172). 116

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 171. Yearly capture numbers of Chaffinchs 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 172. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Chaffinchs 29-Jul 18-7- 27-17- 6- Fig. 173. Individual capture histories of Chaffinchs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 117

Proportion of recaptured birds was 1.5% in 25. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in July and early ust left the study area by mid-ober (Fig. 173). The longest minimum stopover period was 57 days. 79 per cent of the Chaffinchs were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 174). Most of Chaffinchs migrated above Tömörd probably wintered in Italy (Table 24). Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 174. Capture rate (%) of Chaffinchs in the four habitats, 25 Table 24. Data for all the Chaffinchs ringed in Tömörd recovered abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree days Ringing adult female 4.11.21. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 1. Recovery adult 11.12.23. Monaciano, Castelnuovo Berardenga, Italy 43 21'N 11 21'E 61 223 767 Ringing adult male 23.9.25. Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 2. Recovery adult 29.1.25. Amandola, Italy 42 59'N 13 21'E 552 28 36 3. Ringing Recovery juvenile female adult female 8.1.25. 29.1.25. Tömörd (AH) Pranovi, Trissino, Italy 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 33'N 11 22'E 453 244 21 118

4. Ringing juvenile male 6.11.25. Recovery adult 7.12.25. Tömörd (AH) Corcironda, Zermeghedo, Italy 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 45 29'N 11 23'E 456 243 31 14. Brambling (Fringilla montifringilla) The Brambling was subdominant and irruption songbird in the study area. In total, 766 individuals of Bramblings were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (78 indiv.) were captured in 25. There was no capture in 23 (Fig. 175). The migration of the Brambling started on the 8 th of ober in 25. The peak period of migration fell in the mid- ober in 25 (Fig. 176). The date of earliest capture was 25 tember 25 and there were 11 (1.5%) recaptures after 23 ober 25. 92 per cent of the Bramblings were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =6, p<.5 (Fig. 177). 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 175. Yearly capture numbers of Bramblings 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1-15- 29-12- 26-1- 24-7- Fig. 176. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Bramblings 119

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 177. Capture rate (%) of Bramblings in the four habitats, 25 15. Serin (Serinus serinus) The Serin was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 5 individuals of Serins were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (13 indiv.) were captured in 25. There was no capture in 2. The date of earliest capture was 29 July; the date of the last capture was 31 ober. 16. Greenfinch (Carduelis chloris) The Greenfinch was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 1467 individuals of Greenfinchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 25, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=156.3, p<.1 (Fig. 178). 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 178. Yearly capture numbers of Greenfinchs 12

On average, migration of the Greenfinch started on the 4 th of tember (the earliest 31 July, the last 18 ober). The average median date of the passage was 2 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 1 ember. The date of the last capture was 19 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ust and early tember in the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 179). Proportion of recaptured birds was 2% in 25. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in July and early ust left the study area by mid-ober (Fig. 18). The longest minimum stopover period was 6 days. 68 per cent of the Greenfinchs were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 181). Some Greenfinchs migrated above Tömörd probably wintered in Croatia (Table 25). 12 1 8 6 4 2 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 179. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Greenfinchs Table 25. Data for all the Greenfinchs ringed in Tömörd and recovered at the other Hungarian ringing site or abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Elapsed Age Date Place Type Text km degree days 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 3.9.24. Tömörd (AH) 16 4'4"E 1. Völcsej 47 3'N Recovery adult 17.4.25. 18 25 226 Hungary 16 46'E 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 27.8.25. Tömörd (AH) 16 4'4"E 2. Recovery adult 18.1.25. Draževitići, Vrgorac, Croatia 43 9'N 17 24'E 472 173 52 121

