CONTENTS A Guide for Readers xxxix Understanding Medical Terms xli SECTION 1 FUNDAMENTALS 1 1 The Human Body 2 2 Genetics 8 3 Making the Most of Health Care 17 4 Prevention 28 5 Exercise and Fitness 38 6 Rehabilitation 45 7 Death and Dying 57 8 Legal and Ethical Issues 67 SECTION 2 DRUGS 75 9 Overview of Drugs 76 10 Administration and Kinetics of Drugs 80 11 Drug Dynamics 85 12 Factors Affecting Response to Drugs 88 13 Adverse Drug Reactions 93 14 Adherence to Drug Treatment 97 15 Trade-Name and Generic Drugs 99 16 Over-the-Counter Drugs 104 SECTION 3 DIGESTIVE DISORDERS 109 17 Biology of the Digestive System 110 18 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Digestive Disorders 114 19 Esophageal Disorders 132 20 Peptic Disorders 137 21 Gastroenteritis 145 22 Hiatus Hernia, Bezoars, and Foreign Bodies 156 23 Pancreatitis 159 24 Malabsorption 163 25 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 168 vii
viii Contents 26 Clostridium difficile Induced Colitis 176 27 Diverticular Disease 177 28 Irritable Bowel Syndrome 181 29 Anal and Rectal Disorders 182 30 Tumors of the Digestive System 188 31 Gastrointestinal Emergencies 201 SECTION 4 LIVER AND GALLBLADDER DISORDERS 209 32 Biology of the Liver and Gallbladder 210 33 Diagnostic Tests for Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Disorders 212 34 Manifestations of Liver Disease 214 35 Fatty Liver, Cirrhosis, and Related Disorders 221 36 Hepatitis 227 37 Blood Vessel Disorders of the Liver 232 38 Tumors of the Liver 238 39 Gallbladder and Bile Duct Disorders 242 SECTION 5 KIDNEY AND URINARY TRACT DISORDERS 249 40 Biology of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract 250 41 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders 253 42 Kidney Failure 260 43 Dialysis 265 44 Kidney Filtering Disorders 269 45 Blood Vessel Disorders of the Kidneys 278 46 Tubular and Cystic Kidney Disorders 283 47 Urinary Incontinence 290 48 Obstruction of the Urinary Tract 297 49 Urinary Tract Infections 302 50 Injury to the Urinary Tract 308 51 Cancers of the Kidney and Urinary Tract 311 SECTION 6 HEART AND BLOOD VESSEL DISORDERS 315 52 Biology of the Heart and Blood Vessels 316 53 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders 320 54 High Blood Pressure 333 55 Low Blood Pressure 343 56 Shock 350
Contents ix 57 Heart Failure 352 58 Cardiomyopathy 361 59 Abnormal Heart Rhythms 366 60 Heart Valve Disorders 378 61 Infective Endocarditis 386 62 Pericardial Disease 390 63 Heart Tumors 393 64 Atherosclerosis 396 65 Coronary Artery Disease 401 66 Peripheral Arterial Disease 418 67 Aneurysms and Aortic Dissection 427 68 Venous Disorders 433 69 Lymphatic Disorders 440 SECTION 7 LUNG AND AIRWAY DISORDERS 443 70 Biology of the Lungs and Airways 444 71 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Lung Disorders 448 72 Rehabilitation for Lung and Airway Disorders 459 73 Acute Bronchitis 461 74 Pneumonia 463 75 Abscess in the Lungs 472 76 Asthma 473 77 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 480 78 Sleep Apnea 485 79 Pulmonary Embolism 488 80 Bronchiectasis 491 81 Atelectasis 495 82 Environmental Lung Diseases 496 83 Interstitial Lung Diseases 505 84 Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases of the Lungs 514 85 Pleural Disorders 518 86 Pulmonary Hypertension 522 87 Respiratory Failure and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 524 88 Cancer of the Lungs 528 SECTION 8 BONE, JOINT, AND MUSCLE DISORDERS 533 89 Biology of the Musculoskeletal System 534 90 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Musculoskeletal Disorders 538
