Corporate & Community Climate Action Plan

2010 Corporate & Community Climate Action Plan Corporate Inventory Years: 2002 and 2007 Community Inventory Years: 2002 and 2007

Corporate & Community Climate Action Plan 2010 Corporate Inventory Years: 2002 and 2007 Community Inventory Years: 2002 and 2007 Prepared for: City of Port Coquitlam 2580 Shaughnessy Street Port Coquitlam, BC V3C 2A8 Prepared by: Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. 400 Capilano Road, Suite 1708 Port Moody, BC V3H 0E1 (604) 469-2910 January 2010

About Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. HES Ltd. specializes in developing corporate and community energy and emissions plans for local government and departments within senior levels of government (regional, provincial, and federal). With over 13 years of dedicated experience to emissions management, HES work extends to corporate and community sustainability plans, including integrated community sustainability plans. HES has developed proprietary software, Energy and Emissions Reporting and Monitoring System (EEMRS ), used to calculate emissions, develop emissions forecasts, and integrate account-level management to produce accurate, cost effective emissions management strategies. HES is a leader in this field having completed over 105 corporate energy and emissions inventories and 21 emissions management strategies. As well, HES produced community-wide energy and emissions inventories for the 2007 inventory year in 2009 for all local government (189) in British Columbia on behalf of the Province of British Columbia s Ministry of Environment. HES Ltd. is proud to be a founding reporter of The Climate Registry. Disclaimer: Notwithstanding financial support from the Government of Canada and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities, the views expressed are the personal views of the author, and the Government of Canada and the Federation of Canadian Municipalities accept no responsibility for them. Copyright 2010, City of Port Coquitlam All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, recorded or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photographic, sound, magnetic or other, without advance written permission from the owner.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS City of Port Coquitlam staff are gratefully acknowledged for their efforts in the development of this plan. Allen Jensen is acknowledged for coordinating this initiative. Technical support for a limited number of corporate accounts provided by John McKay, Cantigua Energy Group Ltd. This document has been produced with the assistance of the Green Municipal Fund, a Fund financed by the Government of Canada and administered by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities. The Province of British Columbia also provided financial support to this project. Acronyms CO 2 Carbon Dioxide CO 2 e Carbon Dioxide equivalent EEMRS Energy and Emissions Monitoring and Reporting System FCM Federation of Canadian Municipalities GHG Greenhouse Gas GMF Green Municipal Funds HES Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. PCP Partners for Climate Protection Note - Minor numerical discrepancies in tables are attributable to rounding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XI 1 2 3 4 Corporate Plan Summary... xi Community Plan Summary...xiii 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Plan Development Process...1 1.2 Overall Program Goal: The Reduction Quantity...2 1.3 Climate Change Plan Structure...2 1.4 Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Climate Change...2 1.5 Why Conserve Energy...3 1.6 International Climate Change Actions and Agreements...3 1.7 Federal Government Action...4 1.8 Provincial Government Action...4 1.9 Partners for Climate Protection Milestones...4 1.10 Regional and Local Context...6 1.11 Energy and Emissions Inventory and Forecast...6 2. CORPORATE ENERGY AND GHG INVENTORY 9 2.1 Corporate Inventory Summary...9 2.2 Buildings...14 2.3 Outdoor Lighting...15 2.5 Vehicle Fleet...17 2.6 Corporate Solid Waste...18 2.7 Corporate Inventory Summary and Comparison 2002 and 2007...19 3. COMMUNITY ENERGY AND GHG INVENTORY 21 3.1 Community Inventory Summary...21 3.2 Community Buildings...24 3.3 Community On-the-Road Transportation...26 3.4 Community Solid Waste... 29 3.5 Community Inventory Summary and Comparison 2002 to 2007... 29 4. FORECASTS OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND GHG EMISSIONS 31 4.1 Predicted Growth in the Corporate Inventory...31 4.2 Predicted Growth in the Community Inventory... 34 4.3 Forecasts and Their Contribution to Reduction Targets...41

5 6 7 5. CORPORATE REDUCTION INITIATIVES 43 5.1 Corporate Reduction Initiatives...43 5.2 Buildings...43 5.3 Outdoor Lighting...51 5.4 Water and Wastewater...51 5.5 Vehicle Fleet Sector...53 5.6 Solid Waste Sector... 54 5.6 Summary of Corporate Emission Reductions...55 5.7 Corporate Target Statement...55 6. COMMUNITY REDUCTION INITIATIVES 57 6.1 Community Buildings Reduction Initiatives: Senior Government Policy and Programs... 60 6.2 Community Buildings Reduction Initiatives City Policy and Programs...63 6.3 Community Transportation Reduction Initiatives - Senior Government Policy and Programs... 72 6.4 Community Transportation Reduction Initiatives - City Policy and Programs...75 6.5 Community Transportation Reduction Initiatives - New Technologies...79 6.6 Solid Waste Reduction Initiatives... 80 6.7 Community Target Statement... 80 7. FINAL SUMMARY & RECOMMENDED TARGETS 83 Corporate... 83 Community... 85 REFERENCES 87 GLOSSARY OF TERMS (IPCC 2006) 87 APPENDICES 88 Appendix A1 - Detailed Summary of Corporate Energy and Emissions: 2002... 88 Appendix A2 - Detailed Summary of Corporate Energy and Emissions: 2007... 98 Appendix B1 - Detailed Summary of Community Energy and Emissions: 2002...116 Appendix B2 - Detailed Summary of Community Energy and Emissions: 2007...120