27-Jul 16-5- 25-15- 4-24- Fig. 18. Individual capture histories of Greenfinchs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 181. Capture rate (%) of Greenfinchs in the four habitats, 25 17. Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis) The Goldfinch was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 52 individuals of Goldfinchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (15 indiv.) were captured in 21. There was no capture in 1999. The date of earliest capture was 12 ust; the date of the last capture was 11 ember. 18. Siskin (Carduelis spinus) The Siskin was rare songbird in the study area. In total, 4 individuals of Siskins were marked between 1998 and 27. The most 122

birds (23 indiv.) were captured in 24. There was no capture in 1998, 1999, 21, 23 and 26. The date of earliest capture was 6 tember; the date of the last capture was 8 ember. 19. Linnet (Carduelis cannabina) The Linnet was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 116 individuals of Linnets were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (53 indiv.) were captured in 22. There was 1-1 bird captured in 1998, 1999 and 2. The date of earliest capture was 28 July; the date of the last capture was 5 ember. 11. Redpoll (Carduelis flammea) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 2 th tember, 2 in the grassland. of 111. Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra) One juvenile female bird of this species was captured on the 6 th of tember, 22 in the marsh. 112. Scarlet Rosefinch (Carpodacus erythrinus) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 17 th ust, 23 in the grassland. of 113. Bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) The Bullfinch was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 225 individuals of Bullfinchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, there was no capture in 1998. The average daily captures did not change significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=8.49, p>.5 (Fig. 182). On average, migration of the Bullfinch started on the 28 th of ober (the earliest 24 ober, the last 6 ember). The average median date of the passage was 6 ember. The date of earliest capture was 6 ust; the date of the last capture was 19 ember. The most captures occurred in ember (Fig. 183). There were 11 (6%) recaptures after 21 ober 24 (Fig. 184). 66 per cent of the Hawfinchs were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 185). 123

8 6 4 2 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 182. Yearly capture numbers of Bullfinchs 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 183. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Bullfinchs 1-21- 1-3- 2-9- Fig. 184. Individual capture histories of Bullfinchs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 24. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 124

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 185. Capture rate (%) of Bullfinchs in the four habitats, 24 114. Hawfinch (Coccothrausthes coccothrausthes) The Hawfinch was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 43 individuals of Hawfinchs were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, there was no capture in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=24.4, p<.1 (Fig. 186). 25 2 15 1 5 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 186. Yearly capture numbers of Hawfinchs On average, migration of the Hawfinch started on the 22 nd of tember (the earliest 3 ust, the last 29 ober). The average median date of the passage was 23 ober. The date of the last capture was 16 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the end of ober the 125

years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 187). Proportion of recaptured birds was 3% in 25. According to the distribution of recaptures, the local breeding birds captured in July and early ust left the study area until the mid-ober (Fig. 188). The longest minimum stopover period was 81 days. 77 per cent of the Hawfinchs were captured in the bushy, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 189). Some Hawfinchs migrated above Tömörd originated from Poland (Table 26). 2 1 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 187. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Hawfinchs 31-Jul 2-9- 29-19- 8- Fig. 188. Individual capture histories of Hawfinchs captured more than once within a season during the study period, 25. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 126

Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 189. Capture rate (%) of Hawfinchs in the four habitats, 25 Table 26. Data for all the Hawfinchs ringed in Tömörd and recovered in abroad Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree adult 47 21'23"N Ringing 26.1.25. Tömörd (AH) female 16 4'4"E Recovery adult female 17.2.28. Poreba Wielika, Malopolskie, Poland 49 37'N 2 4'E Elapsed days 356 45 844 Emberizidae 115. Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella) The Yellowhammer was dominant songbird in the study area. In total, 1623 individuals of Yellowhammers were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 23, the least in 1998. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=73.35, p<.1 (Fig. 19). On average, migration of the Yellowhammer started on the 16 th of tember (the earliest 25 ust, the last 15 ober). The average median date of the passage was 15 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 1 ember. The date of the last capture was 19 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the second half of tember the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in tember (Fig. 191). Proportion of recaptured birds was 3% in 25. According to the distribution of recaptures, some local breeding birds captured in April and May probably were wintering at the study area (Fig. 193). The longest minimum stopover period was 89 days. 41 per cent of the Yellowhammers were captured in the grassland, χ 2 =2, p>.5 (Fig. 192). 127

