Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Cranes Loads and combinations of loads Dit document mag slechts op een stand-alone PC worden geinstalleerd. Gebruik op een netwerk is alleen. toestaan als een aanvullende licentieovereenkomst voor netwerkgebruik met NEN is afgesloten. This document may only be used on a stand-alone PC. Use in a network is only permitted when a supplementary license agreement for us in a network with NEN has been concluded. Unofficial translation NEN 2018 2nd edition, oktober 1983 UDC 621.873/.875.016
Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Cranes Loads and combinations of loads Unofficial translation NEN 2018 2nd edition, oktober 1983 UDC 621.873/.875.016
This publication is the translation of the Netherlands standard NEN 2018 "Hijskranen. Belastingen en belastingcombinaties". Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the translation, no responsability, legal or otherwise, is accepted by NNI for any errors, omissions or inaccuracies in this unofficial publication. In case of doubt or dispute, only the current Netherlands language text is valid. Standards Committee 345 02 "Cranes" No part of this standard may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means without written permission form the publisher. Neither NNI nor the members of standard committees are responsable for direct of indirect damage caused by or related with the application of standards, published by NNI. Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Kalfjeslaan 2, Postbus 5059, 2600 GB Delft, telefoon (015) 61 10 61*, telex 38144, postrekening 25301
3 NEN 2018 CONTENTS List of symbols 4 page Introduction 9 1 Scope 11 2 Field of application 11 3 Classification of a crane and its parts in groups 11 3.1 General idea of the classification and definitions 11 3.2 The crane as a whole 12 3.3 An individual mechanism as a whole 18 3.4 The elements of the crane 24 4 Loads to be considered and rules to be followed in their calculation 28 4.1 General 28 4.2 Load due to (the weight of) the own mass 29 4.3 Load due to (the weight of) the hoisting load 29 4.4 Dynamic effect in a vertical direction from the hoisting movement; load factor ф 29 4.5 Load as a result of inertia forces from crane movements (hoisting excepted) and other operating influences 32 4.6 Load resulting from weather effects 45 4.7 Load from cabins and accesses 51 4.8 Load during the assembly 52 4.9 Load resulting from the character of the operation 52 4.10 Other loads 53 5 Combinations of loads 53 5.1 General 53 5.2 Load combination 1 54 5.3 Load combination 2a 55 5.4 Load combination 2b 55 5.5 Load combination 2c 55 5.6 Load combination 2d 55 5.7 Load combinations, tables 55 5.8 Notes to the load combinations with reference to the metal structure 58 6 Crane tracks 58 6.1 General 58 6.2 Vertical load 58 6.3 Horizontal forces in the direction of travel of the crane 58 6.4 Horizontal forces perpendicular to the direction of travel of the crane 58 6.5 Load combinations 58 Appendix A 59
4 NEN 2018 LIST OF SYMBOLS A-B-C-D classes of utilization for load cycles for the crane as a whole A-B-C-D classes of utilization for stress performances for the elements of the metal structure A-E-V-L (pairs of) running wheels characterized by various systems of travelling mechanism and carrying construction A sum of the projections of the surfaces visible and affected in the wind direction (projected on to a plane perpendicular to the wind direction) A e surface area of the extreme limits of the projections mentioned under A BO, Bl,.., BIO classes of utilization for stress cycles for elements of the mechanical equipment aerodynamic coefficient Cl, C2,. D C8 element groups for the mechanical equipment diameter \ kinetic energy F force F KK SA a horizontal force acting at the height of an obstacle in crab or crane travelling direction form fitting force by the front guiding element in the direction of travelling askew wind force pwl wind force on the load %A weight of the travelling crab weight of the hoisting load L = L + L hoisting load L' П load working load (see NEN 2017 and NEN 2026) L,max minimum load. min effective load mass of the parts belonging to the crane for picking up the effective load, such as hook with rope ball, covering block, grab, part of the hoisting cable(s) hanging down and suchlike L1,L2,L3,L4 design-load spectrum classes for the separate mechanisms as a whole M group factor for the metal structure, load due to the value of the nature of operation M. group factor for the mechanisms, load due to the nature of m operation Ml, M2,. M8 mechanism groups for the separate mechanisms as a whole N L' number of load cycles in which the load > L' N number of load cycles during the total effective period of L T., max use number of stress cycles N maximum number of stress cycles (the total effective ö,max period of use) P P1,P2,P3,P4 load design-load spectrum classes for elements of the mechanical equipment R wheel pressure R wheel pressures on travelling track side 1, same on li" R 2i travelling track side 2 on moving forward askew S load effect S load as a result of operating effects В load due to the buffer action BU
5 NEN 2018 load due to the centrifugal effect load due to frictional and rolling resistance load due to (the weight of) its own mass dividing up the hoisting load over the closing- and hoisting cables at grab operation load as a result of inertia forces on starting and braking of the crab travelling movement load due to the tilting of a travelling crab with a guided load load as a result of inertia forces on starting and braking of the crane travelling movement load from cabins and accesses load due to (the weight of) the hoisting load load due to (the weight of) the effective load load due to (the weight of) the mass of the parts belonging to the crane for picking up the effective load load as a result of inertia forces on starting and braking load during the erection load due to snow other loads load due to storm load due to travelling askew load due to slanting rope pull load as a result of inertia forces on starting and braking of the luffing movement load due to temperature load due to wind load due to wind on the hoisting load load as a result of inertia forces on starting and braking of the slewing movement loads nearly the same load S during t. the largest load of S,, S2,..., S (exclusive factors) total effective period of use for a separate mechanism as a whole tensile force classes of utilization for the total effective period of use for individual mechanisms as a whole force locking groups of forces in the contact planes of the running wheels with the rail on travelling askew hoisting classes acceleration, retardation distance from the form fitting guiding elements measured in the direction of travel distance between crane elements exponent in the stress spectrum factor к diameter, exponent in the load spectrum factor к, depth of a profile base of the natural logarithms displacement of the reaction of the wheel pressure distance between 'the front guiding element in the direction of travel and the running wheel, measured in the direction of travel coefficient for longitudinal and lateral slip frictional resistance strength of the local gravitational field height position of the sliding pole in the case of travelling askew