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 TABLES Table E1 Summary of Corporate Forecasts... xii Table E2 Summary of Estimated Impact of Reduction Initiatives on Corporate Sectors... xii Table E3 Summary of Community Forecasts...xiv Table E4 Summary of Estimated Impact of Reduction Initiatives on Community Sectors...xiv Table 1.11 Emissions Sources by Sector... 7 Table 2.1a Energy, Costs, and Emissions by Sector (2002)... 9 Table 2.1b Energy, Costs, and Emissions by Sector (2007)... 9 Table 2.1c Account Summaries by Sector (2002, 2007)...10 Table 2.1.4a Sources of Corporate Energy & Costs (2002)...12 Table 2.1.4b Sources of Corporate Energy & Costs (2007)...12 Table 2.1.5a Sources of Corporate Emissions (2002)...13 Table 2.1.5b Sources of Corporate Emissions (2007)...13 Table 2.2a Summary of Buildings Sector Emissions...14 Table 2.2b Summary of Buildings Sector Emissions (2007)...15 Table 2.3a Summary of Lighting Sector Emissions...15 Table 2.3b Lighting Ranked by Energy Consumption (2007)...16 Table 2.4a Summary of Water and Wastewater Sector Emissions...16 Table 2.4b Water and Wastewater Ranked by Energy Consumption (2007)...17 Table 2.5a Summary of Vehicle Fleet Sector Emissions...17 Table 2.5b Summary of Vehicle Fleet Sector Emissions (2002)...18 Table 2.5c Vehicle Fleet Ranked by Energy Consumption (2007)...18 Table 2.7.1a Energy Consumption by Sector (2002-2007)...19 Table 2.7.2a Energy Costs by Sector (2002-2007)...19 Table 2.7.3a Emissions by Sector (2002-2007)...20 Table 2.7.4 Inventory Summaries (2002-2007)...20 Table 3.1a Community Energy and Emissions by Sector (2002 and 2007)...22 Table 3.2a Summary of Community Buildings (2002)...26 Table 3.2b Summary of Community Buildings (2007)...26 Table 3.3a Summary of Community Transportation (2002)...27 Table 3.3b Summary of Community Transportation (2007)...27 Table 3.3c Summary of Vehicle Registration Data (2002-2007)...28 Table 3.4 Summary of Solid Waste Data...29 Table 3.5 Comparison of GHG Emissions by Sector (2002-2007)...29 Table 4.1 Predicted Growth in Corporate Inventory (2012)...31 Table 4.1.1a Forecast of Corporate Energy Consumption by Sector (2002-2017)...32 Table 4.1.1c Forecast of Corporate Emissions (CO 2 e tonnes) by Sector (2002-2017)...33 Table 4.1.2 Summary of Corporate Forecasts...33 Table 4.2a Projection of Community Building Types (2007-2017)...36 Table 4.2b Expected Growth for Residential Building Types (2017)...36 Table 4.2c Forecast of Community Energy and GHG Emissions for Residential Buildings (2017)...36 Table 4.2d Energy and GHG Emissions Forecast for Community Buildings (2017)...37 Table 4.2e Forecast of GHG Emission Increments for Buildings (2017)...37 viii

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM Table 4.2f Forecast of Number of Units and Fuel Consumption for On-the-road Transportation (2017)...39 Table 4.2g Forecast of GHG Emissions for On-the-road Transportation (2017)... 40 Table 4.2i Forecast of Community Emissions (CO 2 e tonnes) by Sector and Energy Type (2002-2012)ii...41 Table 4.2j Summary of Community Forecasts...41 Table 5.2a Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for the Buildings Sector (2010-2012)...43 Table 5.3a Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for the Lighting Sector (2010-2017)...51 Table 5.4a Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for the Water and Wastewater Sector (2010-2017)...51 Table 5.4b Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for Liquid Waste Pump Stations (2010-2017)...52 Table 5.5a Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for the Vehicle Fleet Sector (2010-2017)...53 Table 5.5b Summary of Proposed Reduction Initiatives for Vehicle Fleet Subsectors (2010-2017)...54 Table 5.6 Summary of Estimated Impact of Reduction Initiatives on Corporate Sectors...55 Table 6a Summary of Potential GHG Reductions...58 Table 6b Summary of GHG Reduction Initiatives...59 Table 6.1a Overall Reduction Target for Community Buildings...61 Table 6.4a Overall Reduction Target for On-the-road Transportation (Inclusive of Tailpipe Standard)...73 FIGURES Figure 1.10 The City of Port Coquitlam... 6 Figure 2.1.1 Energy Consumption by Sector...10 Figure 2.1.2 Energy Costs by Sector...11 Figure 2.1.3 Energy Emissions by Sector...11 Figure 2.1.4a Consumption by Energy Type...12 Figure 2.1.4b Costs by Energy Type...13 Figure 2.1.5 Sources of Emissions by Energy Type...14 Figure 3.1a Community GHG Emissions by Sector (2002 and 2007)...21 Figure 3.1b Community Energy Consumption by Sector (2002 and 2007)...22 Figure 3.1c Community Energy Consumption by Sector (2002 and 2007)...24 Figure 3.2a Percent Energy in Community Buildings (2002 and 2007)...24 Figure 3.2b Percent GHG Emissions in Community Buildings (2002-2007)...25 Figure 4.2a Population Growth (1991 2021)...34 Figure 6a Share of Responsibilities for GHG Reductions...58 Figure 6.2.1 Location of Coast Meridian Overpass Project...74 ix

