PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSONS INVENTORY A 5 -YEAR BENCHMARK

A 5 -YEAR BENCHMARK

PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSONS INVENTORY A 5 -YEAR BENCHMARK Report & Inventory Performed by: Miriam Parson Climate Fellow Green Building Alliance & Student Conservation Association Report Edited by: Jenna Cramer Projects & Outreach Manager Green Building Alliance Aurora L. Sharrard Director of Innovation Green Building Alliance Report Peer Reviewed by: Allegheny County Carnegie Mellon University Duquesne University Citizens for Pennsylvania s Future City of Pittsburgh Pennsylvania Environmental Council Sustainable Pittsburgh Technical Support Provided by: Jamie O Connell Regional Associate ICLEI Melissa Stults Senior Program Officer ICLEI Acknowledgements Pittsburgh Foundation Surdna Foundation October 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Copyright 2010, Green Building Alliance Compiled by Green Building Alliance on behalf of the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS...4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY...5 BACKGROUND... 10 2003 Baseline Inventory...10 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative...11 ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability...11 Monitor and Verify: 20 Benchmark Inventory...12 METHODS... 13 Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Data Inputs....................................................................... 13 Comparison of 2003 and 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions...14 Pittsburgh Municipal Government Inventory..................................................................................... 15 Pittsburgh Total Inventory............................................................................................................ 20 Data Changes between 2003 and 20 Inventories... 24 Weather Changes Between 2003 and 20...27 20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS... 29 Pittsburgh Total Emissions Inventory... 29 Pittsburgh Municipal Government Emissions Inventory...32 PITTSBURGH 20 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS COMPARED TO 2003 EMISSIONS... 33 Pittsburgh Total Emissions Inventory...33 Pittsburgh Municipal Government Emissions Inventory...37 Summary of 20 Versus 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions...40 HOW DOES PITTSBURGH COMPARE NATIONALLY?... 42 CITY OF PITTSBURGH ACTIVITES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION... 45 ALLEGHENY COUNTY ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS... 49 PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS... 50 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS MOVING FORWARD... 55 Major Opportunities for Emissions Reductions...55 Future Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Action Plans... 56 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative: 2010 and Beyond...57 APPENDIX A: 20 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS (CAPs)... 58 CAPs Emissions Factors...58 CAPs in 20...58 20 CAPs Emissions Compared to 2003 Levels...59 APPENDIX B: 20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY DATA CONTACTS... 61 3

ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS BBP BCC Btu CACP CAPs CARB CCAR CCI CO 2 e DEP egrid EPA GHG GWP HECC ICLEI IPCC LEDs LEED LGOP MMBtu NERC PACT PCAP PCI PUC PWES PWSA SEA SPC URA USGBC VMT Bellefield Boiler Plant (Pittsburgh) Business Climate Coalition British Thermal Unit Clean Air & Climate Protection software Criteria Air Pollutant California Air Resources Board California Climate Action Registry Conservation Consultants Inc. Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (Pennsylvania) Department of Environmental Protection EPA Electricity Grid, regional categories designated U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Emissions Global Warming Potential (Pittsburgh) Higher Education Climate Consortium ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Light Emitting Diodes Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Green Building Rating System ICLEI Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.0 1 Million British Thermal Units North American Energy Reliability Council Pittsburgh Allegheny County Thermal Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative Pennsylvania Utilities Commission Public Works Environmental Services Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority Sports and Exhibitions Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh United States Green Building Council Vehicle Miles Traveled 4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary This 20 Pittsburgh greenhouse gas emissions inventory is a 5-year benchmark measurement that will be used to prioritize emissions reduction work in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, published in 2006, determined Pittsburgh s baseline greenhouse gas emissions. The Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0, published in 20, established a citywide goal to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 20% below 2003 levels by the year 2023. The Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0 was adopted by the City of Pittsburgh as a guiding document in August 20. The Pittsburgh Climate Initiative (PCI) is charged with implementing the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan. PCI works collaboratively in the Pittsburgh region to reduce greenhouse gases through measureable actions. This joint effort includes Pittsburgh s City and County governments, businesses, higher education institutions, and citizens. PCI formed its program partnerships in late 20, and PCI s work began in 2009. This 20 inventory predates the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative s work, and therefore acts as a second, more comprehensive baseline from which to measure progress in reducing emissions. Total Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions In 20, Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6.79 million tons CO 2 e. Since each type of greenhouse gas has its own global warming potential (gwp), greenhouse gas inventories express emissions in terms of carbon dioxide equivalent, abbreviated CO 2 e. Figure A provides a breakdown of 20 emissions by sector. Figure B itemizes the sources of each sector s greenhouse gas emissions. The largest sources of Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions are commercial buildings, which represent 47% of emissions, and transportation, which accounts for 24% of emissions. Commercial buildings are those designated as commercial meters by the electricity and gas service providers. Transportation includes all vehicle miles traveled on all road types within Pittsburgh city limits. Figure A: 20 Pittsburgh Citywide Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 e), by Sector 5% 24% 18% Residential Commericial 6% 47% Industrial Transportation Solid Waste 5

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pittsburgh s 20 greenhouse gas emissions are a 28% increase from adjusted the 2003 emissions levels of 5.30 million tons CO 2 e. As illustrated by Figure C, the reasons for which Pittsburgh s total greenhouse gas emissions increased between 2003 and 20 include: Increased electricity usage; Expanded transportation data to include all road types within Pittsburgh city limits; More accurate natural gas combustion estimates using company-specific usage data and the actual number of natural gas customers; The inclusion of the Bellefield Boiler Plant s commercial coal and natural gas combustion to produce steam in the Oakland area, excluded from 2003 data; The inclusion of kerosene and fuel oil combustion, excluded from 2003 data; The exclusion of sequestration factors while calculating solid waste emissions, thereby treating solid waste as an emitter rather than a sink; Weather differences. Thousand Tons CO 2 e 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Figure B: Adjusted 2003 versus 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions, by Source and Sector Electricity Natural Gas Commercial Coal Gasoline Diesel Fuel Oil & Kerosene Wood / Textile Waste Food Waste Plant Debris Waste 0 Residential 2003 Residential 20 Commercial 2003 Commercial 20 Industrial 2003 Industrial 20 Transportation 2003 Source and Sector Transportation 20 Solid Waste 2003 Solid Waste 20 Paper Waste 6

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Million Tons CO 2 e Figure C: Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2003 to 20 7.0 6.0 6.8 2003 Adjusted Baseline 2003 Adjusted Emissions 5.3 20 Inventory 5.0 Population Reduction Weather Differences Increased Electricity Usage Natural Gas Data Transportation Data Commercial Coal Solid Waste Kerosene & Fuel Oil Total 20 Emissions Reasons for Emissions Increase or Decrease Increased consumption & improved accuracy of measurement Newly required emmissions information under 20 LGOP Thus, to meet the greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal set in the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0 and adopted by City Council, Pittsburgh must reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 2.55 million tons CO 2 e from 20 levels. These 2.55 million tons CO 2 e are equivalent to reducing the vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) by gasoline vehicles on Pittsburgh roads by approximately 5 billion miles or installing 3.3 billion kwh of renewable energy. Municipal Government Emissions As shown in Figure D, municipal emissions account for 3% of Pittsburgh s total 20 greenhouse gas emissions. Municipal greenhouse gas emissions were 199 thousand tons CO 2 e in 20, a 3.5% increase from adjusted 2003 levels. As illustrated in Figure E, the reasons for which Pittsburgh municipal emissions increased 3.5% between 2003 and 20 include: Increased electricity usage; More complete data on vehicle fleet fuel combustion; Inclusion of all Urban Redevelopment Authority property; Inclusion of City employees commute. 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Figure D: 20 Citywide Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3% 97% Municipal Emissions All Other Emissions: Commercial, Residential, Industrial, Transportation & Waste 250,000 Figure E: Pittsburgh Municipal Government Greehouse Gas Emissions 2003 to 20 Tons CO 2 e 200,000 199,499 192,735 2003 Adjusted Baseline 150,000 20 Change LED Traffic Lights Increased Electricity Usage Decreased Natural Gas Usage More Accurate Vehicle Fleet Data Inclusion of all URA Property Inclusion of Employees Commute 20 Municipal Emissions Reasons for Emissions Increase or Decrease 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Thus, to reach its equivalent of the citywide emissions reduction goal, Pittsburgh City operations must reduce emissions by 45,000 tons CO 2 e by 2023. To put this number in perspective, these 45,000 tons CO 2 e are equivalent to reducing electricity usage by 60 million kwh per year. Buildings and facilities account for 54% of municipal emissions and drinking water treatment and pumping services account for 25% of municipal emissions. Future Opportunities Based on this inventory s findings, target areas for emissions reductions are commercial buildings energy use, water consumption across all sectors, and municipal buildings electricity use. Improvements to future inventories should include exact natural gas combustion data from distribution companies and diesel combustion data from river and rail traffic, as well as creating a standardized process for gathering data at regular intervals. Considering the growing number of inventories being conducted in our region, it may be useful to create a coalition request from all municipalities at regular intervals to obtain data from utility companies. Benchmarked against other cities, Pittsburgh s commercial sector is a higher proportion of emissions and its transportation sector a smaller proportion of emissions than other U.S. cities profiles (Figure F). Targeting opportunities for energy conservation in Pittsburgh s commercial sector would bring our profile into line with other cities. 25 Figure F: Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Inventories 71 40 20 30 MT eco2 / Capital / Year 15 10 20 People Per Acre 5 10 Commercial Residential 0 Durham, NC Kansas City, MO Nashville, TN Pittsburgh, PA Flagstaff, AZ New Orleans, LA Madison, WI Chicago, IL Austin, TX Seattle, WA Bloomington, IN Participating Cities Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Eugene, OR San Diego, CA Burlington, VT San Francisco, CA Berkeley, CA New York, NY 0 Transportation Population Density In accordance with the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0, all PCI sectors, including City government, have engaged in greenhouse gas emissions mitigation measures since late 20. More detailed progress of PCI and its sectors activities will be reported in an updated version of the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, tentatively scheduled to be published in 2011. 9

