Bibliographic References Vancouver style

Bibliographic References Vancouver style Stuck with referencing? Try MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 1 17/08/2010 11:02

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Why reference? Referencing is important in all academic work as it indicates to the reader the sources of your quotations and borrowed ideas. Failure to indicate your sources could easily be taken for plagiarism (literary theft). The purpose of the referencing system is to describe your sources in an accurate and consistent manner and to indicate within the text of your paper where particular sources were used. Bibliographic references: Vancouver style The Uniform Requirements style (the Vancouver style) is based largely on an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard style adapted by the US National Library of Medicine (NLM) for MEDLINE and other databases. This style is referred to as the Vancouver style because it originated at a meeting of medical journal editors in Vancouver (British Columbia) in 1978. Guidance by this Committee is very basic and many differing styles of Vancouver have appeared. This leaflet is based on the National Library of Medicine Citing Medicine website¹. It is very important that you check departmental handouts and assignment guides, as some details may vary from our guidelines here. Don t get caught out! Keep a careful note of all sources used as you prepare your assignments Record all the details you need about a library book (including page numbers) before you return it it may be out to someone else later Make sure you write down the source details you need on any photocopies you use Remember to print or save details of any website you want to refer to (your tutor may ask to see this) and record the date when you accessed the information Make sure you are following the referencing system used in your department UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 3 17/08/2010 11:02

Reference list at end of paper Your reference list only includes items you have cited in your work. These you number consecutively as they occur for the first time in the text. If you cite the same item a second time, then refer back to the number first used (see the end of this booklet for more information on citing within the text). The reference list follows the same numerical order as the text your first reference being the first item you cite in the text. Your references should not be listed alphabetically by author or title or put in date order. Where to find the details needed in a reference list Books The details needed for a book can be found on the front and back of the title page. Make sure you locate the name of the publisher rather than the printer or typesetter. You need the name of the publisher in your reference list. The Library Catalogue gives the publisher s name if you are in any doubt. Ignore any reprint dates; you need the date when the edition of the book you are using was published. Journal articles The details needed for a journal article can usually be found on the contents list or front cover of the journal or on the article itself. 4 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 4 17/08/2010 11:02

Style and punctuation Please follow the examples given in green for each type of material wherever possible. Full stops, colons and semi-colons are used to divide up pieces of information and must be used in the right place. Certain pieces of information must be given in a particular style. Try to be as consistent as possible throughout your referencing. Pagination is always shortened to the fewest numbers necessary so 23 5 rather than 23 25 and 117 28 rather than 117 128. Printed publications: examples of references Book The basic pattern for a book is: Author Initials [no punctuation between last name and initials or between initials of single author]. Title: subtitle. Nth ed [unless 1st in which case omit statement]. Place: publisher; date. Neal MJ. Medical pharmacology at a glance. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific; 1987. Rinsgiven MK, Bond D. Gerontology and leadership skills for nurses. 2nd ed. Albany (NY): Delmar Publishers; 1996. Note: List up to six authors. The seventh and subsequent authors are abbreviated to et al. Edited book Norman IJ, Redfern SJ, editors. Mental health care for elderly people. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. Chapter in edited book The basic pattern for a reference to a chapter in an edited book (where the contents page shows that the chapters have been written by various people) is: Author of chapter Initials. Title of chapter. In: Editor Initials, editors. Title of work. Nth Ed. Place: Publisher; Date. p.pages. Phillips SJ, Whisnant JP. Hypertension and stroke. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. Hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995. p.465 78. Note: Vancouver style used to have a colon rather than a p. before pagination, but for books it is now better to use p. UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 5 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 5 17/08/2010 11:02

Government publication/corporate author Use named authors and editors where given, otherwise use identified corporate author. Repeat author as publisher if they are the same. Give any series information in brackets as last piece of information followed by full stop. Department of Health. Saving lives: our healthier nation. London: Stationery Office; 1999 (Cm 4386). Institute of Medicine (US). Looking at the future of the Medicaid program. Washington: Institute of Medicine; 1992. Report As above, use title when no author (named or corporate) can be identified. Confidential enquiries into stillbirths and deaths in infancy. 5th Report. London: Stationery Office; 1998. Chief Medical Officer s Committee on Medical Aspects of Food. Nutritional aspects of the development of cancer. London: Stationery Office; 1998. (Department of Health report on health and social subjects 48). Dictionary Stedman s medical dictionary. 26th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1995. Apraxia; p.119 20. Include the entry term which you looked up and its page number. Dissertation Add content type after title in square brackets to indicate this is not a standard book and may not be easily obtainable. Place of publication should always be given use square brackets if not stated and infer place from institution. Rodgers D. Protected mealtimes: an audit of the views of the multi-professional team [dissertation]. Portsmouth: University of Portsmouth; 2006. Conference paper in published proceedings Note the date and place of the conference is given before the place, publisher and date of the published proceedings, as this information is usually different. Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Rienhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics; 1992 Sep 6 10; Geneva, Switzerland. Amsterdam: North-Holland; 1992. p.1561 5. 6 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 6 17/08/2010 11:02