4 3 2 1 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 19. Yearly capture numbers of Yellowhammers 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 191. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Yellowhammers Forest Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 193. Capture rate (%) of Yellowhammers in the four habitats, 23 128

24 26- Apr 1-24- May May 7- Jun 21- Jun 5- Jul 19- Jul 2-16- 3-13- 27-11- 25-8- 26 29-Jul 18-7- 27-17- 6- Fig. 193. Individual capture histories of Yellowhammers captured more than once within a season during the study period. Each point indicates a capture of this bird and lines join the captures of the same individual. 116. Ortolan Bunting (Emberiza hortulana) One juvenile bird of this species was captured on the 2 th tember, 2 in the grassland. of 117. Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) The Reed Bunting was subdominant songbird in the study area. In total, 826 individuals of Reed Buntings were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds were captured in 24, the least in 22. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=4.18, p<.1 (Fig. 194). 129

On average, migration of the Reed Bunting started on 1 ober (the earliest 25 tember, the last 18 ober). The average median date of the passage was 24 ober. The average date of the end of migration was 18 ember. The date of the last capture was 18 ember. The peak period of migration fell on the mid-ober the years 1998-27. The most captures occurred in ober (Fig. 195). There were only few recaptured birds per year. There was no capture in the forest and the 49 per cent of the Reed Buntings were captured in the marsh, χ 2 =4, p<.5 (Fig. 196). Most of Reed Buntings migrated above Tömörd probably wintered in Italy (Table 27). 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 194. Yearly capture numbers of Reed Buntings 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 27- Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2-16- Fig. 195. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Reed Buntings 13

Bushy Grassland Marsh Fig. 196. Capture rate (%) of Reed Buntings in the four habitats, 24 1. 2. 3. Table 27. Data for all the Reed Buntings ringed in Tömörd and recovered in abroad and those ringed abroad and recovered in Tömörd Capture Coordinates Distance Direction Age/Sex Date Place Type Text km degree Tömörd 47 21'23"N Ringing juvenile 5.1.21. (AH) 16 4'4"E Motta, 45 51'N Recovery adult 8.12.21. Arcisate, 547 252 64 9 52'E Italy Ringing Recovery juvenile female adult female 3.11.24. 19.12.24. Ringing juvenile 9.7.23. Recovery juvenile 1.1.23. Tömörd (AH) Lago di Vico, Caprarola, Italy Smrzov Koclírov, Czech Republic Tömörd (AH) 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E 42 19'12"N 12 1'42"E 49 5'N 14 41'E 47 21'23"N 16 4'4"E Elapsed days 663 212 46 242 143 93 118. Corn Bunting (Emberiza calandra) The Corn Bunting was accessory songbird in the study area. In total, 12 individuals of Corn Buntings were marked between 1998 and 27. The most birds (51 indiv.) were captured in 23. There was no capture in 25 and 27. The average daily captures changed significantly, Kruskal-Wallis test, H=91.51, p<.1(fig. 197). The date of the last capture was 3 ober. The most captures occurred in ust in 23 (Fig. 198). 131

6 4 2 1998 2 22 24 26 Fig. 197. Yearly capture numbers of Corn Buntings 5 4 3 2 1 27-Jul 1-24- 7-21- 5-19- 2- Fig. 198. Average daily captures and migration dynamics (smoothed moving average) of Corn Buntings 132