6 NEN 2018 i axis in wich a pair of running wheels lies к щ load spectrum factor for a separate mechanism as a whole к stress spectrum factor for elements of the mechanical equipment 1 length, oscillation length 1 distance centre to centre of the rails of the crane track m number of pairs of running wheels coupled in the r.p.m. пь-ти masses of two cranes n number of pairs of running wheels n. number of stress cycles n,, n«,...» n number of stress cycles, period of use p relation between the minimum load (the load which is always reached or exceeded for a particular spectrum) and the working load p relation between the smallest upperstress amplitude (the upper stress amplitude which is always reached or exceeded for a particular spectrum) and the largest upperstress amplitude q wind pressure r finite number of steps t time, period of time t,, t 2,...,t periods of time of the load steps t. period of time v speed v,-v2 travelling speeds of two cranes v T nominal hoisting speed for a particular load VTT wind speed x distance z number of parts 0-1-2-3 design-load spectra for the crane as a whole 0-1-2-3 design-stress spectra for the elements of the metal structure 0-12 wind forces 1-2-3-4-5-6 crane groups, element groups for the metal structure l-2a-2b-2c-2d load combinations a = a SD +a si +a t angle of skew travel a -I angle of skew travel from wear and tear oc angle of skew travel from clearance between rail and sp guiding elements a. angle of skew travel due to tolerances of crane and track o>p linear expansion coefficient for steel ß relation between the tensile force and wheel pressure whilst the rolling of a wheel, coefficient for the determination of the inertia forces on the load Y section ratio for box sections T) reduction factor for parts which lie in the lee of a preceding plane (shielding factor) n i> T) о efficiencies of hoists \ factor for determining the force F<, A X. aerodynamic slenderness X,. _ \i. factors for determining the forces X,.-Y,i and X 2ix~" X 2iy X li~hx. c u J л e u. i coefficient for the determination of the inertia forces on the road Ç-Ç' reduction factors for the gauge of the crane track a normal (axial) stress a-,, o?, > ö stresses during n,, n^,..., n stress cycles
7 NEN 2018 upperstress amplitude which is reached or exceeded with N greatest upperstress amplitude smallest upperstress amplitude nearly constant stress arithmetical mean stress of all extreme values of upper and understresses over the period of use maximum stress understress amplitude solidity ratio of a girder coefficient dependent on the extent to which unequal accelerations and retardations, and impacts can occur in the hoisting movements and work through in the crane load factor factor for the calculation of the inertia forces on the load
NEN 2018
9 NEN 2018 INTRODUCTION This standard is a part of the series of standards titled "Cranes". The series will consist of: NEN 2017 NEN 2018 NEN 2019 NEN 2020 NEN 2021 NEN 2022 NEN 2023 NEN 2024 NEN 2025 NEN 2028 Cranes. General directives Cranes. Loads and combinations of loads Cranes. The metal structure Cranes. The mechnical equipment (in preparation) Cranes. Electric equipment Cranes. Stability (safety against turning over) Cranes. Structural requirements regarding safety Cranes. Documents, testing, operation and maintenance Hand-armsigns for the guidance of cranes and hoisting gear Cranes. Automatic limiting devices. The standard is also a part of the standard series titled "Mobile cranes", which will consist of: NEN 2026 NEN 2027 Mobile cranes. General directives. Documents, testing, operation and maintenance Mobile cranes. Structural requirements regarding safety and further of the standards NEN 2018 up to including NEN 2022, NEN 2025 and NEN 2028. In Belgium corresponding standards will be published under the numbers NBN E 52-001 to NBN E 52-010 inclusive. The standard supersedes the corresponding parts of NEN 1018, NEN 1018-A and NEN 3247. The first edition of this standard was published in 1974. Modifications in respect of the first edition: The articles 3.3 and 3.4.2 are now completed. The specific counting loads and load combinations for mechanisms are inserted. During the discussions in the "Committee for the harmonisation of the standards on the subject of hoisting cranes in the Benelux", it appeared possible to formulate an equal opinion on many points. If this is not yet so, it is marked where for Belgium different regulations are in force. For in the above mentioned series of standards, references are made to other standards; in Belgium the same references to corresponding Belgium standards are in force. At the same time the work of the technical committee TC 96 (Cranes, lifting appliances and related equipment) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been taken into account. For general information and titles of standards mentioned in the series of standards "Cranes" and "Mobile cranes", or standards related to them, see NEN 2017, NEN 2019, NEN 2026 and NEN 2027.
10 NEN 2018 The structure of the series of standards for "Cranes" and "Mobile Cranes" is showed in the undermentioned diagram. Corresponding standards are placed on one horizontal line. all cranes fixed, on rail travelling and floating cranes mobile cranes NEN 2018 NEN 2019 NEN 2020 NEN 2021 NEN 2022 NEN 2025 NEN 2028 NEN 2017 NEN 2023 NEN 2024 NEN 2026 NEN 2027 NEN 2026
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