BACKGROUND Background A brief history of the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative is offered below for context. 2003 Baseline Inventory Pittsburgh s first greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventory was based on 2003 data collected in 2006 by Carnegie Mellon University graduate students in partnership with Green Building Alliance, Clean Air-Cool Planet, and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. 1, 2, 3, 4 The 2003 baseline inventory determined Pittsburgh s total 2003 emissions from both municipal and total Pittsburgh activities: 6.6 million tons carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e), with municipal government responsible for only 4 percent of total emissions. In 2007 and 20, Pittsburgh s Green Government Task Force utilized this baseline inventory to create the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0 (PCAP). 5 In August 20, Pittsburgh City Council unanimously accepted the PCAP as a guiding document for the City of Pittsburgh. Figure 1: Pittsburgh's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Goal 6.6 Million Tons of CO 2 Emissions 5.3 Million Tons of CO 2 Emissions 20% Reduction over 20 Years 2003 2023 The PCAP establishes a greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal and a series of short, medium, and long-term recommendations to reduce emissions across municipal operations, the business sector, institutions of higher education, and the broader Pittsburgh residential community. As shown in Figure 1, Pittsburgh s citywide goal is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 20 percent below 2003 levels by 2023. 1 Pittsburgh Climate Protection Initiative. (2006). Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Heinz School of Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University. December 2006. www.pittsburghclimate.org/documents/pittsburghinventoryreport.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2009. 2 Green Building Alliance. (20). www.gbapgh.org. Accessed 5 May 2010. 3 Clean Air-Cool Planet. (2010). www.cleanair-coolplanet.org. Accessed 5 May 2010. 4 ICLEI. (20). ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability. www.iclei.org. Accessed 5 May 2010. 5 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative. (20). Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0. Green Building Alliance and Clean Air- Cool Planet. June 20. www.pittsburghclimate.org/documents/pittsburghclimateactionplan.pdf. Accessed 1 December 2009. 10

BACKGROUND Pittsburgh Climate Initative The Pittsburgh Climate Initiative (PCI) is charged with guiding implementation of the PCAP. PCI is convened and facilitated by Green Building Alliance, who also spearheads measurement and tracking activities, such as this report. 6 The other PCI Partners are: Government City of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Environmental Council, and ICLEI are working together to create more sustainable City and County operations. The County is currently working on performing its own greenhouse gas inventory of County government operations. 7 Community Citizens for Pennsylvania s Future works to address community climate activities through The Black and Gold City Goes Green campaign. 8 Business Sustainable Pittsburgh leads the Business Climate Coalition. 9 Higher Education At the request of Pittsburgh s colleges and universities, Green Building Alliance convenes the Higher Education Climate Consortium (HECC), which actively engages all Pittsburgh region colleges and universities to collaborate, share information, and set goals regarding research agenda, education curricula, operations, outreach activities, and commitments that reduce the greenhouse gas emissions so that the organizations comprising HECC align with the City of Pittsburgh s overall greenhouse gas reduction goal. 10 ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability Both the City of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County are members of ICLEI: Local Governments for Sustainability, an international association of local governments as well as national and regional local government organizations that have made a commitment to sustainable development. 11 ICLEI provides expertise and support to local governments that are developing climate action plans and evaluating progress toward reducing emissions. The City of Pittsburgh has been an ICLEI member since 2006, and Allegheny County became a member in 2009. 6 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative. Pittsburgh Climate Initiative. www.pittsburghclimate.org. 10 May 2010. 7 Allegheny County. (2010). Allegheny County Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report and Climate Action Plan. 2010. Allegheny County and Pennsylvania Environmental Council. http://www.alleghenycounty.us/alleghenygreen/index.aspx Forthcoming. 8 Citizens for Pennsylvania s Future. (2010). The Black and Gold City Goes Green. www.theblackandgoldcitygoesgreen.com. Accessed 5 May 2010. 9 Sustainable Pittsburgh. (2009). Business Climate Coalition. www.c4spittsburgh.org/bcc2.html. Accessed 1 December 2009. 10 Pittsburgh Climate Initiative. (2010). Higher Education Climate Consortium. Green Building Alliance. www.pittsburghclimate.org/whatcanwedo/highereducation.htm. Accessed 5 May 2010. 11 ICLEI. (20). Local Government Operations Protocol, Version 1.0. 11

BACKGROUND The principal tool provided by ICLEI is its Clean Air & Climate Protection (CACP) software, which estimates CO 2 e emissions for both municipal and citywide operations. CACP also provides analysis calculators to project emissions reductions. 12 The ICLEI CACP software was used for the following Pittsburgh region inventories: Pittsburgh Climate Protection Initiative Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (baseline inventory, using 2003 data) 13 Pittsburgh 20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory: A 5-Year Benchmark (this document) Allegheny County Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Report and Climate Action Plan (original baseline, based on 20 data) 14 ICLEI member local governments pursue greenhouse gas emissions reductions through five milestones: Milestone 1: Milestone 2: Milestone 3: Milestone 4: Milestone 5: Conduct a baseline inventory and forecast of greenhouse gas emissions Set an emissions reduction target Develop a Local Action Plan of measures to meet the reduction target Implement emissions reduction policies and measures Monitor and verify the results of the Local Action Plan As of May 2010, both the City of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County have completed ICLEI Milestones 1 and 2. Through publication of the PCAP, the City of Pittsburgh also completed Milestone 3 in 20; Allegheny County completed Milestone 3 in 2010 through release of their Action Plan for County government operations. In 20 and 2009, the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative began establishing GHG reduction programs to pursue Milestone 4. In 2010, the City of Pittsburgh was awarded recognition for Milestone 5 for completing a second greenhouse gas emissions inventory, this document. Pittsburgh is among 16 cities nationwide to achieve Milestone 5 as of September, 2010. Monitor and Verify: 20 Benchmark Inventory In 2009, Green Building Alliance, the convening organization for the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative, conducted this 5-year benchmark GHG emissions inventory in partnership with the City of Pittsburgh. This most current inventory uses 20 data to evaluate Pittsburgh s position relative to its 2003 baseline inventory. The methods and findings from this 5-year benchmark GHG emissions inventory are summarized in this document. 12 ICLEI. (2009). Clean Air & Climate Protection (computer software). Toronto, ON,Canada. 13 Ibid, Footnote 1. 14 Ibid, Footnote 7. 12

METHODS Methods This inventory of Pittsburgh s 20 greenhouse gas emissions uses two methods, one for municipal operations and one for citywide processes. For both, data on energy use, transportation fuel combustion, and waste disposal are converted to CO 2 e using appropriate coefficients. Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Data Inputs ICLEI s CACP software and its user guide provide emissions coefficients for all fuel types, for waste disposal, and for electricity grid composition to estimate greenhouse gas emissions. These coefficients are the multipliers that determine how much of each greenhouse gas is emitted by fuel combustion, waste disposal, and electricity use. For example, one kilowatt hour of electricity is multiplied by electricity coefficients, yielding the amount of each greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere from that energy use. A full list of Pittsburgh s 20 coefficients is provided in Appendix A. Due to regional differences in electricity generation, those conducting an inventory must research and enter the electricity coefficients that are appropriate to their location. Due to policy differences in handling solid waste, those conducting an inventory must research and enter the solid waste coefficients that are appropriate to their municipality s solid waste disposal. Electricity Emissions Coefficients ICLEI s CACP User Guide instructs users to enter the appropriate greenhouse gas emissions coefficients specific to their region s electricity grid mix. 15 Pittsburgh is located in egrid RFC West. The most recent benchmark data 16 (2005) were utilized to estimate greenhouse gas emissions produced from electricity consumed; greenhouse gases included in this calculation are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), and methane (CH 4 ). The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory used the same data sources, but utilized 2003 coefficients for both greenhouse gases and criteria air pollutants. 15 ICLEI. (2009). CACP User Guide. Accessed 1 August 2009. 16 US Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). egridweb: egrid2007, Version 1.1, Year 2005 GHG Annual Output Emissions Rates. http://cfpub.epa.gov/egridweb/ghg.cfm. Accessed 1 August 2009. 13

METHODS Solid Waste Emissions Coefficients The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory followed EPA guidelines which consider solid waste facilities to be emissions sinks that capture and store greenhouse gases. Therefore, the 2003 inventory used negative emissions coefficients to effectively assign a CO 2 e sequestration value to solid waste disposal. This effectively assumes that land filling waste captures GHG emissions instead of releasing them. The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory explains: ICLEI bases its treatment of solid waste on EPA calculations of carbon sequestration in landfills. Under this methodology, land filled waste acts, to a certain degree, as a sink for greenhouse gases. As a result, in cases where landfills flare or recover landfill methane, the actual net effect of land filled waste on GHG emissions may be negative. While EPA supports this methodology, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) does not. Based on the City s preference of methodology, the carbon sequestration effect of landfills can be eliminated by changing the sequestration coefficients in the ICLEI software. 17 Treating landfills as sequestration sites sends a mixed message that land filling solid waste always reduces greenhouses, whereas the impact is site-specific. Consequently, this 20 Pittsburgh inventory data has excluded the sequestration coefficients for solid waste, meaning that disposed of solid waste contributes greenhouse gas emissions to the inventory. Thus, to accurately compare the 2003 baseline inventory to this 20 benchmark inventory, the sequestration coefficients were also removed from the 2003 data. Comparison of 2003 and 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions To compare 2003 emissions to 20 emissions, both data sets need to use the same emissions coefficients system. As explained previously, emissions coefficients are the numbers by which energy use, vehicle miles traveled, and waste tonnage are multiplied to determine the amount of greenhouse gases that are released by those activities. Consequently, for an accurate comparison between the 2003 and 20 Pittsburgh inventories, the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory coefficients were adjusted to match the 20 inventory s coefficient system (Table 1). To apply adjusted coefficients, the 2003 data was entered into ICLEI s 2009 version of the CACP software along with the 20 data. Throughout this report, the adjusted 2003 data is used to accurately compare to 20 data. 17 Ibid, Footnote 1. 14