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CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Climate change is a global problem that requires local solutions. Canadian cities have adopted a coordinated response to mitigating and managing greenhouse gases (GHGs) by integrating energy and carbon management into the municipal planning process. By developing this Corporate & Community Climate Action Plan the City of Port Coquitlam demonstrates continued good governance on issues of urban sustainability. By endorsing this plan, the city has made a commitment to integrate energy and emissions management into its day-to-day operations and community planning processes. The City s plan has been developed as part of the commitment it made to the Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) program in 2002. The portion of the plan relative to the City s corporate operations provides a detailed analysis of the processes for incorporating energy and carbon management into the municipal planning structure. This includes producing an energy and GHG emissions inventory, forecasting future energy consumption, GHG emissions and related costs, identifying potential reduction initiatives with city staff, and analyzing reduction initiatives and related costs by department. The portion of the plan relative to the City s community provides a community energy and GHG emissions inventory, forecasting future energy consumption and GHG emissions, and, identifying potential reduction initiatives as well as who is responsible for each initiative. The City has taken early action on GHG emission reductions through partnerships with BC Hydro, the City s alternative fuel vehicles program, sustainable development plans, and its sustainability checklist. In 2002, it reinforced its commitment to climate change action by making a voluntary commitment to participate in the PCP Program. Port Coquitlam s involvement in the PCP program and the results of this study will enable the city to more accurately measure and manage energy conservation and greenhouse gas reduction initiatives. Council s commitment to this program demonstrates its leadership among local government in British Columbia to improve the quality of life of its residents. This report contains energy and GHG emissions information for the city s corporate operations and the community at large. Upon adoption by Council and approval by the PCP Secretariat, the city will be recognized has having completed Milestone One, Two, and Three of the corporate and community streams of the PCP. Although the corporate sections of this plan fulfil the voluntary requirements of the Climate Action Charter, it should be noted that the scope of this project is not aligned with the requirements for Bill 27. Regardless, the community portion of the plan will assist the city to fulfil its mandatory obligations under Bill 27. Corporate Plan Summary Energy use, energy costs and GHG emissions were calculated for the base year (2007) and estimated for the forecast year (2017) to determine the city s total potential GHG emissions reduction. Inventory information was also developed for 2002 and provided valuable insights into changes in energy consumption between 2002 and 2007 and the city s progress with completed reduction initiatives. Inventory Summary In the 2007 base year, the city produced 2,777 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) and consumed 69,305 gigajoules (GJ) at a total cost of $1,030,215 (see table below). Parameter 2007 Energy Consumption 69,312 GJ Energy Costs $1,030,215 Emissions 2,777 tonnes CO2e From 2002 to 2007, increases in energy consumption (six percent), costs for energy (31 percent), and resulting emissions (five percent), describes an upward trend that further emphasizes a need for implementation of reduction initiatives in the immediate future. A forecast for energy consumption, costs for energy, and greenhouse gas emissions was also developed which further illustrates the need for energy and emissions management. By the forecast year of 2017 energy consumption is expected to rise by three percent, energy costs by 158 percent, GHG xi

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 emissions by one percent. Costs for energy are best estimates due to the highly speculative nature of gasoline and diesel fuel but indicate that increasing energy costs alone will provide a major incentive for the city to curb its energy consumption. Table E1 Summary of Corporate Forecasts Forecasted Parameter Corporate Comparison Year Corporate Base Year Percent Increase Corporate Forecast Year Corporate Percent Increase 2002 2007 2002-2007 2017 2007-2017 Energy Consumption 65,537 GJ 69,312 GJ 6% 71,298 GJ 3% Energy Costs $786,528 $1,030,215 31% $2,658,930 158% Emissions 2,637 tonnes CO 2 e 2,777 tonnes CO2e 5% 2,805 tonnes CO 2 e 5% Reduction Target Summary The reduction target for the City of Port Coquitlam is based on a ten-year project period in accordance with the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) Partners for Climate Protection Program. The base year is 2007 and the forecast year is 2017. The ten-year reduction targets for the city are presented in the table that follows (below). Section 5 summarizes the reduction amounts for city buildings and engineering assets along with summaries of reduction Initiatives for each sector. Table E2 Summary of Estimated Impact of Reduction Initiatives on Corporate Sectors Sector Base Year Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) Reduction of GHG Emissions Complete GHG Projection (tonnes CO 2 e) Potential Reduction of GHG Emissions after Projected Growth 2007 2002-2007 2017 GHG Emissions After Measures Percent Reduction of Projected Emissions Building 1,302 0 1,337 425 912-30% Lighting 1 40 5 49 15 34-15% Water and 2 Wastewater 37 0 40 4 36-3% Fleet 3 981 0 1,043 159 884-10% Solid Waste 417 0 375 20 355-15% TOTAL 2,777 5 2,844 623 2,221-20% 1 LEDs for ornamental and overhead lighting are currently too expensive to be cost effective, although this may change in the near future and should be monitored by staff. 2 An estimate is provided in the water and wastewater sector, since the volume of potable water and wastewater was not available, and must be used as an indicator for specific measures. 3 The reductions for the vehicle fleet are aggressive and assume biodiesel will replace conventional diesel fuel by 2017. Corporate Reduction Target Statement: The City of Port Coquitlam can reduce corporate GHG emissions by 20 percent from its 2007 base year emissions quantity by implementing reduction measures that will reduce corporate emissions by 623 tonnes CO 2 e in the 2017 target year xii