x Contents 91 Osteoporosis 544 92 Paget s Disease of Bone 547 93 Osteonecrosis 549 94 Bone and Joint Tumors 552 95 Bone and Joint Infections 556 96 Joint Disorders 559 97 Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue 572 98 Vasculitic Disorders 582 99 Gout and Pseudogout 594 100 Hand Disorders 598 101 Foot Problems 605 102 Muscular Dystrophies and Related Disorders 612 103 Muscle, Bursa, and Tendon Disorders 615 SECTION 9 BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND NERVE DISORDERS 621 104 Biology of the Nervous System 623 105 Diagnosis of Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders 629 106 Pain 637 107 Headaches 648 108 Dizziness and Vertigo 657 109 Sleep Disorders 666 110 Brain Dysfunction 677 111 Delirium and Dementia 682 112 Stupor and Coma 701 113 Seizure Disorders 709 114 Stroke 718 115 Head Injuries 733 116 Tumors of the Nervous System 741 117 Infections of the Brain and Spinal Cord 749 118 Prion Diseases 765 119 Movement Disorders 768 120 Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders 787 121 Spinal Cord Disorders 793 122 Low Back and Neck Pain 806 123 Peripheral Nerve Disorders 815 124 Autonomic Nervous System Disorders 831 125 Cranial Nerve Disorders 835
Contents xi SECTION 10 MENTAL HEALTH DISORDERS 845 126 Overview of Mental Health Care 846 127 Somatoform Disorders 849 128 Anxiety Disorders 853 129 Mood Disorders 862 130 Suicidal Behavior 873 131 Eating Disorders 876 132 Personality Disorders 880 133 Dissociative Disorders 885 134 Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder 889 135 Sexuality 895 SECTION 11 DISORDERS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 901 136 Overview of Nutrition 902 137 Undernutrition 913 138 Vitamins 917 139 Minerals and Electrolytes 932 140 Obesity and the Metabolic Syndrome 951 141 Cholesterol Disorders 961 142 Water Balance 969 143 Acid-Base Balance 972 144 Porphyrias 975 SECTION 12 HORMONAL DISORDERS 979 145 Biology of the Endocrine System 979 146 Pituitary Gland Disorders 983 147 Thyroid Gland Disorders 990 148 Adrenal Gland Disorders 999 149 Diabetes Mellitus 1005 150 Hypoglycemia 1014 151 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes 1016 152 Carcinoid Tumors 1018 SECTION 13 BLOOD DISORDERS 1021 153 Biology of Blood 1022 154 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Blood Disorders 1023
xii Contents 155 Blood Transfusion 1026 156 Anemia 1031 157 Bleeding and Clotting Disorders 1040 158 White Blood Cell Disorders 1046 159 Plasma Cell Disorders 1051 160 Leukemias 1055 161 Lymphomas 1061 162 Myeloproliferative Disorders 1067 163 Spleen Disorders 1071 SECTION 14 CANCER 1075 164 Overview of Cancer 1075 165 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer 1079 166 Prevention and Treatment of Cancer 1086 SECTION 15 IMMUNE DISORDERS 1095 167 Biology of the Immune System 1095 168 Immunodeficiency Disorders 1104 169 Allergic Reactions 1112 170 Autoimmune Disorders 1124 171 Transplantation 1128 SECTION 16 INFECTIONS 1137 172 Biology of Infectious Disease 1138 173 Immunization 1144 174 Bacterial Infections 1151 175 Bacteremia, Sepsis, and Septic Shock 1185 176 Antibiotics 1188 177 Tuberculosis 1194 178 Leprosy 1200 179 Rickettsial and Related Infections 1202 180 Parasitic Infections 1206 181 Fungal Infections 1229 182 Viral Infections 1236 183 Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 1254 184 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 1264
Contents xiii SECTION 17 SKIN DISORDERS 1275 185 Biology of the Skin 1276 186 Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Disorders 1278 187 Itching and Noninfectious Rashes 1283 188 Acne 1296 189 Pressure Sores 1299 190 Sweating Disorders 1302 191 Hair Disorders 1303 192 Pigment Disorders 1308 193 Blistering Diseases 1310 194 Parasitic Skin Infections 1312 195 Bacterial Skin Infections 1315 196 Fungal Skin Infections 1320 197 Viral Skin Infections 1324 198 Sunlight and Skin Damage 1325 199 Noncancerous Skin Growths 1329 200 Skin Cancers 1333 201 Nail Disorders 1337 SECTION 18 MOUTH AND DENTAL DISORDERS 1343 202 Biology of the Mouth 1343 203 Lip and Tongue Disorders 1346 204 Salivary Gland Disorders 1348 205 Mouth Sores 1349 206 Mouth Growths 1352 207 Tooth Disorders 1355 208 Periodontal Diseases 1363 209 Temporomandibular Disorders 1367 210 Urgent Dental Problems 1371 SECTION 19 EAR, NOSE, AND THROAT DISORDERS 1375 211 Biology of the Ears, Nose, and Throat 1375 212 Hearing Loss and Deafness 1378 213 Outer Ear Disorders 1385 214 Middle and Inner Ear Disorders 1387 215 Nose, Sinus, and Taste Disorders 1393 216 Throat Disorders 1402 217 Nose and Throat Cancers 1406