METHODS Table 1: Emissions Coefficients for 20 Date and Adjusted Emissions Coefficients for 2003 Data 2003 Data Emissions Coefficients Source 20 Data Emissions Coefficients Source 2003 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) coefficients for greenhouse gases. 18 2005 EPA coefficients for greenhouse gases. 2003 North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) coefficients for criteria air pollutants. 19 2005 NERC coefficients for criteria air pollutants. Pittsburgh Municipal Government Inventory This 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory was conducted using ICLEI s Clean Air & Climate Protection software tool and adhering to ICLEI s Local Government Operations Protocol. 20 ICLEI s Local Government Operations Protocol ICLEI s Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP) provides methodological guidance for conducting a municipal greenhouse gas emissions inventory; the LGOP was developed in partnership by the California Air Resources Board (ARB), California Climate Action Registry (CCAR), and ICLEI Local Governments for Sustainability (ICLEI), in collaboration with The Climate Registry and dozens of stakeholders... The Protocol facilitates the standardized and rigorous inventorying of GHG emissions, which can help track emissions reduction progress over time and in comparison to GHG reduction targets. 21 The LGOP provides consistent methods for gathering accurate data on a municipal government s energy consumption, fuel combustion, and waste generation. The municipal government scope is defined by its operational and financial control (i.e., those buildings, equipment units, and people that the government directly manages and funds). Operational data are converted to CO 2 e based on the global warming potential (GWP) of emissions; the GWP of greenhouse gases are developed and defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 22, 23 Reporting emissions in CO 2 e provides a common ground from which to compare greenhouse gas emissions producing activities and to compare emissions over time, both within and external to the City of Pittsburgh. 18 Greenhouse gases include CO2, N 2 O, and CH 4. 19 Criteria air pollutants include NOx, SOx, CO, VOC, and PM10. 20 Ibid, Footnote 11. 21 Ibid, Footnote 11, Page 3. 22 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2006). High GWP Gases and Climate Change. www.epa.gov/highgwp/scientific.html. Accessed 1 December 2009. 23 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (1996). IPCC Second Assessment Report: Climate Change 1995 (SAR). http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.htm#1. Accessed 5 May 2010. 15

METHODS Boundary and Scope of Municipal Inventory In compliance with ICLEI s LGOP, the Pittsburgh municipal inventory includes all activities over which City government and its Authorities exercise operational and/or financial control. Municipal data include all activities that result in Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions. The only Scope 3 emissions included in an LGOP-compliant local government inventory are vehicle fuel combustion resulting from municipal employees commute and solid waste generated by city employees offices. Per the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), all emissions are categorized into three scopes to allocate degrees of responsibility across emitters and thereby avoid double counting. To illustrate potential double counting, GHG emissions resulting from a building s electricity use are Scope 2 emissions for that building, but those same emissions are Scope 1 emissions for the power plant that directly burns fuel to generate the electricity. Scope 1: [D]irect GHG emissions occurring from sources that are owned or controlled by the institution, including: on-[site] stationary combustion of fossil fuels; mobile combustion of fossil fuels by institution owned/controlled vehicles; and fugitive emissions. Fugitive emissions result from intentional or unintentional releases of GHGs, including the leakage of HFCs from refrigeration and air conditioning equipment as well as the release of CH 4 from institution-owned farm animals. 24 Scope 2: Scope 3: Indirect GHG emissions associated with the consumption of purchased or acquired electricity, steam, heating, or cooling. 25 [A]ll other indirect emissions - those that are a consequence of the activities of the institution, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the institution. 26 These include emissions resulting from the extraction and production of purchased materials and fuels, transport-related activities in vehicles not owned or controlled by the reporting entity (e.g., employee commuting and business travel), outsourced activities, waste disposal, etc. 27 24 Dautremont-Smith, Julian et al. (2009). Implementation Guide: Information and Resources for Participating Institutions. American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), Version 1.1. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education & Second Nature. www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/pdf/acupcc_ig_final.pdf Accessed 7 January 2010. 25 Ibid, Footnote 11, Page 22. 26 Dautremont-Smith, Julian et al. (2009). Implementation Guide: Information and Resources for Participating Institutions. American College and University Presidents Climate Commitment (ACUPCC), Version 1.1. Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education & Second Nature. www.presidentsclimatecommitment.org/pdf/acupcc_ig_final.pdf Accessed 7 January 2010. 21 Ibid, Footnote 26. 16

Scope 3 emissions are generally excluded from GHG inventories because they are difficult to consistently quantify. Overall, this means that emissions resulting from many personal and business-related activities and decisions that might be evaluated in an individual, carbon footprint style inventory are excluded from a city-level GHG inventory approach (e.g., purchased goods and services, food purchases, business travel, and other outsourced activities). 28 City Authorities Included in Municipal Inventory City of Pittsburgh government has several municipal authorities over which it has varying degrees of operational and financial control. The City of Pittsburgh authorities included in this inventory are: Housing Authority of the City of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh Parking Authority Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority Urban Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh The only authorities not included in the municipal GHG inventory are the Stadium Authority and the Sports and Exhibition Authority of Pittsburgh and Allegheny County (SEA). The Stadium Authority is not included in either the municipal or citywide inventory because it does not own or operate any properties; it controls the planning process for developing a small parcel of land on Pittsburgh s North Side. The SEA is embedded in the citywide piece of this 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory because it owns large public event venues, such as the David L. Convention Center, PNC Park baseball stadium, Heinz Field football stadium, and Mellon Arena, among others, which operate as commercial buildings with little operational control exercised by the City. Thus, the SEA s emissions are captured within the commercial sector s analysis. Data Sources for Municipal Inventory: Buildings and Facilities Electricity and natural gas used by all municipally and Authority owned and operated buildings and facilities were totaled from 20 calendar year utility bills (excluding the SEA, as explained above). Natural gas combustion as a result of City buildings steam consumption was estimated from 20 fuel combustion and steam delivery data provided by Pittsburgh Allegheny County Thermal (PACT ). As noted in Table 2, these data sources are the same as utilized in the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. 28 Redefining Progress. Ecological Footprint. http://www.myfootprint.org/en/take_action/reduce_your_footprint/ Accessed 13 January 2010. 17

METHODS Streetlights and Traffic Signals Electricity use by all streetlights and traffic signals owned by the City of Pittsburgh was totaled from 20 calendar year utility bills summarizing known usage. This is the same data source as the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Water Delivery System Pittsburgh s drinking water delivery system and waste water pumping system is managed by the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority (PWSA). Natural gas and electricity consumption for PWSA services were totaled from PWSA s utility bills for the 20 calendar year. This data source was the same for the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Vehicle Fleet City of Pittsburgh vehicle fleet information was compiled from 20 fuel use, fuel costs, vehicle type, and vehicle model years that are recorded and tracked for City billing and maintenance. This data was provided by the City of Pittsburgh s Fleet Contract Administrator and his team. However, two City departments could provide only estimated 20 gasoline and diesel fuel use; these departments included: Public Works Environmental Services (PWES) vehicles for garbage and recycling collection PWSA vehicles The data and sources used for this category are different from the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, which used fuel purchase information from the City of Pittsburgh Department of General Services. Employee Commute In 20, a survey of City of Pittsburgh employee commuting behavior was administered by the City Bicycle-Pedestrian Coordinator. To estimate emissions from all City employees commuting activities, survey respondents commuting behavior (vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) in gasoline vehicles, VMT in buses, miles traveled by bicycles, and walking) was scaled up for application to the total number of fulltime City employees. Employee commuting information was not included in the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. 18

METHODS Employee Waste The study Waste in the Workplace determined that on average an office employee generates 1.7 pounds of waste per day. 29 The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory used this source to estimate City of Pittsburgh employee waste, and that assumption continues to be in line with other public sources analyzing office waste generation. Consequently, this 20 inventory estimated waste generated from City of Pittsburgh employees using the number of full time equivalent City employees in 20, 30 the number of annual working days for City employees, 31 the Waste in the Workplace study, 32 and a 2002 study of office and residential waste in Vermont. 33 These are the same data sources used for the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory except for waste composition. In 2003, office waste composition was assumed to be 95 percent paper products and 5 percent other waste. In 20, office waste composition was obtained from a 2002 VT study of office and residential waste: on page (vi) it lists percentages from office waste sampling, and we averaged the samples to apply a composition of 30.5 percent Paper Products, 18.9 percent Food, and 50.6 percent Other. 34 Fugitive Emissions Fugitive emissions are defined by ICLEI s LGOP as emissions that are not physically controlled but result from intentional or unintentional releases, commonly arising from the production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels and other substances, often through joints, seals, packing, gaskets, etc. (e.g., HFCs from refrigeration leaks, SF 6 from electrical power distributors, and CH 4 from solid waste landfills). 35 The City of Pittsburgh purchases only a single refrigerant (R-22), which is classified by the IPCC as an ozone-depleting gas rather than a greenhouse gas. 36 ICLEI s LGOP, Version 1.0 establishes ozonedepleting gases separately from greenhouse gases in its accounting. For that reason, fugitive emissions resulting from refrigerants used in City of Pittsburgh-owned and operated buildings and vehicles are noted as an information item in this 20 Pittsburgh Inventory, but do not actually contribute to the City s accounting of GHG emissions. 29 Keep America Beautiful. (2001). Waste in the Workplace. 30 20 data contacts detailed information is provided in Appendix A. 31 Ibid, Footnote 30. 32 Ibid, Footnote 29. 33 DSM Environmental Services, Inc. (2002). Vermont Waste Composition Study. www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/wastediv/solid/pubs/vt percent20waste percent20comp.pdf. Accessed 16 December 2009. 34 Ibid, Footnote 33. 35 Ibid, Footnote 11, Page 23. 36 Ibid, Footnote 30. 19