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM Provincial Carbon Neutral Voluntary Commitment: Table E3 summarizes the emissions inventory that will be included in carbon neutral accounting if the city chooses to become carbon neutral by 2012 and endorses the purchase of carbon credits Table E4 Carbon Neutral Government Accounting Sector 2007 Base Year Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) Included / Excluded in Carbon Neutral Accounting Cost for Offsets with no Implementation ($25/tonne) Emissions after Reductions (2017) Cost for Offsets with implementation ($25/ tonne) Buildings 1,302 included $32,550 912 $22,800 Outdoor Lighting 40 included $1,000 34 $850 Water and Wastewater 37 included $925 36 $900 Vehicle Fleet 981 included $24,525 884 $22,100 Corporate Solid Waste 3 417 excluded Totals 2,777 $59,000 2,221 $55,525 3 Solid waste from all City facilities counts in FCM PCP reports, but not in Provincial carbon neutral accounting An expenditure of $59,000 for the purchase of carbon offsets at a price of $25/tonne would be required to meet the Provincial requirements for carbon neutrality. In 2017, if the reduction initiatives described in this report were successfully implemented, and the 2017 greenhouse gas emissions forecast remained intact, it would cost the city $55,525 to become carbon neutral. Community Plan Summary Energy use and GHG emissions were calculated for the base year (2007) and estimated for the forecast year (2017) to determine the community s potential GHG emissions reductions. Community inventory information was also developed for 2002 and provided valuable insights into the trends of community energy consumption and GHG emissions between 2002 and 2007. Energy consumption and estimates of the resulting greenhouse gas emissions are provided. Inventory Summary In the base year, greenhouse gas emissions from the community totalled 310,025 tonnes CO 2 e and the energy consumed totalled 6,198,574 GJ (see table below). Parameter 2007 Energy Consumption Emissions 6,198,574 GJ 310,025 tonnes CO2e From 2002 to 2007, increases in energy consumption (21 percent) and resulting emissions (23 percent), describes an trend of rapidly increasing energy consumption and emissions that requires the implementation of reduction initiatives in the immediate future. A forecast for energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions was also developed which further strengthens the importance of implementation. In the forecast year (2017) community energy consumption and GHG emissions are expected to rise by 10% each above 2007 levels. xiii

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 Table E3 Summary of Community Forecasts Forecasted Parameter Community Base Year Community Year Percent Increase Community Forecast Year Percent Increase 2002 2007 2002-2007 2017 2007-2017 Energy Consumption 5,133,217 GJ 6,198,574 GJ 21% 6,808,955 GJ 10% Emissions 252,708 tonnes CO 2 e 310,025 tonnes CO 2 e 23% 340,495 tonnes CO2e 10% Reduction Target Summary The reduction target for the city s community initiative is based on a ten-year period in accordance with the FCM Partners for Climate Protection Program. Accordingly, the base year is 2007 and the forecast year is 2017. The ten-year reduction targets for the city are presented in the table that follows (next page). Section 6 summarizes the reduction amounts for community buildings, on-the-road transportation, and community solid waste. Table E4 Summary of Estimated Impact of Reduction Initiatives on Community Sectors Buildings Sector 2007 Base Year Emissions (tonnes CO 2 e) 2017 GHG Projection (tonnes CO 2 e) Potential Reduction of GHG Emissions (2017) GHG Emissions After Measures (2017) Percent Reduction of Projected Emissions (2017) Residential 68,485 74,226 12,037 62,189-9% Commercial 39,320 40,335 4,974 35,361-10% Industrial 27,197 36,202 5,845 30,357 12% On-the-road Transportation 165,076 179,784 30,657 149,127-10% Solid Waste 9,948 9,948 0 9,948 0% TOTAL 312,033 342,512 53,513 286,982-8% Community Reduction Target Statement: It is recommended that the city adopts an emission reduction target of 53,513 tonnes CO 2 e, an amount that will reduce greenhouse gas emissions by eight percent below 2007 levels by 2017 xiv

