APA FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)

APA FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions) This is a supplement to the official Wintec APA Referencing Guide which helps explain some of the questions you may have with referencing in the American Psychological Association (APA) style. For further information, please refer to the 6th edition of the APA manual: American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. OR see a staff member in the Library, Student Learning Services or Te Kete Kōnae. Contents Author... 3 How can I find the author of a source?... 3 How do I reference a resource that lists no author?... 3 Can I put acronyms for corporate authors in in-text citations?... 4 How do I reference an article/report from an overseas government website?... 4 How do I reference multiple works by the same author?... 4 Where do I find the author's name for a chapter in an edited book?... 5 Books... 5 How do I cite a book that has been reprinted?... 5 How do I cite an introduction, preface, foreword or afterward in a book?... 6 Databases... 6 If I search one database and it directs me to another database for the full text, which database name do I put in my reference list?... 6 Ebooks... 7 How do I reference an ebook retrieved through the Library Catalogue?... 7 How do I reference an ebook retrieved from Google Books?... 9 Formatting... 10 How do I format the reference list?... 10 In-text citations... 11 How do I cite a summary or paraphrased passage from 2 or more texts in the same parentheses?... 11 How can I give multiple citations from the same source in one paragraph?... 11 How do I cite someone who is quoted in another person's work (a secondary citation)?... 12 Page 1 of 19

How do I cite a long quote (over 40 words)?... 12 Journals... 13 How do I reference a journal with no volume or issue numbers, but instead a month or season?... 13 How do I reference an article from a journal supplement?... 13 How do I reference a magazine, newspaper or journal article which has discontinuous pages?... 13 Legislation... 14 How do I reference New Zealand legislation Acts of Parliament/Statues?... 14 How do I reference New Zealand legislation Cases?... 15 How do I reference the Code of Rights?... 15 Professional codes... 17 How do I reference different nursing Codes of Practice, ethical codes, etc.?... 17 Publication details... 17 Do I use the abbreviated name of a country for the country of publication?... 17 Do I put the Australian states in for place of publication?... 17 Do I have to write out the full name of the publisher?... 17 Reference list... 17 What's the difference between a bibliography and reference list?... 17 Websites... 18 How do I reference multiple pages from one website?... 18 How do I refer to a whole website?... 19 How do I reference a PDF or data set that I ve downloaded from a website?... 19 Page 2 of 19

Author How can I find the author of a source? How do I reference a resource that lists no author? Type of source Reference list entry In-text citation Example Article Chapter Webpage Title in author position; not in italics; first letter is capital Use around first few words of title; first letter of each main word in capitals on free care ( Study Finds, 2007). Book Brochure Journal Report Title in author position; use italics; first letter is capital Use italics for first few words of title; first letter of each main word in capitals the book College Bound Seniors (2008) states that See APA Manual, p. 176, section 6.15 or http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx NOTE: If you can't find the author of a source, consider whether you should use a different source, as a source without an author may not be considered authoritative enough. Page 3 of 19

Can I put acronyms for corporate authors in in-text citations? Yes, you can after the first citation. For example: First citation Subsequent citations In body of text The Ministry of Health (MOH, 2013) MOH (2013) In parentheses (Ministry of Health [MOH], 2013) (MOH, 2013) See APA Manual, p. 177 It s not necessary to put the abbreviation after the corporate author s name in the reference list; simply list it in full. Ministry of Health. (2013, May 27). New Zealand suicide prevention action plan 2013 2016. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-suicide-preventionaction-plan-2013-2016 How do I reference an article/report from an overseas government website? If you use information from the NZ Ministry of Health website, you do not need to include New Zealand as it is presumed to have come from NZ. However, you may wish to use a site from a country overseas, and need to indicate which country this is. For example: Ministry of Health. (2013). New Zealand suicide prevention action plan 2013 2016. Retrieved from http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-suicide-preventionaction-plan-2013-2016 United States. Public Health Service. Office of the Surgeon General. (2014). The health consequences of smoking- 50 years of progress: A report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/index.html How do I reference multiple works by the same author? Refer to this table to see the rules that apply: Single author with multiple works from different years are listed by year of publication, beginning with the earliest year. Single authors who are also co-authors are listed before the co-authored work (even if the co-authored work was published earlier). Single author with works published in the same year are arranged alphabetically by title and then a lowercase letter (a, b, c,) is added after the publication year. Smith, B. (2007). Smith, B. (2008). Smith, B. (2009). Brown, A. (2010). Brown, A., & Smith, B. (2008). Smith, B. (2011a). Birth control Smith, B. (2011b). Pre-conception checklist The information in this table is adapted from the APA Manual, p. 182 The order of the letters is determined by the alphabetised titles in the reference list. It is NOT determined by which one you refer to first in-text. Thus, even if you mentioned his article on Preconception checklist first in your assignment, you would still refer to (Smith, 2011b, p. 33). Page 4 of 19