METHODS No fugitive emissions were included in the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Renewable Energy Certificates and Offsets Pittsburgh began purchasing uncertified renewable energy certificates on June 1, 20. The City organized an electricity purchasing cooperative that required 10 percent of the electricity provided include uncertified renewable energies; the cooperative includes the City of Pittsburgh, PWSA, SEA, Allegheny County, and Pittsburgh Zoo & Aquarium. Because the City purchase occurred on June 1, 20, this inventory assumes that 10 percent of the City of Pittsburgh, PWSA, and SEA electricity was renewable for only the last 7 months of the 20 calendar year (the equivalent of 5.8 percent over the entire 20 calendar year). In accordance with ICLEI s LGOP, Version 1.0, renewable energy certificates and offsets do not reduce local emissions, but are an important municipal practice and do provide investment in remote renewable energy development for the national grid. Consequently, per ICLEI protocol, the City of Pittsburgh s renewable energy certificates are only noted as information items in this 20 Pittsburgh inventory. The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory did not examine renewable energy certificates or offset purchases. Pittsburgh Citywide Inventory Pittsburgh s citywide inventory is separate from the municipal government inventory and its methods are described below. Boundary and Scope of Pittsburgh Citywide Inventory Citywide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are defined as all emissions within the municipality s geographic boundaries. Citywide emissions include residential, commercial, and industrial activities as well as transportation and waste generation within city limits. Municipal emissions are embedded in the citywide inventory because municipal operations are within the city s geographic boundaries. ICLEI has yet to release a citywide inventory protocol to complement the LGOP. ICLEI has, however, developed some tools to supplement the CACP software s ability to analyze citywide GHG emissions. This 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory used ICLEI s CACP software and Pittsburgh s 2003 baseline Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory to guide citywide emissions inventorying in the absence of 37 Ibid, Footnote 12. 38 Ibid, Footnote 11. 20

METHODS a formal citywide emissions reporting protocol. 37, 38 As with the municipal inventory, these data were converted to tons CO 2 e. Pittsburgh s 2003 and 20 citywide GHG inventories are bounded by Pittsburgh city limits. This is a necessary delimitation for a manageable analysis. One way Pittsburgh is working to address the exclusion of Pittsburgh s suburb neighborhoods, ports, and airports from the 20 Pittsburgh GHG inventory data is to expand our reduction strategies and activities to include those entities whenever possible, even if they are or will be measured under separate inventories, such as Allegheny County s inventory process. The 20 Pittsburgh citywide inventory includes all Scope 1 and Scope 2 emissions except fugitive emissions. The Scope 3 emissions included are those from waste generated within Pittsburgh city limits. Data Sources for Pittsburgh Citywide Inventory Electricity Because 20 calendar year data was unavailable, electricity consumption by Pittsburgh s residential buildings was provided by Duquesne Light Company for their 20 fiscal year, beginning April 20 and ending March 2009. This data source is the same as the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory; however, the 2003 data was for the calendar year instead of the fiscal year. Steam There are three steam plants in Pittsburgh: NRG Energy, Pittsburgh Allegheny County Thermal (PACT ), and the Bellefield Boiler Plant (BBP). The fuel combusted by each of these plants to produce steam in 20 was used to calculate their CO 2 e emissions. NRG Energy is a private business that serves hospitals and commercial buildings on Pittsburgh s North Side. NRG Energy provided 20 fuel combustion, steam delivery data, and costs. PACT is a public-private partnership that serves City of Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, and commercial buildings in the Downtown district. PACT provided 20 fuel combustion and steam delivery data and the proportions used by each customer group (City, County, and commercial). As described previously, 21

METHODS City of Pittsburgh PACT steam consumption is reflected in the municipal Buildings and Facilities inventory category. Downtown commercial building consumption of PACT steam was included in this Steam Consumption category of the 20 Pittsburgh Inventory. Allegheny County s consumption of PACT steam is accounted for in their greenhouse gas inventory. 39 BBP is a private partnership between the Carnegie Museums, the University of Pittsburgh, and Carnegie Mellon University that serves those institution s buildings in Pittsburgh s Oakland neighborhood. Coal consumption and steam production data was provided. 40 Natural Gas There are three natural gas suppliers in Pittsburgh: Columbia Gas Company, Dominion People s Gas Company, and Equitable Gas Company. Dominion People s Gas Company provided actual customer natural gas consumption by category (residential, commercial, and industrial) based on zip codes within Pittsburgh city limits for the 20 calendar year. For natural gas supplied to Pittsburgh s residential, commercial, and industrial buildings by Columbia Gas Company and Equitable Gas company, natural gas combustion was estimated from the Pennsylvania Utilities Commission s 20 public reports. 41, 42 Both data sources and methods used for natural gas combustion in this 20 Pittsburgh Inventory are different from the sources and methods used for the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. For that inventory, natural gas combustion was estimated by multiplying the PUC provided average usage figures per customer class in Allegheny County (in thousand cubic feet) by the number of Duquesne Light Company electricity customers in each customer class. In 2003, the number of Duquesne Light Company customers in Pittsburgh was thus used as a proxy estimate of total natural gas customers in the Pittsburgh city limits. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Fuel oil combustion by Pittsburgh residential buildings was estimated using the U.S. Census Bureau s number of households occupied in city limits in 20 and ICLEI s Residential Energy Consumption Estimates calculator, which uses 2004 estimates of the quantity of fuel oil and kerosene combusted per 39 Ibid, Footnote 7. 40 Ibid, Footnote 30. 41 Pennsylvania Utilities Commission. (2009). Annual Report of: Columbia Gas of Pennsylvania, Inc. Public Documents. http://www.puc.state.pa.us/general/search.aspx. Accessed 1 October 2009. 42 Pennsylvania Utilities Commission. (2009). Gas Annual Report of: Equitable Gas Company, LLC. Public Documents. http://www.puc.state.pa.us/general/search.aspx. Accessed 1 October 2009. 43 U.S, Census Bureau. Pittsburgh, PA: B25117. Tenure By House Heating Fuel - Universe: Occupied Housing Units. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/dttable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000us&-ds_name=acs_20_3yr_g00_&-mt_name= ACS_20_3YR_G2000_B25117. Accessed 1 December 2009. 22

METHODS household. 43, 44 Fuel oil combustion by Pittsburgh commercial and industrial buildings was estimated using commercial and industrial buildings square footage in the Pittsburgh city limits as provided by the Allegheny County Tax Assessor. 45 Neither fuel oil nor kerosene combustion data were included in the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Solid Waste 20 residential and commercial solid waste tonnage was provided by the City of Pittsburgh s Recycling Supervisor, who monitors hauling reports for the City s Department of Public Works from collecting Pittsburgh s residential trash and recycling as well as hauling reports from private haulers that collect commercial and industrial trash and recycling. Industrial tonnage is included in the commercial waste tonnage because industrial solid waste in Pittsburgh is collected by the same private waste haulers that collect commercial waste. Waste composition percentages were taken from a 2007 nationwide EPA waste study. 45 Waste emissions coefficients were applied to the composition and quantity of Pittsburgh s residential, commercial and industrial waste to determine methane emissions. Except for waste composition sources, these data sources are the same as the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory; in 2003, waste composition was taken from a 2003 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection waste composition study for the Southwest region. 46 By using national averages, this 20 inventory complies with ICLEI s LGOP and uses the most recently available data, but it loses the regionally specific waste information. Transportation The vehicle miles traveled (VMT ) by all types of vehicles on all types of roads in the Pittsburgh city limits in 20 was provided by the Southwest Pennsylvania Commission (SPC). Pennsylvania vehicle population composition (vehicle type and model year) was provided by SPC, for which SPC used a 2005 Pennsylvania 44 ICLEI. (2009). Residential Energy Consumption Estimates Calculator (computer software). Toronto, ON, Canada. 45 Ibid, Footnote 30. 46 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2007). Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2007 Facts and Figures. http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw07-rpt.pdf Accessed 2 November 2009. 47 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection. (2003). Section 11: Southwest Region MSW Composition. http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/airwaste/wm/recycle/waste_comp/11-sw.pdf Accessed 2 November 2009. 23

METHODS Department of Transportation study. SPC was also the source utilized for the 2003 data. More comprehensive information, however, was provided for this 20 Inventory than for the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. The 2003 inventory only included VMT on interstates and principal arterial roadways within the Pittsburgh city limits, whereas this 20 inventory includes VMT on all road classifications. Data Changes Between 2003 and 20 Inventories A summary of data changes between the 2003 and 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories is provided in Table 2 and Table 3 for municipal and citywide data, respectively. Municipal Inventory Data Changes For 2003, fuel combustion information for the municipal vehicle fleet was found through the billing records in the City of Pittsburgh s Department of General Services; this billing information may have lacked personal fuel purchases that were later reimbursed and the data did not include vehicle type and model year (used to account for fuel efficiency variances). In contrast, the 20 municipal vehicle fleet data was provided by the City of Pittsburgh vehicle management team who tracks much more detailed fuel and vehicle information for maintenance purposes. Given the increased level of detail in the 20 data, it is highly likely that the 20 data is more complete than the 2003 information. Only the main offices of the Urban Redevelop Authority, located at 200 Ross Street, were included in 2003 data. For this 20 inventory, all of the URA s buildings and garages are included. Citywide Inventory Data Changes For 2003, citywide natural gas consumers were estimated by service class (residential, commercial, etc.) using electricity meters as a proxy. Natural gas consumption was then estimated using approximate average consumption per meter by service class. This 20 inventory uses the actual number of customers and the average consumption rate for each gas company and service class. Citywide transportation sector data for 20 is expanded from the 2003 data. The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory used vehicle miles traveled information for interstates and principal arterials within Pittsburgh city limits only, whereas this 20 inventory uses vehicle miles traveled on all road classifications in the Pittsburgh city limits. 2003 electricity data was provided for the 2003 calendar year, while 20 electricity data is provided for Duquesne Light Co. s 20 fiscal year (April 20 through March 2009). 24