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM 1. INTRODUCTION The City of Port Coquitlam has taken a leadership role in incorporating sustainable growth principles into its municipal planning process. Its endorsement of the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) initiative in November 2002 is an integral part of these smart growth initiatives. Together with municipalities across the country, the City of Port Coquitlam recognizes the importance of including action on climate change in its overall sustainability program. The Corporate & Community Climate Action Plan (the plan) provides the analytical framework and information required to develop and implement a climate change policy based on an in-depth analysis of the municipality s energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reduction options. In 2002, the City of Port Coquitlam made a commitment to address the issues of energy and emissions management by endorsing participation in the Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) initiative. In 2008 Port Coquitlam signed the Climate Action Charter, pledging to become carbon neutral by 2010 and to create compact and complete communities. In 2005, the city completed an inventory of energy and emissions for the base year 2002 and continued to develop this energy and emissions plan. In 2009 an inventory of 2007 emissions was conducted and has been used as a new base year in order to establish a realistic time frame for achieving project targets. Communities around the world are taking steps to address climate change. A community energy and emission reduction plan (CEEP) is a community based framework that identifies energy and GHG emission reduction initiatives. By identifying reduction initiatives and setting benchmarks and goals around identified reduction initiatives, the CEEP challenges the community to take a leadership role in implementing sustainability within the context of energy and GHG emissions. By creating a dialogue with the community from the initial planning stages, the CEEP will encourage stakeholders to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions. The reduction initiatives that result from the planning stages are practical to achieve in the near future and do not rely on future technologies or long term targets set by senior levels of government. 1.1 Plan Development Process Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. (HES) was hired to take staff through a planning process which culminated in the development of this document. Key staff from the city were interviewed and provided several critical components of plan development as follows: providing the detail required to complete the energy and emissions analysis and confirm the base year emissions quantity assisting with the forecast of energy consumption, costs for consumption, and emissions selecting the final reduction initiatives to be used to calculate the overall program goal (e.g., the reduction quantity) 1.2 Overall Program Goal: The Reduction Quantity The overall program goal of the city s energy and emissions plan is to identify the potential for emission reductions, or the reduction quantity. This has been carefully developed through the planning process by combining the reductions that are possible in each sector into an overall reduction quantity for the city s operations. Since emissions are the result of the combustion of fuel and use of electrical energy, the plan incorporates various types of measures, or reduction initiatives, that reduce energy and emissions through: 1

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 conservation through reduced use; technological change; switching to less carbon intensive fuel; and, offsetting conventional energy with renewable energy. 1.3 Climate Change Plan Structure This plan presents the results of the planning process in five sections. Section 1 provides the introduction, context, and methodology. Section 2 presents the results of the corporate energy and emissions inventory while section 3 presents the results for the community inventory. Section 4 presents forecasts for corporate energy consumption, costs for consumption, and emissions for the year 2017. Section 5 presents forecasts for community energy consumption and emissions for 2017. Sections 5 and 6 presents a summary of the reduction initiatives for corporate and community plans that city staff wish to implement as well as the results of calculations that estimate the potential reductions for each reduction initiative. Section 7 summarizes the main findings and recommendations of the plan. 1.4 Energy, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Climate Change Energy Energy is part of our every day lives and taking it for granted is as easy as turning on a light switch. Nearly every activity we engage in and nearly every product we use on a daily basis either consumes energy directly or required energy in its production. Energy is used in many ways to light and heat our homes, to power our vehicles, and to partake in countless daily activities that make humans in the modern era the most productive society ever. Residents and businesses within the City of Port Coquitlam use energy no differently than most other Canadian communities. They use electricity to light and heat homes and commercial and industrial establishments, natural gas to heat the majority of those same buildings, and gasoline and diesel fuel to power vehicles. The difference in energy use around the world is based mainly on climate and the most economically efficient energy type available. In British Columbia, hydroelectric power and natural gas prevail as the primary energy types for buildings and other infrastructure. Hydroelectric power has a low carbon footprint compared to electricity produced by burning fossil fuel and is relatively cheap in comparison to other forms of electric power, whereas natural gas is much more efficient than electricity when used for space heating. In British Columbia, natural gas is the choice for space heating as long as natural gas is available. Where it is not available, other fossil fuels such as fuel oil and propane are used for space heating. In terms of climate change issues, natural gas has a much higher carbon emissions factor per GJ of energy compared to electricity. Therefore, low carbon emissions from hydroelectric power in BC tends to balance out with the higher carbon emissions from the use of natural gas, fuel oil, and propane when used for space heating. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are produced when we use energy. Most energy is derived from the combustion of fossil fuels, and when we burn fossil fuels, greenhouse gases are emitted (e.g., carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane gas). Since fossil fuels represent energy in one form or another, as we use this energy we produce greenhouse gas emissions. Climate Change It s simple greenhouse gases trap heat within the earth s atmosphere which unbalances the earths weather patterns causing our climate to change on a global scale. Greenhouse gases make up part of the atmosphere and contribute to the greenhouse effect, which makes life on earth possible. Without greenhouse gases, the earth s mean temperature would be approximately 19 degrees Centigrade instead of approximately 15 degrees Centigrade. 1.5 Why Conserve Energy Since the consumption of fossil fuels results in the production of greenhouse gases, successful climate change mitigation depends upon our ability to reduce energy consumption. Not only should we reduce energy consumption to lessen the effects of greenhouse gases on our planet, we must conserve for future generations. 2