Summary and discussion From the 118 species ringed in Tömörd between 1998 and 27 there were 14 dominant species (Fig. 199). These species, listed in order of decreasing occurrence were: Robin, Blackcap, Blue Tit, Chiffchaff, Tree Sparrow, Great Tit, Goldcrest, Blackbird, Yellowhammer, Greenfinch, Chaffinch, Swallow, Lesser Whitethroat, Whitethroat. Only the last three species migrated over the Sahara (CRAMP 1998). 71 per cent of all of the individuals ringed during the work were dominant passerine birds. No. of species 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 dominant subdominant accessory rare Fig. 199. Number of species ringed according to dominance categories The number of birds ringed in the post-breeding dispersal and migration seasons in the study area around Tömörd showed considerable yearly fluctuations between 1998 and 27. The yearly numbers showed an increasing trend for Wryneck, Dunnock, Robin, Song Thrush, Garden Warbler, Blackcap, Chiffchaff, Short-toed Treecreeper, Red-backed Shrike and Great Tit between 1998 and 27. The yearly number for Grasshopper Warbler showed a negative trend between 23 and 27. There was a Blue Tit and Bullfinch invasion in 24. The number of Chaffinchs, Bramblings, Hawfinchs and Greenfinchs ringed in 25 was the highest because of the high amount of helianthus crop on the fields around the study area in that year. The number of Sparrows ringed in 23 was the highest because of the plenty of grain of wheat around Tömörd in that period. The marsh dried out in 2 and 21. For this reason the smallest number of Sedge Warblers, Marsh Warblers and Reed Warblers were ringed in those years. 133

The migration curves based on the average number of individual species ringed daily between 1998 and 27 showed that the temporal pattern of the migration of long-distance migratory species was different from that of the median- and short-distance migratory species. Birds could be classified into three distinct groups based on the migration dynamics characteristics of migration passage through the study area. The first group began the autumn migration as early as ust and terminated it in early ober. On average, the migration of five species, Swallow, Marsh Warbler, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat and Thrush Nightingale started earliest in the first half of ust. Most of trans-sahara migratory birds left the study area by ober. The migration of the second group commenced in the last part of ust and tember and might last until the end of ober and early ember (e.g. Wren, Dunnock, Robin, Redstart, Chiffchaff and Great Tit). The third group included the short-distance and vagrant species with migration commencement in ober and migration termination by the end of ober and early ember (e.g. Blackbird, Song Thrush, Goldcrest and Reed Bunting). Based on the monthly data, ober was the migration peak period for the three dominant and shortdistance migratory species, Robin, Chiffchaff and Blue Tit in Tömörd. In the case of the long-distance migrants, the earlier and more intensive migration meant not only an adaptive migration strategy but resulted in the avoidance of the competition with the short-distance migrating species (BERTHOLD et al. 23).. Sedge and Reed Warblers and other long-distance migrants migrated over Hungary in ust and tember taking advantage of the anticyclones which occur most intensively to the West of Carpathian basin or over the Carpathian basin. The most migration peak days of these species observed during the anticyclones. These weather situations ensured good conditions to them, because there were only a few clouds and a light northern wind, which facilitated the orientation and movement of the birds. The cold front of the cyclones which appeared in the Baltic region or over Ukraine also took a great effect on the autumn migration of some shortdistance migrants, e.g. Robin, Blackcap, Chiffchaff, Goldcrest and Blue Tit (GYURÁCZ et al. 23b). One day after the cold fronts great numbers of individuals were caught in Tömörd. During the cold front the strong wind was favorable only when its direction was suitable for the migration (back wind), because in that case flying did not needed much energy. Moreover, birds could reach higher migration speed and they could minimize the time of migration. The long-distance and short-distance partial migrants preferred anticyclones during their autumn migration, but there were some 134