METHODS Data Sources Not Included in this 20 Inventory Additionally, due to limited data access, the fuel burned by ships, boats, and locomotives within the Pittsburgh city limits are excluded from this inventory. These vehicle types generally burn diesel fuel and are therefore significant sources of greenhouse gas emissions and criteria air pollutants. The Port of Pittsburgh Commission, however, does not track the information required to include such information in this 20 inventory. 48 In the next Pittsburgh GHG inventory, data sources for river and rail traffic should be explored at an earlier stage. Table 2: Pittsburgh Municipal Government Data, 2003 and 20 EMISSION SOURCES 2003 DATA SOURCE 20 DATA SOURCE BUILDINGS & FACILITIES Utility bills for 2003 calendar year, provided by City of Pittsburgh Department of General Services. Utility bills for 20 calendar year, provided by City of Pittsburgh Energy and Utilities Manager. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: ENERGY & WATER STEAM CONSUMPTION STREETLIGHTS & TRAFFIC SIGNALS WATER DELIVERY SYSTEM VEHICLE FLEET EMPLOYEE COMMUTE Natural gas combusted in 2003, provided by Pittsburgh Allegheny County Thermal (PACT) [in MCF]. 49 Utility bills for 2003 calendar year, provided by City of Pittsburgh Department of Public Works. Utility bills for 2003 calendar year, provided by Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority. Reported fuel purchases for 2003 City operations, provided by City of Pittsburgh Department of General Services. Neither required by ICLEI nor included. Natural gas combusted in 20, provided by PACT [in MCF]. Utility bills for 20 calendar year, provided by City of Pittsburgh Energy and Utilities Manager. Utility bills for 20 calendar year, provided by Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority. Fuel use, fuel costs, vehicle type, and vehicle model year for 20 City operations, provided by the City of Pittsburgh Vehicle Contract Administrator. Estimated from a 20 survey of City employee commuting behavior, administered by City of Pittsburgh Bicycle-Pedestrian Coordinator. EMPLOYEE WASTE Number of full time equivalent City employees in 2003, number of annual working days in 20, and an assumed office waste composition of 95% paper products and 5% other waste. Number of full time equivalent City of Pittsburgh employees in 20 and the number of annual working days in 20, provided by City of Pittsburgh Department of Personnel, and office waste composition. 50, 51 48 McCarville, Jim. (2010) Inquiry. Personal communication via email, 3 January 2010. 49 MCF = million cubic feet. 25

METHODS Table 2: Pittsburgh Municipal Government Data, 2003 and 20 (continued) EMISSION SOURCES 2003 DATA SOURCE 20 DATA SOURCE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT: ENERGY & WATER FUGITIVE EMISSIONS RENEWABLE ENERGY CERTIFICATES & OFFSETS Neither required by ICLEI nor included. Neither required by ICLEI nor included. Refrigerants purchased and distributed by City in 20, provided by the Supervisor of Facility Maintenance, Department of Public Works. Renewable energy purchase records for 20 City operations, provided by City of Pittsburgh Energy and Utilities Manager. Table 3: Pittsburgh Citywide Data, 2003 and 20 EMISSION SOURCES 2003 DATA SOURCE 20 DATA SOURCE ELECTRICITY Residential, commercial, and industrial customer electricity use within Pittsburgh city limits for 2003 calendar year [in kwh], provided by Duquesne Light Company. 52 Residential, commercial, and industrial customer electricity use within Pittsburgh city limits for 20 fiscal year [April 20 March 2009, in kwh], provided by Duquesne Light Company. CITYWIDE: ENERGY & WATER NATURAL GAS STEAM CONSUMPTION Estimated from average natural gas usage per residential, commercial, and industrial customer classes within in Allegheny County, provided by the Pennsylvania Utilities Commission [in MCF], multiplied by the number of Duquesne Light Company electricity customers per customer class. Natural gas combusted by PACT and NRG Energy to produce steam in 2003, not including the Bellefield Boiler Plant in Oakland [in MCF]. Exact residential, commercial, and industrial natural gas consumption within Pittsburgh city limits by Dominion Peoples Gas Company customers for 20 [in MCF]. Estimated Columbia Gas Company and Equitable Gas Company customer consumption from public reports to the Pennsylvania Utilities Commission [in MCF] using the number of customers per customer class within city limits provided by each company. Natural gas combusted by PACT and NRG Energy to produce steam for commercial buildings in 20 [in MCF], provided by representatives. Natural gas and commercial coal combusted by the Bellefield Boiler Plant s steam production in 20 [in MCF and tons, respectively], provided by the Chair of the Bellefield Boiler Operations Committee. 50 Ibid, Footnote 29. 51 Ibid, Footnote 33. 52 kwh = kilowatt-hours 26

METHODS Table 3: Pittsburgh Citywide Data, 2003 and 20 (continued) EMISSION SOURCES 2003 DATA SOURCE 20 DATA SOURCE FUEL OIL & KEROSENE Neither required by ICLEI nor included. 20 residential consumption was estimated from US Census data. 53 Commercial and industrial usage was estimated based on national averages per square foot from the EIA; square footage was provided by the Allegheny County Tax Assessor s Office. CITYWIDE: ENERGY & WATER SOLID WASTE Tonnage hauled to landfills by municipal and private haulers from within Pittsburgh city limits, provided by City of Pittsburgh Recycling Supervisor. Landfill composition was estimated. 54 Tonnage hauled to landfills by municipal and private haulers in 20 from within Pittsburgh city limits, provided by City of Pittsburgh Recycling Supervisor. Landfill composition was found from national 2007 solid waste composition. 55 TRANSPORTATION Vehicle miles traveled within Pittsburgh city limits on interstates and principal arterials during 2003, provided by the Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission. Vehicle miles traveled within Pittsburgh city limits on all road classifications during 20, provided by the Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission. Weather Changes Between 2003 and 20 One explanation for emissions differences between 2003 and 20 is simply a change in weather, or a difference in the climatic demand for energy use. To find a difference in climatic energy demand, a comparison between Pittsburgh s heating degree days and cooling degree days in 2003 and 20 is used. Heating degree days and cooling degree days that a region experiences are the measurement of deviation from a baseline temperature. Ultimately, the number of heating or cooling degree days can determine how much more or less active heating or cooling was required for buildings in a given year, as compared to an average year. For example, one heating degree day is equal to one degree of negative deviation (colder) from the baseline temperature for one day, and two heating degree days are equal to negative two degrees deviation from the baseline temperature during one day; for cooling degree days, the deviation from the baseline temperature is in the positive direction (warmer), thus requiring more cooling. 56 53 U.S. Census Bureau. (2009). Pittsburgh, PA: B25117. Tenure By House Heating Fuel - Universe: Occupied Housing Units. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/dttable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000us&-ds_name=acs_20_3yr_g00_&-mt_name= ACS_20_3YR_G2000_B25117 Accessed 1 December 2009. 54 Ibid, Footnote 47. 55 Ibid, Footnote 46. 56 Google Knol. Degree Days: Understanding Heating and Cooling Degree Days. http://knol.google.com/k/martin-bromley/degree-days/2jhb07kwe0in9/2#. Accessed 16 December 2009. 27

METHODS In 2003, Pittsburgh experienced 5,840 heating degree days and 596 cooling degree days. 57 In 20, Pittsburgh experienced 5,963 heating degree days and 898 cooling degree days. 58 Between 2003 and 20, then, Pittsburgh experienced a 6.6 percent increase in heating degree days and cooling degree days, representing an increase in energy demand to heat and cool buildings. 57 Pennsylvania State University. The Pennsylvania State Climatologist. http://pasc.met.psu.edu/pa_climatologist/state/misc/degday2003.html. Accessed 16 December 2009. 58 BizEE Degree Days: Weather Data for Energy Professionals. Degree Days.net - Custom Degree Day Data. http://www.degreedays.net. Accessed 16 December 2009. 28

20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Results of the 20 inventory are explained below. Pittsburgh Citywide Emissions Inventory In 20, Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions totaled 6.79 million tons CO 2 e. These 6.79 million tons CO 2 e includes all emissions within Pittsburgh city limits, including the emissions resulting from municipal operations. Municipal emissions comprise only 3 percent of total 20 Pittsburgh greenhouse gas emissions. As shown in Figure 2, 51 percent of Pittsburgh s 20 citywide GHG emissions are a result of electricity consumption. Figure 3 indicates, however, that electricity provides only 26 percent of Pittsburgh s energy; Figure 4 further illustrates the disproportionate GHG emissions from electricity versus other energy sources utilized in Pittsburgh. Reducing future electricity use and creating local electrical generation that bypasses the regional electricity grid are prime targets for local greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Figures 2 and 3 also address the level and impact of Pittsburgh s natural gas consumption; in 20, natural gas produced only 14 percent of Pittsburgh s CO 2 e emissions while meeting 29 percent of Pittsburgh s energy demand. Figure 2: 20 Pittsburgh Citywide Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 e), By Source 5% 2% 4% Commercial Coal Diesel 14% Electricity Fuel Oil & Kerosene 20% 51% Gasoline Natural Gas Solid Waste 4% 29

20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Figure 3: 20 Pittsburgh Citywide Energy Consumption (MMBtu), by Source 5% 2% 6% Commercial Coal Diesel 29% 26% Electricity Fuel Oil & Kerosene Gasoline 30% 7% Natural Gas Figure 4: 20 Pittsburgh Energy and Associate Greenhouse Gas Emissions, by Source 3,500,000 20,000,000 3,000,000 2,500,000 15,000,000 Tons CO 2 e 2,000,000 1,500,000 10,000,000 MMBtu 1,000,000 5,000,000 500,000 Tons CO 2 e 0 Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Fuel Oil & Kerosene Diesel Commerical Coal 0 MMBtu Energy Source Per Figure 5, commercial and transportation energy use each comprise 36 percent of Pittsburgh s total energy consumption. Figure 5 indicates that the commercial sector is responsible for the largest portion of Pittsburgh s 20 citywide GHG emissions (47 percent) and the transportation sector is responsible for the second largest portion of emissions (24 percent). 30

20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Figure 5: 20 Pittsburgh Citywide Energy Consumption (MMBtu), by Sector 36% 22% 36% Residential Commericial Industrial Transportation 6% Figure 6 indicates that 71 percent of Pittsburgh s 20 GHG emissions were produced by the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors, whose contribution is based entirely on their buildings energy consumption. Buildings represent a large opportunity for energy reduction and associated greenhouse gas emissions reductions. Figure 6 also indicates that Pittsburgh s transportation sector comprised 24 percent of total CO 2 e in 20, and solid waste disposal produced 5 percent of Pittsburgh s 20 GHG emissions. Figure 6: 20 Pittsburgh Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 e), by Sector 5% 24% 18% Residential Commericial 6% 47% Industrial Transportation Solid Waste 31