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM Although our reasons to conserve energy have been to reduce the cost of energy consumed, this report places the primary emphasis on the affect on climate change. As supplies diminish or as electricity becomes more expensive, consumers will be forced to conserve due to cost escalations alone. Although extremely difficult to predict, it is reasonable to assume that energy conservation could be driven by price for consumption alone. Energy conservation can be achieved by behavioral change of both consumers and producers, and through technological change. Simple behavioral changes include unplugging electronics and appliances when not in use, or setting the thermostat one or two degrees lower. In fact, lowering the temperature by one degree for just eight hours a day can conserve energy and reduce your heating costs by up to 2% (BC Hydro Power Smart). Investing in technological upgrades including renewable energy also has significant benefits for energy conservation and can save money. Smart long range planning can also achieve energy conservation. Smart development strategies allow communities to grow to manageable limits that minimize overall energy consumption and greenhouse gas production through the spatial arrangement of communities and energy efficient construction. The addition of renewable energy technologies and configuration of shared heating systems reduces the pressures even further by efficiently sharing heating loads while reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. Although there is no silver bullet to climate change mitigation, smart development strategies favour densification or compaction by implementing compact, safe and diverse design, promoting pedestrian, cycling and transit movement, and incorporating green building features, energy efficient construction and promoting alternative energy possibilities. All of these concepts need to come together if long-term reductions in greenhouse gas emissions are to be achieved. 1.6 International Climate Change Actions and Agreements Climate change is a top issue of concern to Canadians. In 2007, the United Nations released its most aggressive call to action on climate change with it s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report - Climate Change 2007. The report, written by over 2,500 top scientists, concludes that there is unequivocal evidence that climate change is real and happening faster than expected. The report calls on the global community to increase their efforts in the areas of climate change adaptation, mitigation and technology. The global trend toward stricter greenhouse gas emission reduction targets is placing pressure on all levels of government to take measurable steps toward offsetting the negative effects of climate change. Since the signing of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, countries have worked toward meeting the GHG emission reduction targets set at the first Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Kyoto Protocol signed in 2002, sets out the suggested targets and options to be achieved on a national level. Canada s target is to reduce its GHG emissions to six percent below 1990 levels in the period 2008 to 2012. Since 2007 there has been a global trend toward more aggressive greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. A key event was an international gathering of government representatives in Bali, Indonesia in 2007. The goal at this gathering was to determine the global climate change regime after 2012. Delegates called for stricter GHG reduction targets but also called for stricter enforcement measures. The tougher stance on emission reductions echoes recommendations from the G8 summit in Germany held in June 2007. Leaders of the G8 nations introduced more aggressive targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions, agreeing to halve current levels by 2050. At the 2008 summit in Tokyo, G8 leaders acknowledged emerging climate change frameworks must not only guide government bodies but must soon include all major emitters as well. These tougher international positions on GHG reduction targets and enforcement measures will inevitably affect the amount of detail included in climate change plans produced at the national, provincial and regional levels of government. 1.7 Federal Government Action The Canadian government has committed to taking real action in its most recent climate change plan, setting GHG emission reductions at 20 percent by 2012 while imposing mandatory reduction targets on industry. In support of efforts to reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, the Canada Eco Trust for Clean Air and Climate Change was introduced in February 2007. The purpose of the Trust is to co-fund, with the provinces, technology development, energy efficiency, and related projects. 3

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 1.8 Provincial Government Action British Columbia will receive $199.2 million of the $1.5 billion in initial funding from the EcoTrust Fund to put towards its provincial GHG reduction initiatives. The government has legislated a goal of 33 percent reduction by 2020 and up to 80 percent reduction by 2050. These are some of the toughest emissions standards in North America. Notably, BC is the first Canadian province to adopt California s tough motor vehicle emissions reduction target of 30 percent reduction by 2016. Climate Action Charter The province is taking a national leadership role on climate change with the May 2008 introduction of the Climate Action Charter a provincial initiative signed by the Province, the Union of BC Municipalities (UBCM), and local governments (inset). Upon signing, a voluntary commitment is made to measure and report community s greenhouse gas emissions and work to create compact, more energy efficient communities. In addition, a voluntary commitment is made to become carbon neutral in corporate operations by 2012 through conventional reductions (e.g., retrofits) supplemented by purchasing carbon offsets. The City of Port Coquitlam is one of 155 BC municipalities to date to have signed the Charter and, as a result, has pledged to monitor community emissions while working towards carbon neutrality in their own operations. The Climate Action Charter recognizes the need to take action on climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It also recognizes the important role the Provincial Government and Local Governments can play in affecting change. Green Communities Amendment Act Bill 27 The Green Communities Amendment Act (Bill 27) came into force on May 29, 2008. It requires official community plans by May 31, 2010 and regional growth strategies by May 31, 2011 to have targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in the area covered by the plan, and policies and actions of the local government proposed to achieve those targets. These policies and action include objectives to promote energy conservation, water conservation, and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Bill 27 also provided expanded development permit authority to promote energy and water conservation and the reduction of greenhouse gases, which can be applied to new development sites and the external components. Local governments may also create parking cash-in-lieu programs and use those funds to support alternate transportation. Parking standards may now also be determined by transportation need at the time of development approval. Development cost charges can be waived for small dwelling units and small lot green subdivisions. 1.9 Partners for Climate Protection Milestones The Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) grew out of the efforts made by the Federation of Canadian Municipalities and the ICLEI - Local Governments for Sustainability. The PCP is an umbrella initiative that fosters municipal participation in greenhouse gas emission reduction initiatives and sustainability. Its goal is to assist municipalities with their greenhouse gas management initiatives by providing tools and logistical support. The PCP initiative not only focuses on reducing existing greenhouse gas emissions, but also encourages municipalities to influence future greenhouse gas emissions through a variety of sustainable mechanisms such as land use and transportation planning, building codes, and permitting. By participating in the PCP initiative, municipalities receive up-to-date information on global climate change and important information regarding strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including innovative financing strategies and sample action plans. Currently it includes 176 Canadian municipal and regional governments with BC the most active member of the network with 58 municipalities committed to reducing GHG emissions. This report is a direct result of the efforts by the City to fulfill requirements as part of the PCP initiative, which consists of five milestones. These milestones are summarized as follows: Milestone One Creating a greenhouse gas emissions inventory and forecast The CEEP analyzes energy use and emissions by sector (e.g., areas for GHG emissions reductions are identified by economic sector industrial, commercial, residential, transportation and waste), and determines feasible strategies and the resulting reductions targets from each strategy. Before GHG reduction action strategies can be developed, it is necessary to determine 4