smaller differences in their migration patterns caused by the different behavior of the birds, because they followed different migration strategies to minimize the time and energy of the migration (BERTHOLD 1993). Among the four habitats, marsh habitat held species (e.g. Swallow, Sedge Warbler, Marsh Warbler and Reed Warbler) which were differed from those of the other habitats. The other species were located along a gradient from the forest to the grassland, matching to the pattern as the closeness and height of the vegetation was decreasing. At the end of the gradient we could find the species aggregating in the dense, high trees and bushes (e.g. Redwing, Nuthatch, Treeccreeper, Chaffinch, Brambling) and at the other end we could find the species grouping in the heterogeneous, bushy grassland (e.g. Whinchat, Whitethroat, Lesser Whitethroat, Willow Warbler, Red-backed Shrike). The species situated between the two ends of the gradient were distributed in a relatively even distribution (e.g. Wren, Chiffchaff, Garden Warbler and Blackcap). During the migration the habitat selection of birds had two main goals: to assure the energy resource required for the continuation of the migration and to avoid the predators. Both goals were served by the strategy to reach the next stopover site as well as the wintering place as soon as possible. The selection of the most appropriate stopover site was done by a third-level decision process including inherited and learned elements as well. The most important key-stimulus was the vegetation structure of the site, the quality and density of the nutrient resources (CODY 1985). During their stopover, some insectivorous species, e.g. the Whitethroat and Lesser Whitethroat chose the scrubs with high sugar content for rest and feeding. Therefore, these species grouped predominantly on more open, shrubby, grasslands that resembled to the savannah wintering areas. Other insectivorous species e.g. Sedge Warbler, Reed Warbler which fed on insects and spiders settled on plants standing in water. Therefore, these birds accumulated on watery, swampy habitats during their migration period. Among the short-distance migratory species, those wintering in the Mediterranean (e.g. Robin) as well as those wintering in Hungary (e.g. Brambling) were continuously present on the study area. The majority of the individuals were staying on the more closed bushy habitats. Their migration was slower, they were spending a longer time on the area than the trans-sahara migrates (e.g. Willow Warbler) therefore avoidance of predators might play a greater role in the selection of rest and feeding sites. The forest and bushy habitats having a denser, closed vegetation structure provided a greater safety against the raptors. 135

The migratory birds were maximizing the availability of the next stopover site by minimizing the predation i.e. by choosing the safety. The Bramblings for example, were choosing the feeding sites (fields) with bushy surroundings versus the open spaces because this choice offered more safety against the Sparrowhawk. According to these results, the migration dynamics and habitat selection of the long-distance migratory species exhibited essential differences compared to the short-distance migratory species. These differences were part of an adaptive strategy which was preserved from evolutionary changes. The results of bird ringing project of Tömörd Bird Observatory gave new information for population dynamics, migration route and habitat preference of some bird species migrating over Hungary. Information about connectivity of breeding, resting and wintering areas as well as yearly and daily numbers of populations is crucial information for any conservation (e.g. survey of biotope) and economic (e.g. planning of wind farm) action or widespread transport of disease (e.g. avian influenza). As migration pattern change over time, particularly in relation to factors such as climate change, continued bird ringing is important even for common species (KESTENHOLZ 27). For this reason it would be extremely important to reveal further details about the migration strategy of birds and to get to know the breeding and wintering sites of birds migrating over Tömörd. Thus, we would like to continue our research. 136

Acknowledgements We wish to express our gratitude to all those members of BirdLife Hungary who helped us in our field works. Staff: SZILÁRD SOMLAI (1998-99), JÁNOS EICHARDT (2-1), HUBA HUSZÁR (22-3), ALEX SZABOLCS (24), NORBERT MÁTRAI (25), HENRIETTA GABNAI (26), ÉVA TARR (27). Ringers: CSABA NÉMETH, GERGELY KIRÁLY, GÉZA SZENTENDREY, JÁNOS KISS, JÁNOS WISZTERCILL, JÓZSEF GÓCZÁN, LÁSZLÓ JÁNOSA, LÁSZLÓ VARGA, MIHÁLY LENCZL, PÉTER ILLÉS, PÉTER KOSZORÚS, PÉTER POLOVITZER, SÁNDOR TATAI. HELPERS: ANDREA HAFFNER, ANDREA RUFF, ÁGNES LEPOLD, BALÁZS HALGAS, BALÁZS KOVÁCS, CSILLA LŐRINCZ, IMRE LENDVAI, JÓZSEF HAFFNER, MÁRTON BÁNHIDI, TIBOR KELEMEN, TIBOR VIZSLÁN, TÍMEA NÉMETH, ZOLTÁN LEPOLD, ZOLTÁN SOMOGYI. The ringing work were supported by Environmental Ministry (KAC, KÖVICE), Scientific Board of Savaria Campus of University of West Hungary and National Civil Foundation of Hungary. J. GYURÁCZ was supported by the Békésy Fellowship and Hungarian Academy of Science (Regional Committee in Veszprém, MTA-VEAB). The publishing of this book was supported by Scientific Board of Savaria Campus of University of West Hungary and Hungarian Academy of Science (Regional Board in Szombathely, MTA-VATT). This book is part of the South-East Bird Migration Network and Actio Hungarica publications. 137