20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Pittsburgh Municipal Government Emissions Inventory Total emissions from Pittsburgh municipal government operations in 20 were 199 thousand tons CO 2 e. As shown in Figure 7, electricity use produced the majority of 20 municipal greenhouse gas emissions. Figure 8 indicates that while Pittsburgh s municipal government used 23 percent more energy from natural gas than from electricity (as measured in MMBtu), municipal electricity use produced over three times the greenhouse gas emissions (CO 2 e) as natural gas. As the Pittsburgh region s electricity grid is associated with much higher relative levels of greenhouse gas emissions due to our high dependence on coal fired power plants, it is appropriate to target electricity use reduction as a means to reduce emissions. Thousand Tons of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 200 150 100 50 0 Figure 7: 20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pittsburgh Municipal Operations, by EnergySource CH4 N2O CO2 Electricity Natural Gas Gasoline Diesel Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 800,000 Figure 8: 20 Municipal Energy Consumption versus Greenhouse Gas Emissions 150,000 Tons CO 2 e 600,000 400,000 200,000 100,000 50,000 0 Electricity Natural Gas Gasoline Diesel 0 Tons CO 2 e MMBtu Sources of Greenhouse Gas Emissions 32

20 PITTSBURGH GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Figure 9 breaks down Pittsburgh s municipal GHG emissions by sector, indicating that buildings and facilities are responsible for the majority of municipal greenhouse gas emissions; drinking water treatment and pumping services are the second largest contributors. When considering GHG emissions contributed by the City of Pittsburgh and its Authorities, Figure 10 indicates that the Housing Authority and the City of Pittsburgh itself emit the vast majority of municipal greenhouse gas emissions, 33 percent and 32 percent of the total, respectively. This is largely because they own the majority of municipally operated buildings. Drinking water treatment and pumping services account for 25 percent of emissions. The Urban Redevelopment Authority s buildings produce 6 percent of emissions, and the Parking Authority s buildings and vehicles emit 4 percent of municipally generated greenhouse gases. Figure 9: 20 Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 e), by Sector 6% 4% <1% Municipal Employee Solid Waste Buildings and Facilities 25% 54% Streetlights and Traffic Lights Water Delivery Vehicle Fleet 11% Muncipal Employee Commute Figure 10: 20 Pittsburgh Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO 2 e) Housing Authority 6% 32% 33% 25% 54% 25% 4% Parking Authority Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority Urban Redevelopment Authority City of Pittsburgh 33

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Pittsburgh 20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Compared to 2003 Emissions Results from this 20 inventory are compared to the adjusted 2003 baseline inventory to evaluate progress toward Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal. Pittsburgh Citywide Emissions Inventory In 20, Pittsburgh s CO 2 e emissions totaled 6.79 million tons, a 28 percent increase from adjusted 2003 emissions levels of 5.30 million tons CO 2 e. Thus, to effectively meet the Pittsburgh greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal set in the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0 as 20 percent below 2003 levels by 2023, Pittsburgh must now work to reduce its 20 greenhouse gas emissions levels by 2.55 million tons CO 2 e from 20 levels. There are multiple explanations for why Pittsburgh s total greenhouse gas emissions increased 28 percent between 2003 and 20: Increased electricity usage; Expanded transportation data to include all road types within Pittsburgh city limits; More accurate natural gas combustion estimates using company-specific usage data and the actual number of natural gas customers; The inclusion of the Bellefield Boiler Plant s commercial coal and natural gas combustion to produce steam in the Oakland area, excluded from 2003 data; The inclusion of kerosene and fuel oil combustion, excluded from 2003 data; The exclusion of sequestration factors while calculating solid waste emissions, thereby treating solid waste as an emitter rather than a sink; Weather differences. As explained in the section entitled Climate Differences Between 2003 and 20, Pittsburgh experienced a 6.6 percent increase in heating degree days and cooling degree days, representing an increase in energy demand to heat and cool buildings. 34

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 25,000 Figure 11: 2003 versus 20 Energy Use, By Sector 20,000 Thousand MMBtu 15,000 10,000 5,000 2003 20 0 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation Community Sectors Figure 11 shows that Pittsburgh energy use increased in every sector compared to adjusted 2003 levels; these increases totaled a 41 percent increase in energy use within Pittsburgh city limits between 2003 and 20. Population increase does not explain this rise in energy use, as Pittsburgh saw a reduction in both population and occupied housing units. Population decreased between 2003 and 20 from 325 thousand to 310 thousand people; 59 between 2000 and 20, the number of occupied housing units decreased from 143 thousand units to 130 thousand units. 60 According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Pittsburgh also saw a reduction in commercial and industrial firms for the Pittsburgh-New Castle combined statistical area between 2002 and 2007, from 53 thousand firms to 30 thousand firms. 61, 62 Expanded data in this 20 greenhouse gas inventory contribute to the increase in measured greenhouse gas emissions. These expanded data are due to advances in methodology and increases in data availability. Areas of expansion include emissions from transportation, emissions from natural gas, as well as newly included emissions from commercial coal combustion and fuel oil and kerosene combustion. The inclusion of commercial coal use adds 120 thousand tons CO 2 e, fuel oil adds 303 thousand tons CO 2 e, and kerosene adds 306 tons CO 2 e. Shown in Figures 12 and 13, electricity use increased by 951 thousand MMBtu, equivalent to 178 thousand tons CO 2 e. 59 IDCIDE. (2010). Pittsburgh, PA Profile. Sourced from U.S. Census Bureau. http://www.idcide.com/citydata/pa/pittsburgh.htm Accessed May 3, 2010. 60 U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Fact Finder. S2504. Physical Housing Characteristics for Occupied Housing Units. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/sttable?_bm=y&-geo_id=16000us4261000&-qr_name=acs_20_3yr_g00_s2504&-ds_name= ACS_20_3YR_G00_ Accessed April 30, 2010. 61 U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Fact Finder. Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA Combined Statistical Area: Table 1. Selected Statistics by Economic Sector: 2002 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/gqrtable?_bm=y&-geo_id=33000us430&-ds_name=ec0200a1&-_lang=en Accessed May 3, 2010. 62 U.S. Census Bureau. U.S. Fact Finder. Pittsburgh-New Castle, PA Combined Statistical Area: Table 1: Selected Statistics by Economic Sector: 2007. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/gqrtable?_bm=y&-ds_name=ec0700a1&-geo_id=33000us430&-_lang=en Accessed May 3, 2010. 35

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 20,000 Figure 12: 20 versus 2003 Energy Use, By Source Thousand MMBtu 15,000 10,000 5,000 2003 20 0 Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Fuel Oil & Kerosene Diesel Commerical Coal Energy Sources 4,000 Figure 13: 20 versus 2003 Citywide Greenhouse Gas Emissions, By Source Thousand MMBtu 3,000 2,000 1,000 2003 20 0 Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Fuel Oil & Kerosene Diesel Commerical Coal Solid Waste Energy Sources Figure 14 indicates that Pittsburgh s 20 citywide residential, commercial, and industrial GHG emissions all increased compared to adjusted 2003 levels, totaling 329 thousand tons CO 2 e, 610 thousand tons CO 2 e, and 55 thousand tons CO 2 e, respectively. This increase across all sectors can be partially attributed to the expanded estimate of natural gas combustion in this 20 inventory. The most significant increase is seen in the residential sector s natural gas combustion. Increased electricity demand across all three of these sectors also accounts for increased GHG emissions. Figure 14 shows that the commercial sector is most responsible for electricity demand, and that sector s emissions reflect its high electricity usage compared to residential and industrial energy. Figure 21 also indicates that GHG emissions from solid waste increased by 175 thousand tons CO 2 e between 2003 and 20. As described in the Citywide Emissions Data Sources: Solid Waste Emissions Coefficients section, both the 2003 and 20 solid waste data were calculated without any sequestration coefficients. Adjusted numbers are shown here in Figure 14. 36

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Figure 14 also indicates that in 20, GHG emissions from Pittsburgh s transportation also showed a significant increase as compared to 2003 levels. As discussed previously in the Citywide Emissions Data Sources: Transportation section, the 20 transportation data is greatly expanded to include all road types within Pittsburgh city limits. Thousand Tons CO 2 e 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 Figure 14: Adjusted 2003 versus 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions, by Source and Sector Electricity Natural Gas Commercial Coal Gasoline Diesel Fuel Oil & Kerosene Wood / Textile Waste Food Waste Plant Debris Waste 0 Residential 2003 Residential 20 Commercial 2003 Commercial 20 Industrial 2003 Industrial 20 Transportation 2003 Source and Sector Transportation 20 Solid Waste 2003 Solid Waste 20 Paper Waste Pittsburgh Municipal Government Emissions Inventory Total emissions from Pittsburgh municipal government operations were 199 thousand tons CO 2 e, a 3.5 percent increase from adjusted 2003 levels of 193 thousand tons CO 2 e. Thus, to effectively meet a 20 percent reduction below 2003 municipal emissions, its equivalent of the city-wide emissions reduction goal set in the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0, the municipal government and its Authorities must reduce emissions by 45 thousand tons CO 2 e from 20 levels by 2023. There is a slight shift in the proportional responsibility that Pittsburgh s municipal government bears for greenhouse gas emissions. The 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory found that City of Pittsburgh municipal operations accounted for 4 percent of Pittsburgh s total emissions. 63 In 20, City of Pittsburgh municipal operations produced 3 percent of Pittsburgh s total emissions. 63 Ibid, Footnote 1. 37