xiv Contents SECTION 20 EYE DISORDERS 1411 218 Biology of the Eyes 1412 219 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Eye Disorders 1415 220 Refractive Disorders 1424 221 Injuries to the Eye 1429 222 Eyelid and Tearing Disorders 1434 223 Conjunctival and Scleral Disorders 1437 224 Corneal Disorders 1441 225 Cataract 1445 226 Uveitis 1447 227 Glaucoma 1448 228 Retinal Disorders 1452 229 Optic Nerve Disorders 1459 230 Eye Socket Disorders 1462 SECTION 21 MEN S HEALTH ISSUES 1465 231 Male Reproductive System 1465 232 Penile and Testicular Disorders 1468 233 Prostate Disorders 1474 234 Sexual Dysfunction in Men 1482 SECTION 22 WOMEN S HEALTH ISSUES 1489 235 Female Reproductive System 1491 236 Symptoms and Diagnosis of Gynecologic Disorders 1496 237 Sexual Dysfunction in Women 1505 238 Menopause 1514 239 Menstrual Disorders and Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding 1521 240 Endometriosis 1529 241 Fibroids 1533 242 Vaginal Infections 1536 243 Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 1541 244 Pelvic Floor Disorders 1543 245 Breast Disorders 1546 246 Noncancerous Gynecologic Abnormalities 1563 247 Cancers of the Female Reproductive System 1570 248 Violence Against Women 1581
Contents xv 249 Infertility 1585 250 Family Planning 1593 251 Detection of Genetic Disorders 1607 252 Normal Pregnancy 1616 253 High-Risk Pregnancy 1626 254 Pregnancy Complicated by Disease 1628 255 Pregnancy and Drug Use 1636 256 Complications of Pregnancy 1643 257 Normal Labor and Delivery 1651 258 Complications of Labor and Delivery 1657 259 Postdelivery Period 1665 SECTION 23 CHILDREN S HEALTH ISSUES 1673 260 Newborns and Infants 1675 261 Problems in Newborns 1686 262 Birth Defects 1708 263 Chromosomal and Genetic Abnormalities 1726 264 Problems in Infants and Very Young Children 1731 265 Preschool and School-Aged Children 1740 266 Behavioral and Developmental Problems in Young Children 1745 267 Adolescents 1751 268 Problems in Adolescents 1754 269 Bacterial Infections 1760 270 Viral Infections 1768 271 Respiratory Disorders 1784 272 Cystic Fibrosis 1788 273 Digestive Disorders 1792 274 Neurologic Disorders 1802 275 Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders 1808 276 Eye Disorders 1817 277 Bone Disorders 1820 278 Hereditary Connective Tissue Disorders 1825 279 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 1829 280 Diabetes Mellitus 1830 281 Hereditary Metabolic Disorders 1834 282 Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes 1841 283 Childhood Cancers 1843 284 Learning and Developmental Disorders 1849 285 Cerebral Palsy 1856
xvi Contents 286 Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability 1858 287 Mental Health Disorders 1862 288 Social Issues Affecting Children and Their Families 1873 289 Child Neglect and Abuse 1879 SECTION 24 OLDER PEOPLE S HEALTH ISSUES 1883 290 The Aging Body 1884 291 Aging and Drugs 1896 292 Provision of Care 1902 293 Health Care Coverage for Older People 1910 294 Long-Term Care 1917 295 Coping With Changes Related to Aging 1924 296 Driving 1927 297 Falls 1931 298 Elder Mistreatment 1934 SECTION 25 INJURIES AND POISONING 1939 299 First Aid 1940 300 Burns 1948 301 Fractures 1952 302 Sports Injuries 1965 303 Heat Disorders 1977 304 Cold Injuries 1980 305 Radiation Injury 1984 306 Electrical and Lightning Injuries 1990 307 Drowning 1994 308 Diving and Compressed Air Injuries 1996 309 Altitude Illness 2003 310 Poisoning 2006 311 Bites and Stings 2015 SECTION 26 SPECIAL SUBJECTS 2023 312 The Science of Medicine and Clinical Trials 2024 313 Medical Decision Making 2030 314 Common Imaging Tests 2034 315 Hospital Care 2046 316 Surgery 2052 317 Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2059
Contents xvii 318 Medicinal Herbs and Nutraceuticals 2067 319 Drug Use and Abuse 2078 320 Travel and Health 2100 321 Amyloidosis 2107 322 Disorders of Unknown Cause 2109 APPENDIXES 2113 I Weights and Measures 2113 II Common Medical Tests 2116 III Drug Names: Generic and Trade 2124 IV Resources for Help and Information 2151 INDEX 2165