References ALERSTAM, T. 199. Bird Migration. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. BAIRLEIN, F. 1997. The European-African songbird migration network: new chllenges fro large-scale study of bird migration. The 1 st Conference of EOU, Bologna. Abstracts: 1. BERTHOLD, P. 1993. Bird Migration. A general survey. Oxford University Press, Oxford. BERTHOLD, P. GWINNER, E., SONNENSCHEIN, E. (eds.). 23. Avian Migration. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. BIRDLIFE INTERNATIONAL (24): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife Conservation series 12. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK. BUSSE, P. 2. Bird Station Manual. University of Gdansk. Gdansk. CODY, L. M. (ed.). 1985. Habitat Selection in Birds. Academic Press. London. CRAMP, P. 1998. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Oxford CD-ROM Oxford University Press, Oxford. GYURÁCZ J., GÓCZÁN J., BÁNHIDI P., LEPOLD Á. 23a. Autumn Migration of the Goldcrest Regulus regulus in western Hungary. The RING 25, 1-2: 38-46. GYURÁCZ J., HORVÁTH G., CSÖRGŐ T., BANK L., PALKÓ S. 23b. Influence of the macrosynoptical weather situations on the autumn migration of birds. The RING 25, 1-2: 18-36. GYURÁCZ J., BÁNHIDI P., GYIMÓTHY ZS. 25. Habitat selection and migration dynamics of the migrating populations os Robins Erithacus rubecula in the autumn migration period. Alauda 73(3): 296-297. The 5 th Conference of EOU, Strasbourg. KESTENHOLZ, M. (comp.). 27. Bird ringing in science and conservation. EURING, Heteren. RAPPOLE, J. H., JONES, P. 22. Evolution of old and new world migration system. Ardea 9. (3), Special Issue: 525-537. SVENSSON, L. 1992. Identification Guide to European Paserines. Stockholm. SZENTENDREY G., LÖVEI G., KÁLLAY GY. 1979. Az "Actio Hungarica" madárgyűrűző tábor mérési módszerei. Állattani Közlemények 66:161-166. TIELEMAN, I. 27. Physiological dynamics of birds in desert, tropical and temperate environments. The 6 th Conference of EOU, Vienna. Abstract voulme: 9-1. 138

Appendix Index and numbers of birds caught in different years at the Tömörd Bird Observatory No. Page Species 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Total 1. 12 Accipiter gentilis 1 1 2 4 2. 12 Accipiter nisus 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 12 3. 62 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 1 4 1 2 1 9 4. 56 Acrocephalus melanopogon 1 1 5. 58 Acrocephalus palustris 5 11 5 5 1 28 89 29 5 1 242 6. 56 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 15 28 4 1 5 13 19 2 27 7 229 7. 6 Acrocephalus scirpaceus 4 5 2 2 3 8 25 17 23 4 93 8. 92 Aegithalos caudatus 27 64 124 19 7 51 58 67 86 84 74 9. 23 Alauda arvensis 1 1 2 1. 2 Alcedo atthis 1 1 1 3 11. 12 Anas crecca 1 1 12. 12 Anas querquedula 1 1 13. 27 Anthus pratensis 5 2 3 3 2 6 1 1 11 6 4 14. 28 Anthus spinoletta 1 1 15. 26 Anthus trivialis 55 39 17 31 251 144 51 33 24 11 656 16. 2 Apus apus 1 1 17. 19 Asio flammeus 1 1 18. 19 Asio otus 2 2 3 1 6 14 19. 17 Buteo buteo 1 4 4 1 1 11 139