Journal article The basic pattern for a reference to a journal article is: Author(s). Title of article. Journal title. Year month day;volume(part or Issue number):start and finish page. Kiesslich R, Goetz M, Angus EM, Hu Q, Guan Y, Potten C, et al. Identification of epithelial gaps in human small and large intestine by confocal endomicroscopy. Gastroenterology. 2007 Dec;133(6):1769 78. Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Jun 1;124(11):980 3. Parkin DM, Clayton D, Black RJ, Masuyer E, Friedl HP, Ivanov E, et al. Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up. Br J Cancer. 1996 Apr;73(8):1006 12. NLM always give a full date and part number, but they do offer the option that if a journal carries continuous pagination throughout a volume, the month and issue number may be omitted as shown in the example below. This can cause problems when requesting articles from libraries or when finding journals electronically, so is not advised. Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124:980 3. Note: Journal titles are abbreviated if they can be found as such in MEDLINE otherwise spell them out in full. To check this go to www.pubmed.gov and click on the journals database link enter your title in full and read the entry to see the accepted abbreviated title. Give the title as used at the time the article was written and the correct abbreviation according to MEDLINE at that time (e.g. British Medical Journal was Br Med J up to 1987, but BMJ from 1988 onwards, so an article published in 1987 or earlier will be referenced as being in Br Med J, not BMJ). Journal titles that are just a single word are not abbreviated. Newspaper article Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post. 1996 Jun 21; Sect. A:3 (col. 5). UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 7 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 7 17/08/2010 11:02

Electronic media: examples of references There is much contradictory advice given on quoting this type of material. The information below is simplified from the NLM Citing Medicine website www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine Check any departmental guidance that may have been drawn up. The basic pattern for each type of resource is similar to that of the printed example with some important additions, including type of medium, date found and availability information. Monograph freely available on the internet Author/editor. Title [Type of medium]. Edition. Place: publisher; date [note of any update/ revisions date; cited date]. Available from: URL Gray H. Anatomy of the human body [Internet]. 20th ed. Lewis WH editor. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1918 [cited 2007 Jul 9]. Available from: http://www.bartleby.com/107/ Monograph from e-book supplier Melia KM. Health care ethics: lessons from Intensive Care [Internet]. London: Sage; 2004 [cited 2007 Jul 9]. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/portsmouth/doc?id=10080927 Journal article from the internet Author(s). Title of article. Journal title [Type of medium]. Year month [note of any update/ revision date; cited date];volume(part or issue number):start page end page. Available from: URL or DOI Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious diseases. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 1995 Jan Mar [cited 2007 Jul 9];1(1):[24 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol1no1/ downmors.htm Note: if no pagination is given, it is usual to give an estimation of length this can be number of screens, or approximation of pages [about 2p] or paragraphs [about 8 paragraphs] If the URL is extremely long and not directly accessible, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL or quote the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) if known. See example below: Edwards B. Walking in initial visualisation and assessment at triage. Accid Emerg Nurs [Internet]. 2007 April [cited 2007 Jul 9];15(2):73 8. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/ journal/09652302 by selecting required issue and pages or Edwards B. Walking in initial visualisation and assessment at triage. Accid Emerg Nurs [Internet]. 2007 April [cited 2007 Jul 9];15(2):73 8. doi:10.1016/j.aaen.2006.12.008 8 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 8 17/08/2010 11:02

Computer file Hemodynamics III: the ups and downs of hemodynamics [computer program]. Version 2.2. Orlando (FL): Computerized Educational Systems; 1993. Homepage on the internet The basic details should be: Author. Title [Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [date of update/ revision; cited date]. Available from: URL Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext, Inc.; c1995 2001 [cited 2007 Jul 8]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm Note: If the author and title are the same, omit the author and quote only the title. If the author and publisher are the same, omit the author and quote as publisher. In the example above, Medtext is both the publisher and corporate author of the site. Audiovisual material HIV+/AIDS: the facts and the future [videocassette]. St Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1995. Extra help If you have a reference that does not seem to fit with any of the above examples, take a look at the Referencing@Portsmouth website Make sure you select Vancouver referencing as the style that you need and look at the ever growing list of references there. Help the site grow by using the contact us page to ask for help with specific examples. UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 9 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 9 17/08/2010 11:02

Citing references in the text Use numbers in the text of your work to direct readers to full details of the item in the reference list. This can be done using parentheses () or superscript. Check your course handbooks to see which system is preferred and then apply the chosen method consistently. Numbers should be given to the right of commas and full stops, but to the left of colons and semicolons. Work your sentences so that reference numbers do not come near other numerical information. Examples In clinical practice, up to 2.5L of fluid has been administered in one infusion. (1) A number of studies have... or In clinical practice, up to 2.5L of fluid has been administered in one infusion. 1 A number of studies have... Scholtz (5) has argued that... or Scholtz 5 has argued that... New items are numbered consecutively as they occur in the text. If a source is repeated so is its number. You can list multiple sources at a single point separate them with a comma if not in sequence or indicate all consecutive numbers by using a hyphen between start and end number e.g. (2 5, 8, 11) or 2-5, 8, 11. Citing specific pages To cite a specific page, indicate the page number(s) in brackets after the reference number: Examples Burns (5, p64) 14 (p36-7) It has been shown that evidence based nursing improves patient care Reference list List the citations in numerical order. Give the number but without any parentheses (). 1. Schen RJ, Singer-Edelstein M. Subcutaneous infusions in the elderly. J Am Geriat Soc. 1981;29:583 85. 2. Dougherty L, Lamb J, editors. Intravenous therapy in nursing practice. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1999. 10 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 10 17/08/2010 11:02

Bibliography 1. Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 [cited 2008 Jul 17]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 11 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 11 17/08/2010 11:02

This guide is available in large print on request. University of Portsmouth The University Library Cambridge Road Portsmouth PO1 2ST United Kingdom T: 023 9284 3228 Enquiries T: 023 9284 3249 Issue Desk F: 023 9284 3233 E: library@port.ac.uk W: www.port.ac.uk/library MD5643 0810 MD5643 0810 Bibliographic Ref Vancouver.indd 12 17/08/2010 11:02