Where do I find the author's name for a chapter in an edited book? These are often listed at the beginning of each chapter, such as in Jarvis' Physical examination & health assessment, and Kozier and Erb's fundamentals of nursing. However, they may not appear in the chapters themselves, but be listed in the contents of the book, e.g. in Understanding pathophysiology, the authors listed on the title page are not in fact responsible for all the chapters in the book. In the contents pages, under each chapter title, the authors responsible for writing that chapter are listed. For example: 20. The structure and function of the musculoskeletal system, 475 Derek Nash Another way authors may be listed is in the list of contributors. In Pillitteri's child and family health nursing in Australia and New Zealand, no authors are listed at the beginning of the chapters, or in the contents list, but there is a list of contributors, and under each it lists the chapter(s) they have written. Books How do I cite a book that has been reprinted? In cases where a book has one copyright date and has been reprinted since, refer to the original copyright date as the material has not changed. Claudia Orange s The story of a treaty was originally published in 1989, and has been reprinted numerous times since (1992, 1993, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2005). The material has not changed, so you would use the original copyright date as below: Orange, C. (1989). The story of a treaty. Wellington, New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books. Note: If the book says it has been revised or updated, it is a new edition and you must use the date it was revised or updated. You should also include the information in the edition statement; for example (Rev. ed.). Page 5 of 19

How do I cite an introduction, preface, foreword or afterward in a book? These are portions of a book that are separate to the main chapters, and are often written by someone different from the main author(s) of the book, as in the examples below. In-text Citation The Te Whariki programme for early childhood education provides a strong foundation to foster inclusive practices (Smith, 2012, p. vi), which benefits. In-text Citation In the past, many attempts have been made to integrate television series and books (Baldock, 1999, p. 12) with varying levels of success Preface, etc. from an edited book Reference List Smith, A. (2012). Foreword. In D. Gordon-Burns, A. Gunn, K. Purdue, & N. Surtees (Eds.), Te aoturoa tataki: Inclusive early childhood education: Perspectives on inclusion, social justice and equity from Aotearoa New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: NZCER Press. Preface, etc. from a book with author(s) Reference List Baldock, H. (1999). Introduction. In P. Smith, & L. Callan, Our people, our century. Auckland, New Zealand: Hodder Moa Beckett. If the introduction/preface/foreword is written by the same person who wrote the rest of the book, reference it exactly as you would any other part of the book, e.g. In-text Citation These are the fundamental skills that bring about musical excellence (Klickstein, 2009, p. v). Preface, etc. from a book with author(s) Reference List Klickstein, G. (2009). The musician s way: A guide to practice, performance, and wellness. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Databases If I search one database and it directs me to another database for the full text, which database name do I put in my reference list? You cite the database that the full text is retrieved from, not the one originally searched. For example, if you were searching EBSCOhost, and were directed through to ABI Inform for the fulltext, you would say Retrieved from ABI INform. Page 6 of 19

Ebooks How do I reference an ebook retrieved through the Library Catalogue? The ebooks on the Library Catalogue come from different sources. The majority come from ebrary, a large ebook library, but some come from another library called EBL, and a few are linked through to a book or document on the Internet. If any of the books you access through the catalogue have a DOI, use this when referencing. Otherwise reference as follows: Books linked to the Internet: Because these can be accessed by anybody, they are treated like any other web document, for example the Wintec Annual Reports entry on the catalogue looks as follows: On clicking on the link, you are taken through to the Internet: The reference would look like this: Waikato Institute of Technology. (2014). Annual report. Retrieved from http://www.wintec.ac.nz/about/who/pages/index.aspx Page 7 of 19

This example from EBL looks like this on the catalogue: Clicking on the link takes you through to the following page: In the top left hand corner is the EBL logo, indicating that this is the collection this ebook comes from. Because this is only accessible by Wintec staff and students by logging in, and is not available to the general public, a URL is not given and the reference would be done as follows: Gulanick, M., & Myers, J. L. (2014). Nursing care plans: Diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes (8 th ed.). Retrieved from EBL database. Similarly, the example below is accessed from ebrary via the Library catalogue: When you click on the link, it takes you through to the ebrary ebook collection, indicated by the logo in the top left hand corner of the page: Page 8 of 19