2. 21 Caprimulgus europaeus 1 1 21. 123 Carduelis cannabina 1 1 1 3 53 13 2 37 2 3 116 22. 122 Carduelis carduelis 3 3 15 3 3 4 8 7 6 52 23. 12 Carduelis chloris 19 47 6 67 88 43 113 834 19 87 1467 24. 123 Carduelis flammea 1 1 25. 122 Carduelis spinus 1 1 23 1 5 4 26. 123 Carpodacus erythrinus 1 1 27. 17 Certhia brachydactyla 4 4 8 17 17 9 15 13 1 2 117 28. 15 Certhia familiaris 3 8 31 11 8 6 5 8 14 16 11 29. 12 Circus aeruginosus 1 2 3 3. 125 Coccothraustes coccothraustes 1 49 11 29 4 12 232 12 44 43 31. 17 Coturnix coturnix 1 1 2 3 11 1 1 2 31 32. 25 Delichon urbica 132 1 5 7 16 161 36 44 41 11 598 33. 22 Dendrocopos medius 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 12 34. 23 Dendrocopos minor 2 4 5 1 6 8 12 4 3 54 35. 22 Dendrocopos syriacus 1 1 2 36. 22 Denrocopos major 2 5 7 6 16 7 1 12 11 17 93 37. 22 Dryocopus martius 1 2 3 38. 131 Emberiza calandra 29 9 1 3 1 51 6 2 12 39. 127 Emberiza citrinella 8 53 13 29 242 382 269 79 167 111 1623 4. 129 Emberiza hortulana 1 1 2 41. 129 Emberiza schoeniclus 46 94 79 49 26 44 159 84 151 94 826 14

42. 34 Erithacus rubecula 229 53 656 753 649 566 667 673 737 915 6375 43. 17 Falco tinnunculus 1 1 44. 9 Ficedula albicollis 3 6 8 3 3 7 6 36 45. 9 Ficedula hypoleuca 74 52 66 137 99 118 65 22 95 115 843 46. 89 Ficedula parva 1 1 2 3 3 3 2 15 47. 116 Fringilla coelebs 12 26 4 25 67 32 29 767 54 56 118 48. 118 Fringilla montifringilla 7 2 18 2 1 14 78 11 3 766 49. 18 Gallinago gallinago 1 2 1 2 6 5. 18 Gallinula chloropus 2 2 4 51. 113 Garrulus glandarius 18 11 5 32 2 28 4 7 17 124 52. 62 Hippolais icterina 18 6 4 7 24 25 18 27 14 8 151 53. 23 Hirundo rustica 235 5 19 69 271 197 131 36 92 48 113 54. 2 Jynx torquilla 5 3 5 9 7 15 15 2 22 13 114 55. 11 Lanius collurio 41 25 37 77 72 92 11 63 19 67 693 56. 113 Lanius excubitor 2 2 1 2 1 4 2 3 1 18 57. 55 Locustella fluviatilis 4 2 2 3 9 4 2 2 28 58. 55 Locustella luscinioides 1 3 1 3 8 59. 53 Locustella naevia 7 9 5 22 4 29 25 12 8 8 129 6. 123 Loxia curvirostra 1 1 61. 37 Luscinia luscinia 3 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 2 28 62. 38 Luscinia megarhynchos 3 2 1 1 6 12 11 11 1 5 71 63. 38 Luscinia svecica 1 1 1 1 4 141