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM the current energy use and emissions of the community the inventory against which future GHG reduction progress can be measured. Milestone Two Setting an emissions reduction target To set performance targets, a base year is first established against which all future emission reductions are measured. A percent reduction target is established over a given time frame. By developing an incremental time line, the plan s progress can be measured and monitored over time based on set benchmarks. Although a major factor influencing the setting of emissions reduction targets are voluntary and mandated emissions reduction targets established at the federal, provincial and local government levels, local government must develop targets around what they believe they can achieve on their own. Therefore, a visionary target or top down target is not presented. The targets presented within this plan result from a summary of a series of estimated reductions that could be achieved in the sectors covered by the plan. Milestone Three Developing an action plan By developing a list of existing actions and identifying what reductions will be borne by regional policy and senior government, if any, this plan will become the basis for public consultation the later resulting in a document that has been developed by shared participation throughout the community. In developing the community reduction strategies, key positions and departments responsible for implementation of the proposed strategies will be identified. These activities may be distributed across a number of functions and departments, and community and corporate planning activities. Actionable emission reduction activities are then identified. Many factors must be taken into consideration when developing viable strategies, including technology lifecycles, planned and retired assets, and government mandates, such as renewable energy standards and stricter emissions reductions. The new BC motor vehicle emissions standards are an example. See inset. Milestone Four Implementing the action plan and related activities Important considerations in implementation of the CEEP are project timelines, costs, return on investment and funding sources for the targeted initiatives. Responsibility for each activity must be allocated to staff, consultants and/or other stakeholders. Milestone Five Monitoring progress and reporting results Ongoing monitoring and performance measurement are critical to the plan s long-term success. Although the ultimate reward for success is the knowledge that local government have done their best to address climate change, a number of minor awards are available to local governments who have successfully implemented sustainability initiatives along the way. Milestone One: Complete GHG and energy use inventories and forecasts for both municipal operations and the community as a whole. Milestone Two: Set Reduction Targets. Suggested PCP targets are a 20 per cent reduction in GHG emissions from municipal operations, and a minimum six per cent reduction for the community, both within 10 years of making the commitment. Milestone Three: Develop a Local Action Plan. Develop a plan that sets out how emissions and energy use in municipal operations and the community will be reduced. Milestone Four: Implement the Plan. Create a strong collaboration between the municipal government and community partners to carry through on commitments, and maximize benefits from greenhouse gas reductions. Milestone Five: Measure Progress. Maintain support by monitoring, verifying, and reporting greenhouse gas reductions. 1.10 Regional and Local Context Located North of the Fraser River, the City of Port Coquitlam spans an area of 29 square kilometres (figure 1.10) and is home to approximately 55,000 residents. In 2001 and 2002, Port Coquitlam was one of the fastest growing communities in British Columbia and in 2004 experienced a boom of new construction. 5

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 Coquitlam Coquitlam Coquitlam Port Coquitlam Port Coquitlam Coquitlam 2 Coquitlam 1 Pitt Meadows Port Coquitlam Surrey Greater Vancouver A Figure 1.10 The City of Port Coquitlam 1.11 Energy and Emissions Inventory and Forecast By joining the PCP initiative, municipalities make a voluntary commitment to complete 5 milestones (see previous page). Methods for Milestone One are described herein and a brief description for Milestone Two is provided. Reporting protocols are referenced and reduction initiatives are briefly discussed. In order to implement an effective strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions it is necessary to develop an inventory of the emissions. The emissions analysis is partitioned into a corporate emissions analysis and a community wide emissions analysis. Each analysis is further separated into sectors and sources. A review of emissions by sector allows an analysis of the activity or operation responsible for various emissions. Corporate emissions by sector include those resulting from municipal buildings, fleet vehicles and other motorized equipment, traffic signals and street lighting, potable water, storm and sanitary sewers, and solid waste generated at municipal facilities. Community emissions by sector include those resulting from residential, commercial and industrial buildings and their operations, transportation within the community and solid waste generated within the community. Table 1.11 summarizes corporate and community sectors and typical fuel sources or direct emissions from each sector. A review of emissions by source allows an analysis of the origin of various emissions. The origin of the emission is attributed to the type of energy consumed and/or fuel burned while carrying out the activity or operation. Major sources of greenhouse gas emissions include electricity, natural gas, diesel fuel, and gasoline. 6