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Explanations for this increase in greenhouse gas emissions include greater electricity demand, greater accuracy in vehicle fleet fuel combustion data, and inclusion of the URA s entire building stock rather than only its main office. Actions taken by the City to actively reduce its emissions since 20 are detailed later in this report under City of Pittsburgh Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions. As shown in Figure 15, energy use (MMBtu) from municipal operations dropped 13.4 percent from adjusted 2003 levels. Reductions in natural gas usage account for this drop in energy demand, which can be largely attributed to the Housing Authority s reduced building stock and increased energy efficiency between 2003 and 20. 64, 65 1,400,000 Figure 15: 2003 versus 20 Municipal Energy Use 1,200,000 Annual MMBtu Energy 1,000,000 800,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 0 Electricity Natural Gas Gasoline Diesel Energy Source 2003 20 Figure 16 indicates that the Housing Authority is actually an exception in reducing greenhouse gas emissions between 2003 and 20; all other Pittsburgh municipal activities and Authorities actually increased their CO 2 e emissions between adjusted 2003 and 20 levels. The most dramatic GHG emissions increase was from the Urban Redevelopment Authority s (URA) operations whose main office was the only building included in the 2003 inventory; this 20 inventory includes all of the URA s properties. The Housing Authority reduced emissions because it reduced the number of buildings it owned and operated between 2003 and 20, while also incorporating efficiency measures during new building design and 64 Sloss, Jim. Inventory Question. Personal communication via email. 4 April 2010. 65 Weber, David. Questions for City Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. Personal communication via email. 26 May 2010. 38

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS operation; Housing Authority owned family units were reduced by 21 percent and units for seniors and the disabled were reduced by 52 percent. Figure 17 indicates that, by sector, 20 municipal GHG emissions from buildings and facilities, streetlights and traffic lights, and employee solid waste disposal decreased slightly from adjusted 2003 levels; emissions from drinking water treatment and delivery, the municipal vehicle fleet, and municipal employees commuting behavior are sources of increased GHG emissions over the same period. 100,000 Figure 16: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Authority, 2003 and 20 80,000 Tons CO 2 e 60,000 40,000 20,000 2003 20 0 City of Pittsburgh Housing Authority Parking Authority Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Authority Urban Redevelopment Authority Municipal Government and Authorities 120,000 Figure 17: Municipal Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 2003 and 20 100,000 Tons CO 2 e 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 2003 20 0 Buildings & Facilities Streetlights & Traffic Lights Water Delivery Vehicle Fleet Municipal Employee Commute Municipal Employee Solid Waste City Government Sectors 39

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS From 2003 to 20, emissions from the City vehicle fleet s fuel combustion nearly tripled: from 4.19 thousand tons CO 2 e in 2003 to 11.2 thousand tons CO 2 e emitted in 20. This large increase in emissions is likely due to more comprehensive data acquired for this 20 inventory, as explained previously in the Municipal Emissions Data Sources: Vehicle Fleet section. For the 2003 inventory, ICLEI did not require that municipal employees commute be included, so it was not; however, employee commute is required under the 20 LGOP, and is therefore included in this 20 inventory, contributing 7.46 thousand tons CO 2 e. Additionally, emissions from drinking water treatment and pumping services increased from 2003 to 20. PWSA has been able to bill for only around 42 percent of the water it treats and pumps, with the rest lost, given away, or used in internal processes. 66 This presents a major opportunity to reduce emissions by shoring up PWSA s distribution system. In total, 20 greenhouse gas emissions from Pittsburgh municipal operations increased 3.5 percent from adjusted 2003 levels. Actions taken by the municipal government to reduce emissions are reported in detail in the City of Pittsburgh Measures to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions section. Summary of 20 versus 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Based on the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, Pittsburgh established a greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal of 20 percent below 2003 levels by 2023. 67 This benchmark inventory s results show that Pittsburgh s total greenhouse gas emissions in 20 increased from adjusted 2003 levels by 28 percent, or 1.49 thousand tons CO 2 e. Figure 18 indicates that Pittsburgh s increase in GHG emissions was borne across all municipal and citywide sectors. Figure 19 attempts to collectively quantify the causes of this overall increase, which is partially due to expanded data in the 20 inventory versus the 2003 inventory. Regardless of the reasons for which Pittsburgh s measured GHG emissions increased from 2003 to 20, Pittsburgh now has to eliminate 2.55 million tons of CO 2 e annually to reach its 2023 emissions reduction goal. These 2.55 million tons CO 2 e are equivalent to reducing the VMT by gasoline vehicles on Pittsburgh roads by approximately 5 billion miles or installing 3.3 billion kwh of renewable energy. To separately address Pittsburgh s municipal government sector, the City of Pittsburgh s municipal GHG emissions increased 3.5 percent between 2003 and 20, by 199 thousand tons CO 2 e. Figure 20 attempts 66 Lord, Rich. (2010, May 14). Water authority begins search for leaks. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/10134/1058160-100.stm?cmpid=localstate.xml Accessed 9 June 2010. 67 Ibid, Footnote 1. 40

20 COMPARED TO 2003 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS to capture the causes of this increase, partially due to greater data accuracy and inclusion. To reach a 20 percent reduction below 2003 municipal emissions levels, the City of Pittsburgh government must eliminate 45 thousand tons of CO 2 e annually. These 45 thousand tons CO 2 e are equivalent to installing approximately 60 million kwh of renewable energy. 3,500 Figure 18: Comparison of 2003 and 20 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 3,000 Thousand Tons CO 2 e 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Municipal 2003 Municipal 20 500 Citywide 2003 Citywide 20 0 Municipal Operations Residential Commercial Industrial Sectors Transportation Solid Waste Million Tons CO 2 e 7.0 6.0 Figure 19: Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2003 to 20 6.8 2003 Baseline 2003 Adjusted Emissions 5.3 20 Inventory 5.0 Population Reduction Weather Differences Increased Electricity Usage More Accurate Natural Gas Data More Accurate Transportation Data Inclusion of Commercial Coal Inclusion of Solid Waste Inclusion of Kerosene & Fuel Oil 20 Emissions Reasons for Emissions Increase or Decrease 41

HOW DOES PITTSBURGH COMPARE NATIONALLY? 250,000 Figure 20: Pittsburgh Municipal Government Greehouse Gas Emissions 2003 to 20 Tons CO 2 e 200,000 199,499 192,735 2003 Adjusted Baseline 150,000 20 Change LED Traffic Lights Increased Electricity Usage Decreased Natural Gas Usage More Accurate Vehicle Fleet Data Inclusion of all URA Property Inclusion of Employees Commute 20 Municipal Emissions Reasons for Emissions Increase or Decrease How Does Pittsburgh Compare Nationally? Comparing Pittsburgh s municipal and citywide emissions by fuel source and sector to levels in other cities is a useful activity that was not performed for the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. This 20 inventory comparatively benchmarks Pittsburgh versus other cities, a recommended practice for future inventories. Benchmark Cities Emissions Reduction Goals In 2009, ICLEI released an annual progress summary that outlined participating U.S. cities and their commitments to GHG emissions reductions; this information is summarized for a select number of cities in Table 2. 68 Per ICLEI s summary, Pittsburgh s emissions reduction goal is working from a baseline year and timeframe similar to Kansas City and New York City, but with a 10 percent lower emissions reduction goal than both cities. In line with the IPCC s standards for international emissions reduction goals, other cities use a 1990 baseline year. Pittsburgh uses a 2003 baseline year; consequently, other cities goals are more aggressive than Pittsburgh s both in reduction value and in timescale. 68 ICLEI USA Local Governments for Sustainability. (2009). Measuring Up: A Detailed Look at the Impressive Goals and Climate Action Progress of U.S. Cities and Counties. 2009 Annual Report. http://www.icleiusa.org/action-center/affecting-policy/iclei percent20usa percent20 Measuring percent20up percent20report percent202009.pdf Accessed 10 December 2009. 42

HOW DOES PITTSBURGH COMPARE NATIONALLY? Table 4: Benchmark Cities Emissions Reducation Goals 69 CITY PERCENTAGE CITYWIDE GOAL BENCHMARK YEAR REDUCTION YEAR PERCENTAGE MUNICIPAL GOAL BENCHMARK YEAR REDUCTION YEAR AUSTIN, TX Carbon Neutral by 2020 BERKELEY, CA 33% Below 2000 by 2020 BURLINGTON, VT 20% Below 2007 by 2020 20% Below 2007 by 2020 CHICAGO, IL 25% Below 1990 by 2020 DURHAM, NC 30% Below 2005 by 2030 50% Below 2005 by 2030 EUGENE, OR 99% Below 2005 by 2020 FLAGSTAFF, AZ 7% Below 1990 by 2012 7% Below 1990 by 2012 KANSAS CITY, MO 30% Below 2000 by 2020 30% Below 2000 by 2020 LOS ANGELES, CA 35% Below 1990 by 2030 MADISON, WI 7% Below 1990 No date indicated 20% Below 1990 No date indicated NASHVILLE, TN To be published To be published NEW ORLEANS, LA Inventory only No CAPs. Inventory only No CAPs. NEW YORK, NY 30% Below 2005 by 2030 30% Below 2005 by 2030 PHILADELPHIA, PA 20% Below 1990 by 2015 PITTSBURGH, PA 20% Below 2003 by 2023 20% Below 2003 by 2023 PORTLAND, ME 10% Below 1990 by 2020 PORTLAND, OR 40% Below 80% Below 1990 1990 by 2030 by 2050 40% Below 80% Below 1990 1990 by 2030 by 2050 SAN DIEGO, CA 15% Below 1990 by 2010 SAN FRANCISCO, CA 20% Below 1990 by 2012 SEATTLE, WA 30% Below 1990 by 2024 7% Below 1990 by 2012 69 Ibid, Footnote 68. 43

HOW DOES PITTSBURGH COMPARE NATIONALLY? Emissions Inventories from Benchmark Cities As shown in Figure 23, when compared to other cities, Pittsburgh s 20 per capita greenhouse gas emissions are relatively high. 70 Broken out by commercial, residential, and transportation sectors, Pittsburgh s commercial sector is a higher proportion of its emissions than all other cities in the study except Madison, Wisconsin. Additionally, cities with a population density similar to Pittsburgh s have a higher proportion of emissions from transportation than Pittsburgh s breakdown. 25 71 Figure 21: Per Capita Greenhouse Gas Emissions from U.S. Inventories 40 20 30 MT eco2 / Capital / Year 15 10 20 People Per Acre 5 0 Durham, NC Kansas City, MO Nashville, TN Pittsburgh, PA Flagstaff, AZ New Orleans, LA Madison, WI Chicago, IL Austin, TX Seattle, WA Participating Cities Bloomington, IN Portland, OR Philadelphia, PA Eugene, OR San Diego, CA Burlington, VT San Francisco, CA Berkeley, CA New York, NY 10 0 Commercial Residential Transportation Population Density 70 Blackhurst, Michael, H. Scott Matthews, Aurora L. Sharrard, & Chris T. Hendrickson. (2010). A Review of U.S. Community Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Climate Action Plans. Carnegie Mellon University working paper. 71 Figure recreated using Footnote 70. 44