64. 18 Lymnocryptes minimus 2 1 1 4 65. 2 Merops apiaster 1 1 66. 28 Motacilla alba 9 2 6 13 2 1 4 12 67 67. 28 Motacilla cinerea 14 1 3 18 68. 28 Motacilla flava 4 7 2 1 1 15 69. 87 Muscicapa striata 1 16 22 47 57 27 37 17 22 27 282 7. 44 Oenanthe oenanthe 1 4 3 2 1 71. 11 Oriolus oriolus 1 1 2 72. 96 Parus ater 12 41 2 9 27 86 1 7 185 73. 97 Parus caeruleus 69 142 484 188 364 132 145 396 179 43 3429 74. 96 Parus cristatus 1 1 75. 1 Parus major 92 171 357 153 339 176 54 635 139 241 2843 76. 96 Parus montanus 1 2 2 5 77. 94 Parus paustris 9 8 5 16 38 16 14 22 12 32 217 78. 114 Passer domesticus 1 1 8 1 2 1 14 79. 114 Passer monatnus 237 364 391 182 349 784 253 35 228 163 331 8. 17 Phasianus colchicus 2 2 1 1 6 81. 38 Phoenicurus ochruros 5 9 38 43 27 39 39 19 29 27 275 82. 39 Phoenicurus phoenicurus 4 16 2 23 15 15 2 18 13 17 161 83. 77 Phylloscopus collybita 1 221 39 332 239 36 556 415 347 48 3359 84. 75 Phylloscopus inornatus 1 1 2 85. 75 Phylloscopus proregulus 1 1 2 142

86. 75 Phylloscopus sibilatrix 3 4 8 11 38 26 9 13 15 36 163 87. 8 Phylloscopus trochilus 5 33 86 123 39 136 57 233 39 62 858 88. 22 Picus canus 1 1 2 89. 22 Picus viridis 3 3 2 3 1 3 1 1 7 24 9. 18 Porzana porzana 1 1 1 1 13 91. 32 Prunella modularis 1 46 59 59 9 79 123 137 119 75 797 92. 123 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 15 27 27 43 1 71 28 3 1 225 93. 17 Rallus aquaticus 4 1 2 7 94. 85 Regulus ignicapillus 48 33 3 38 15 25 37 2 25 4 311 95. 82 Regulus regulus 128 112 521 451 42 85 27 18 146 21 264 96. 19 Remiz pendulinus 3 11 1 7 22 97. 23 Riparia riparia 4 1 2 6 13 98. 41 Saxicola rubetra 5 6 16 74 27 45 3 5 2 183 99. 42 Saxicola torquata 19 1 46 61 35 37 23 12 31 274 1. 18 Scolopax rusticola 1 1 11. 12 Serinus serinus 1 2 4 5 6 4 13 6 9 5 12. 14 Sitta europaea 5 6 14 22 19 7 15 15 14 14 131 13. 19 Streptopelia turtur 4 1 3 1 9 14. 114 Sturnus vulgaris 2 1 2 1 21 12 7 44 9 15. 71 Sylvia atricapilla 248 364 236 319 394 489 535 63 627 79 4551 16. 69 Sylvia borin 27 24 16 2 36 46 6 7 81 45 425 17. 67 Sylvia communis 47 34 3 81 147 129 181 184 118 82 133 143

18. 64 Sylvia curruca 65 72 68 71 161 116 123 163 114 92 145 19. 64 Sylvia nisoria 1 8 8 3 3 4 3 3 11. 17 Tringa glareola 1 1 1 1 4 111. 18 Tringa ochropus 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 112. 28 Troglodytes troglodytes 56 88 89 55 3 27 7 34 43 47 539 113. 51 Turdus iliacus 37 33 12 6 3 5 53 36 81 356 114. 44 Turdus merula 147 193 138 162 119 138 169 172 189 57 1997 115. 48 Turdus philomelos 21 5 89 64 51 62 15 146 95 15 833 116. 48 Turdus pilaris 2 2 1 3 1 5 14 117. 53 Turdus viscivorus 1 1 118. 2 Upopa epops 1 1 Total 2428 3185 4579 4367 519 5151 6668 7923 4618 5591 49619 144