CITY OF PORT COQUITLAM Greenhouse gases are emitted as these fuels are burned. Methane from the decomposition of waste in landfills is also a major source of greenhouse gas emissions, but is a indirect emission, as apposed to the emissions from burning fossil fuels. Table 1.11 Emissions Sources by Sector Corporate Inventory (Municipal) Community Inventory Sectors Emission Source Sectors Emission Source Buildings Electricity, Natural Gas, Fuel oil (wood is excluded) Residential Buildings Electricity, Natural Gas, Fuel oil (wood is excluded) Fleet Vehicles Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Natural Gas, Propane Commercial Buildings Electricity, Natural Gas, Fuel oil (wood is excluded) Streetlights Electricity Industrial Buildings Electricity, Natural Gas, Fuel oil (wood is excluded) Water/Waste Water Electricity Transportation Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Natural Gas, Propane Solid Waste Methane Emission Solid Waste Methane Emission Other Direct sources from specific operations Other Direct sources from specific operations Corporate Emissions Inventory To gather corporate emissions data, an interdepartmental work team was established and consisted of city staff members with access to data for the base year of 2007 inventory year. For the corporate inventory, BC Hydro and Terasen Inc. provided consumption values and costs for electricity and natural gas for the inventory years of 2002 and 2007. Steve Brown, City of Port Coquitlam, assisted to identify electricity and natural gas accounts and provided gasoline and diesel fuel consumption data. Solid waste from municipal operations was derived from the volume of bins at municipal facilities and the frequency of pick-up of the bins. Energy and emissions are calculated at the account level (e.g., an asset that consumes energy, such as a building or pumping facility, represents an account in the software). All energy use and direct emissions data were entered into Hyla Environmental Services Ltd. s Energy and Emissions Monitoring and Reporting System (EEMRS ) and the resulting emissions baseline calculated was established for 2007. A detailed summary of the corporate energy and emissions inventory is presented in Appendix A. Community Emissions Inventory The community inventory consists of gross energy values for electricity and natural gas consumed by customers in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors within the boundary of the city. BC Hydro and Terasen Inc. provided electricity and natural gas consumption data respectively. Transportation sector emissions were approximated by estimating the fuel used by vehicles registered to City of Port Coquitlam residents. The alternate option gross fuel sales within the municipal boundary is less accurate in reflecting emissions attributed to the city since there is no way of determining the residency of those purchasing fuel within the city boundary or where the fuel was actually consumed. The method employed to approximate transportation emissions by EEMRS uses vehicle registration data and average annual vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) for specific vehicle classes. The origin of the vehicle registration data is the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia while VKT for vehicle classes is provided by Environment Canada for 2002 and the Province of BC for 2007 1. Individual vehicles are matched with their corresponding fuel efficiencies 2 and a fuel consumption estimate is calculated. 1 Environment Canada; Province of BC 2 http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca 7

CLIMATE ACTION PLAN 2010 The calculations of CO 2 e within EEMRS conforms with the methods described in the International Panel on Climate Change Greenhouse Gas Inventory Reference Manual (IPCC 2006), the principles provided in the International Standards Organization (ISO) Draft International Standard for Greenhouse Gases (ISO 2005), and the general guidance within the FCM s guidance document for the preparation of PCP inventories (FCM 2006). Emissions coefficients are found in the IPCC document and emissions factors for electricity are provided by BC Hydro 3. A detailed summary of the community energy and emissions inventory is presented in Appendix B. Emissions Baseline The base year emissions number is the total greenhouse gas emissions from corporate operations and the community in the base year. This number can be either actual data or data that has been backcast from a year where actual data exists. The base year has been established as the year, 2007 or the year that corresponds to the base year of the Province of British Columbia. Although the City of Port Coquitlam joined the PCP in 2002, a base year of 2002 is not practical because the city would only have two years to achieve their reduction target. The emissions baseline for the city s corporate operations is derived from actual data, which is presented in Section 3. Building emissions for the 2007 community base year is derived from actual consumption data, whereas community transportation emissions are derived from activity data and estimates of vehicle kilometres travelled. Emissions Projection An emissions projection is developed by forecasting emissions from a year in which real emissions data exists. This may be the base year or the year for which the base year was backcast. The projection must be derived from actual, not estimated, indicator data. The most common indicator data for developing the forecast is population growth estimates provided by a senior government agency. This forecast is also know as the business as usual projection. Where possible, HES forecast emissions on a trend line using actual consumption data for the city for 2002 and 2007. The forecast is a business as usual projection to 2017. Reporting Protocols and Guidelines The Federation of Canadian Municipalities provides a protocol document, which guides the development of inventories for the Partners for Climate Protection Program (FCM 2006). By developing common conventions and a standardized approach, protocols make it easier for PCP members to fulfill their commitments to the PCP. As well, the FCM s guidance document for the preparation of PCP inventories (FCM 2006) expands on other protocols and provides more specific context for the preparation of community inventories. Emissions Reduction Initiatives and Reduction Targets Corporate reduction targets are calculated once staff selected reduction initiatives that could be achieved by the city. Community reduction targets are calculated once staff selected the reduction initiatives that they wish to propose for public consultation. The calculation of reductions is conducted on the energy types that are affected by the measure. For example, retrofits to residential buildings are calculated based on the potential reduction of the retrofit on the energy type that the retrofit affects. The total reductions that could be achieved by the city are the sum of the individual estimates of each reduction initiative, including growth, or the forecast, for each sector. The Measures Module of EEMRS contains over 300 initiatives for local government operations and 90 initiatives for the community. Of the reduction initiatives presented to city staff, 53 initiatives were selected for inclusion in the final compilation of reduction initiatives for the corporate plan. Of the 37 reduction initiatives not selected, 32 were, not possible in the city, while the remainder were not selected since they represented well established programs that began prior to the project period. The reduction initiatives selected are presented in section 5. The overall reduction quantity is equal to the difference between the sum of the base year inventory plus the reductions, and the emissions forecast. The overall reduction quantity is expressed as a mass or as a simple percentage of the base year quantity. To achieve a reduction in emissions when the emissions inventory is forecast to 2017, the total reductions achieved during the project period must be greater than the growth in emissions. When expressed as a percentage, the literal translation is, the emissions inventory in 2017 will be X percent lower than the 2007 base year quantity. 8 3 http://www.bchydro.com/rx_files/environment