This reference would be done as follows: Marion, D. (2004). Unregulated midwifery: Experiences of women in Nova Scotia. In I. L. Bourgeault, C. Benoit & R. Davis-Floyd (Eds.), Reconceiving midwifery (pp. 225-243). Retrieved from ebrary database. How do I reference an ebook retrieved from Google Books? These ebooks are freely available on the Internet, so anyone can access them. They would be referenced as the example below: Schneider, Z., & Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=siizbjoimmuc&source=gbs_similarbooks Page 9 of 19

Formatting How do I format the reference list? For APA referencing, the reference list at the end of your assignment needs to be single-spaced. Each reference needs to have a hanging indent with a single line spacing between each reference, as shown below: Hales, M. (2012). Community health nursing. In A. Berman, S. Snyder, B. Kozier, G. Erb, T. Levett- Jones, T. Dwyer, D. Stanley (Eds.), Kozier and Erb s fundamentals of nursing (1 st Australian ed., Vol. 2, pp. 123-132). Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson. Hubbard, J., Thomas, C., & Varnham, S. (2010). Principles of law for New Zealand business students (4 th ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson. Stulz, J. (2006). Integrating exposure therapy and analytic therapy in trauma treatment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 482-488. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.4.482 Steps to format your reference list 1. Enter your APA references and organize them alphabetically. 2. Highlight them with your mouse. 3. In Word, click the arrow in the bottom right hand corner of the Paragraph box. This opens up an options box. 4. Select Hanging from the drop-down box under Indentation Special. 5. Select Single from the drop-down box under Line spacing. Note: Check with your tutor what line spacing they would prefer. 6. Click OK. Page 10 of 19

In-text citations How do I cite a summary or paraphrased passage from 2 or more texts in the same parentheses? Where there is more than one source being referred to, list them alphabetically by the first author s surname. Separate the citations with semi-colons. For example: (Brown, 2006, p. 72; Jones & Allen, 2005, p. 12; Smith, 2004, p. 35). How can I give multiple citations from the same source in one paragraph? Putting an in-text citation after every sentence from one source is distracting. Instead, introduce the source early, then refer to the author by name or pronoun. If you use the author s name as part of the narrative, you only need to put the year in parentheses once, at the start. However, the year always needs to be included when the author s name is in parentheses. For example: Lazar (2006) describes several aspects of the data gathering process. He notes that the relevance and number of questions can affect participation rates. Lazar also found that (pp. 33-34). Another important factor in the willingness of participants to complete the survey was the time of day that they were approached (Lazar, 2006, p. 35). See APA Manual, p. 174, section 6.11 Please note that tutors would not want you to paraphrase a whole paragraph in this way. Probably 2 or 3 sentences would be acceptable. It is also not good practice to paraphrase several pages into one sentence; rather break the ideas up so that they are easier for the reader to follow. Page 11 of 19

How do I cite someone who is quoted in another person's work (a secondary citation)? This is called giving a citation from a secondary source. Often an author quotes someone else. For example, you are reading a book by Partridge and he uses a quote from a source by Crane. If you use the quote (or paraphrase it), your in-text citation will look like this: Self-control and success in life are strongly linked (Crane, as cited in Partridge, 2012, p. 34). Crane (as cited in Partridge, 2012) states that there is a definite link between self-control and how successful people are in their lives (p. 34). In the reference list, you would only include the details of the book by Partridge, as that was the source that you looked at. If you think the in-text citation is too long (for example, when you are writing an assignment with a low word count), then you can look for Crane s source and use that information in-text and in the reference list How do I cite a long quote (over 40 words)? Citing a long quote is similar to citing a short quote, except the formatting is slightly different. You need to: miss a line do not change the line spacing indent left and right do not use quotation marks, put a full-stop before the in-text citation leave a line at the end. Look at the example below: Mentoring is an important aspect in nursing leadership. The mentor has the responsibility to create opportunities for professional growth and involvement, whereas the protégé is responsible for responding to these opportunities. The mentor has the responsibility to create opportunities for the protégé to gain recognition for the work accomplished; the protégé is accountable for being responsible and reliable with the work accepted. (Jones, 2007, p. 26) So beginning nurses need to take advantage of the opportunities provided by their mentor. Page 12 of 19

Journals How do I reference a journal with no volume or issue numbers, but instead a month or season? If the journal has no volume or issue numbers, you can instead put the month or season into the parentheses with the year. For example: Fincher, L. H. (2013, Spring). Women s rights at risk. Dissent. Retrieved from http://www.dissentmagazine.org/ Gibson, J. (2010, June). Veggie gardening with scissors and a spatula. Healthy Options, 48-49. The month or season is not required in the in-text citation - only the year. For example: Gibson (2010) says that veggie gardening is popular in New Zealand because vegetables grow well in the mild climate (p. 48). How do I reference an article from a journal supplement? An article from a journal supplement is referenced in a similar way to a regular journal article. There are at least two different types of supplements. (1) A supplement to a particular issue of a journal. You put in the volume & issue number and add the word Suppl. to indicate it s a supplement to this issue. The page numbers in this issue have an S in front of them to show it is a supplement. Murphy, L., & Heimick, C. G. (2012). The impact of osteoarthritis in the United States: A populationhealth perspective. American Journal of Nursing, 112(3, Suppl.), S13-S19. Retrieved from EBSCOhost database. (2) A supplement to a volume of a journal (not associated with a specific issue). In this case you simply put in the volume number and then Suppl. followed by the number of the supplement. Rogers, J. W., Kinner, R. L., & Weis, V. (2013). The architecture of the gravitational lens. Astronomicity, 16(Suppl. 2), 170-192. How do I reference a magazine, newspaper or journal article which has discontinuous pages? If a magazine, newspaper or journal article is spread over a number of different pages, you give all page numbers and separate the numbers with a comma. For example: Lewis, G. (2014, July 30). Job losses not isolated. Hamilton Press, pp. 1, 17. Page 13 of 19

Legislation How do I reference New Zealand legislation Acts of Parliament/Statues? Acts are included in the reference list, in the correct alphabetical sequence. The full title of the Act is required, and this includes the date (there is no comma as it is part of the title). For example: References Craig, M. (2011). Employment in New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Law Resources. Employment Relations Act 2000. Retrieved from http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2000/0024/latest/dlm58317.html Fergusson, K. G. (2014). Working in New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Collins. In text use the name of the Act. If it has a long title, use the full title the first time you cite it, and a shortened form after that. For example: It is clear from the legislation that this should be carefully planned (Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992). If employers neglect to take this into account they could face legal action (Health and Safety Act 1992), with all the costs involved. If you are using a specific section of an Act, this needs to be indicated. For example: Employers have a duty to provide a safe working environment for all employees (Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, s. 6). If more than one section is used, the example reads: Employers have a duty to provide a safe working environment for all employees (Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, ss. 6-12). When using part of an Act that appears in a legal book about an Act, you need to reference the book. For example: Companies Act 1993. (2013). New Zealand companies and securities legislation for students (2013 ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: CCH New Zealand. Page 14 of 19

How do I reference New Zealand legislation Cases? Cases are another legal resource you may need to reference. These are listed alphabetically in the reference list, and always include the names of the two parties, the year in square brackets, and the NZ Law report number. A retrieval statement is necessary, either for a database or a URL. For example: Crown v Thompson [2013] NZLR 617. Retrieved from LexusNexis database. Milner v R [2014] NZCA 366. Retrieved August 1, 2014 from https://www.courtsofnz.govt.nz/from/decisions/judgments Note: Include a retrieval date when referencing directly from the Courts of New Zealand website, as the information on there is retained publicly for 28 days only. The in text citations just list the names of the parties in italics, and the year, e.g. From the case Crown v Thompson [2013], we can see that this is not always problematic. Earlier this year Helen Milner was convicted of murdering her husband (Milner v R [2014]). How do I reference the Code of Rights? All first year nursing students are required to reference the Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights Regulation (commonly known as the Code of Rights) for an assignment. Reference list: The references start with the name of Regulation; as it is Government legislation no author is given. Although it is hosted on the Health and Disability Commissioner s website, the HDC is not the author. Note that no part of the reference below is in italics. The date is part of the title, so it is not preceded by a comma. HDC Code of Health and Disability Services Consumers Rights Regulation 1996. Retrieved from http://www.hdc.org.nz/the-act--code/the-code-of-rights/the-code-(full) Page 15 of 19

In text: In the opening paragraph of the assignment students will need to state the full name of the Regulation, and put in brackets the shortened version they will use thereafter (HDC Code 1996). They can use the shortened version throughout the rest of their assignment. Using the name of the code as part of the sentence would look something like the example below: This assignment focuses on the HDC Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer s Rights 1996 (HDC Code 1996), which lays out ten basic rights that all patients are granted The Code defines this as meaning a holistic view of the needs of the consumer in order to achieve the best possible outcome in the circumstances (HDC Code 1996). If the Code is not referred to in text, the citation would look like the following example: This assignment focuses on the ten rights every patient is granted (HDC Code of Health and Disability Services Consumer s Rights 1996 [HDC Code 1996]) The Code defines this as meaning a holistic view of the needs of the consumer in order to achieve the best possible outcome in the circumstances (HDC Code 1996). Note: This code is a regulation that is treated like legislation. See Professional Codes below for an example of how to reference a code that is not legislation. Page 16 of 19

Professional codes How do I reference different nursing Codes of Practice, ethical codes, etc.? This is not legislation, but rather a professional standard or code of practice. It can be referenced as a website. For example: New Zealand Nurses Organisation. (2010). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.nzno.org.nz/portals/0/publications/code%20of%20ethics%202010.pdf OR if this source is in hard copy, i.e. a booklet (referenced the same way as a book): New Zealand Nurses Organisation. (2010). Code of ethics. Wellington, New Zealand: Author. Publication details Do I use the abbreviated name of a country for the country of publication? No, you should write out the name of the country in full, e.g. New Zealand. For the United Kingdom, it is better to write out the name of the specific country if you know it, e.g. London, England rather than London, United Kingdom. Do I put the Australian states in for place of publication? No, you don t. APA says for place of publication within the United States, it is city and state abbreviation, e.g. New York, NY or Los Angeles, CA. For everywhere else, it is city and country, e.g. Melbourne, Australia. Do I have to write out the full name of the publisher? No, you don t. Leave out words like Publishers, Co., and Inc. Keep Books and Press. Reference list What's the difference between a bibliography and reference list? A bibliography is a list of all sources used while researching for an assignment. A reference list is ONLY the sources that were included in the assignment, either as direct quotations or paraphrases. Tutors usually only require a reference list. Page 17 of 19

Websites How do I reference multiple pages from one website? When several pages from a website are being cited in an assignment, if each page has its own URL, then these will have separate reference list entries (with the year and a, b, c etc.). These reference list entries will be arranged in alphabetical order of the title. For example, if you are doing an assignment about the Fieldays at Mystery Creek, and you use information from 3 pages of the same website, your referencing information will look like this: Reference List Entry Fieldays. (n.d.-a). Business centre. Retrieved from www.fieldays.co.nz/businesscentre Fieldays. (n.d.-b). Media centre: Exhibition areas. Retrieved from www.fieldays.co.nz/exhibitionareas In-text Citation* Fieldays (n.d.-a) Fieldays (n.d.-b) Fieldays. (n.d.-c). Visitor centre: Event information. Retrieved from www.fieldays.co.nz/eventinformation Fieldays (n.d.-c) Note on in-text citation: If a year is given, use this and a letter without a hyphen, e.g. 2014a. However, if there is no date, use n.d. and a hyphen before the letter, as in the examples above. *Please note When citing from a web page, usually you would use section headings or paragraph numbers to direct the reader to the relevant part of the page. See below. If each page you use has a separate URL, you need to reference them separately. In text, list the author (often corporate), date and the section heading and/or paragraph, for example: 37 % of New Zealand s birds are at dangerously low levels (Department of Conservation, n.d., Our rarest birds, para. 2). The Reference list entry refers back to the webpage, not the paragraph, so would read: Department of Conservation. (n.d.). Our remarkable birds. Retrieved from http://www.doc.govt.nz/conservation/native-animals/birds/our-remarkable-birds/ If there is only one paragraph under each heading, just use the heading, for example: Their aim is to reduce hospital admissions caused by asthma and other respiratory conditions by 25%, by 2025 (Asthma Foundation, 2012, Our goal ). Page 18 of 19

How do I refer to a whole website? When citing an entire website, but not an individual webpage, just give the address of the site in the text only; no reference list entry is necessary. For example: New Zealand History Online has some good interactive pages that are a useful resource for teachers (http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/library/interactive). How do I reference a PDF or data set that I ve downloaded from a website? Some PDFs open directly in the browser, so you can read them online. These PDFs have direct URLs which you can put into your reference list. If you downloaded it from a web page, simply reference the URL of the page you downloaded it from. For example: Nursing Council of New Zealand. (2012). Code of conduct for nurses. Retrieved from http://www.nursingcouncil.org.nz/nurses/code-of-conduct Statistics New Zealand. (2013). 2013 Census population and dwelling tables regional council area, territorial authority area, and Auckland local board area [Data set]. Retrieved from http://statistics.govt.nz/census/2013-census/data-tables/population-dwellingtables.aspx Page 19 of 19