CITY OF PITTSBURGH ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS City of Pittsburgh Activities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions Between January 2004 and December 20, the 5-year period evaluated in this 20 benchmark GHG inventory, the City of Pittsburgh municipal government implemented several initiatives to reduce solid waste generation and energy consumption and thereby reduce municipal GHG emissions. These efforts expanded significantly with the leadership of the City s first Sustainability Coordinator. In early 2009, an informal Sustainability Committee was formed to act as a steering body for the City s sustainability initiatives. In late 2009, City Council adopted a code change to make this group an official commission of the City. The Sustainability Commission is made up of 11 members: the sustainability coordinator, energy and utilities manager, urban forester, recycling supervisor, and representatives of the Mayor s Office, City Council, City Planning, Bureau of Building Inspection, Finance, Personnel, and Public Works. Below is a summary of the programmatic and policy initiatives. Reducing Energy Consumption Traffic Signals - In Summer 20, the City of Pittsburgh replaced all of its traffic signals with light emitting diodes (LEDs), reducing electricity demand by 2,640,288 kwh annually, equivalent to 2,041 tons CO 2 e annually and 1,020.5 tons CO 2 e reduced during the 5-year benchmark period of this 20 inventory. This measureable improvement accounts for 4 percent reduction in GHG this 20 inventory s five emissions from Pittsburgh s streetlights and traffic signals sector during year study period. Streetlights - Following the success of this retrofit, in 2009 the City began investigating option to upgrade its 40,000 streetlights, which use approximately 27.5 million kwh annually, costing $3.2 million per year. From June 2009-February 2010, over 120 test lights were installed in a pilot study on Pittsburgh s South Side. Technologies include LED, induction, metal halide, and high pressure sodium. In 2010, the City will determine the specifications for purchase of new streetlights based on a combination of resident feedback, light quality, energy efficiency, and maintenance costs. Ball Field Lights - Before 2006, the City of Pittsburgh used to purchase over 2 million kwh of electricity annually to light its sports fields. In 2006, however, a large portion of Pittsburgh s exterior ball park lights were converted to compact fluorescent light bulbs (CFLs), reducing electricity use by 5,7 kwh annually, equivalent to 4 tons CO 2 e annually. Also, in 2007, the City installed a central control system to turn lights on only when fields are in use by citywide groups. This automated system saved 130,000 kwh in its first year, equivalent to 101 tons CO 2 e. 45

CITY OF PITTSBURGH ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Network Server Improvements -Internally, in Fall 20, the City Information Systems department replaced its server with more efficient, less heat-producing models. This switch reduced electricity consumption by 30,211 kwh annually (or 23 tons CO 2 e annually). The server switch also reduces the machines heat discharge by 118,128,600 Btu annually, thereby lowering the building cooling load required to adjust for the servers heat production. Solar Energy - Additionally, as a Solar America City, Pittsburgh installed its first solar thermal array on a firehouse in October 2009. 72 In October 2009, the City installed its first solar hot water heater on Pittsburgh Firehouse No. 34 in Woods Run. Funding has been secured through a state grant to install another 5 solar hot water heaters in 2010, eliminating the need to use natural gas to create hot water for showers and kitchens in those buildings. Also, in early 2010, a feasibility study for a solar farm on City-owned property in Glen Hazel will be completed by an engineering firm. City-County Building Energy Use - Other energy-saving installations were made in 2009, including vending machine misers at the City-County building. In 2009, the City secured funding through a Department of Energy grant to complete a comprehensive energy audit of the historic City-County Building, to be completed in the first half of 2010. Renewable Energy Purchases -The Western PA Energy Consortium, managed by the City of Pittsburgh, won a Green Power Leadership Award in September 2009 from the US EPA for purchasing 10 percent of electricity (over 11 million kwh) from renewable sources. This percentage increased to 15 percent in June 2010. Solid Waste Diversion Single Stream Recycling - In November 20, Pittsburgh began allowing residents to implement single stream recycling, which means that all recyclable materials could be placed in one curbside container instead of sorting. Studies have shown that single stream increases recycling rates by reducing barriers to participation, thereby increasing solid waste diversion rates from landfills. 73, 74, 75 Though not reflected in this 20 inventory, Pittsburgh s 2009 72 Lord, Rich. (2009). Pittsburgh s Solar Team Ready to Heat Firehouse. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. October 13, 2009. http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/09286/1005109-53.stm. Accessed 1 May 2010. 73 Derksen, Linda, & Gartrell, John. 1993. The social context of recycling. American Sociological Review 58: 434-442. 74 Schultz, Wesley P., & Oskamp, Stuart. 1996. Effort as a moderator of the attitude-behavior relationship: general environmental concern and recycling. Social Psychology Quarterly 59: 375-383. 75 Schultz, Wesley P., Oskamp, Stuart, & Mainieri, Tina. 1995. Who recycles and when? a review of personal and situational factors. Journal of Environmental Psychology 15: 105-121. 46

CITY OF PITTSBURGH ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS residential recycling rates increased by 12.5 percent after single stream recycling was adopted. 76 Due to its late 20 implementation date, Pittsburgh s curbside single stream recycling policy cannot be credited with the reduction in Pittsburgh municipal employee solid waste over the 5-year benchmark period of this inventory. However, it is a notable policy step for future Pittsburgh GHG inventories. Transportation Biodiesel - The City of Pittsburgh uses a minimum of B5 biodiesel in all diesel equipment. The term B5 means 5 percent of the fuel is from biodiesel and 95 percent is from traditional diesel. The biodiesel is from a local processor and is made from the bi-products of animal rendering operations. A portion of the equipment is now using a B20 blend. Filtering Diesel Emissions - The City has installed diesel particulate filters on 13 waste haulers and has recently received a grant from the state for $443,100 to retrofit the rest of the fleet. Particulate matter is a harmful pollutant that can cause respiratory problems for humans. Car-Share for City Employees - During summer of 2009, the City partnered with Zipcar, a car share business, to reduce the need for a motor pool for City employees. During the pilot period, over 100 employees took advantage of the program. Car-sharing reduces the VMT by an organization s employees. Zipcar offers more fuel efficient models and hybrids, providing opportunity for employees to further reduce City emissions. Prioritizing Bicycle/Pedestrian Infrastructure - In 20, the City of Pittsburgh hired the Commonwealth s first Bicycle/Pedestrian Coordinator. The Coordinator is charged with carrying out Mayor Ravenstahl s Bicycle/Pedestrian Initiatives. In 2009, the City passed a bicycle rack ordinance that facilitates and expedites the placing of bicycle racks in the public right-of-way, as well as a bicycle parking ordinance which will require bicycle racks for new and change of use development. Through Mayor Ravenstahl s Taking Care of Business program, in partnership with Bike Pittsburgh, 200 new bike racks were added to the City s business districts. In 2009, the City of Pittsburgh had approximately 13 miles of on-street pavement 76 City of Pittsburgh. Together Green Newsletter, Winter 2010. http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/pw/assets/recycling/10-recycling_newsletter.pdf Accessed 19 May 2010. 47

CITY OF PITTSBURGH ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS markings, including bike lanes and shared lane markings. Waste Water Management Increasing Urban Forest - The City is a partner in TreeVitalize, a regional program aimed at planting 20,000 trees in the city by 2012. The City planted over 700 trees in 20, and 1,000 in 2009. In fall of 2009, the City distributed approximately 1,500 flowering white dogwood trees to residents in tabling events downtown and at various farmers markets throughout the City. In 2010, trees will be planted in and around five parking lots in the city to reduce storm water runoff, through a Pennvest grant awarded to Friends of the Pittsburgh Urban Forest (FPUF). Green Roof - In early 2010, a structural assessment will be completed on the roof of the City- County Building, to determine if a green roof is practical in this location. Vacant Lot Remediation - Green Up is a program instituted by the Mayor s Office in which his Green Team, along with a team of volunteers clear debris from vacant lots, lay topsoil, and plant trees and grass to reduce blight and improve City-owned vacant lots. With the help of thousands of volunteers, the Green Up program has transformed over 100 vacant lots around the city into green spaces. World Environment Day 2010 - Pittsburgh is the North American Host City for World Environment Day 2010, chosen by the UN Environment Programme. World Environment Day 2010 is focused on water related issues. Many of the PCI sectors are planning to participate in events that highlight relationships between water conservation and greenhouse gas emissions. This theme is especially timely since a major source of emissions at the City level is water pumping, and a major source at the County level is wastewater treatment. 77 Climate and Sustainability in City Policy Sustainability Coordinator - In 20, the City of Pittsburgh hired its first Sustainability Coordinator who worked on multiple municipal sustainability programs in 20 and 2009, including a Mayor s Green Guide, published in April 2010. 78 Codifying Sustainable Practices - In October 2009, City Council considered six major code changes and two ordinances to provide for more sustainable practices throughout 77 Ibid, Footnote 7. 78 City of Pittsburgh. Mayor s Green Guide. Mayor Luke Ravenstahl, April 2010. http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/pw/assets/green_guide_web.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2010. 48

ALLEGHENY COUNTY ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Pittsburgh. In November 2009 Pittsburgh City Council passed two ordinances codifying the City of Pittsburgh Sustainability Coordinator position and the City of Pittsburgh Sustainability Commission. 79, 80 Council also passed a resolution directing the Mayor s office and City Finance Department to establish sustainable purchasing criteria. Subsequently, an Environmentally Preferred Purchasing Plan was drafted and adopted by council in April 2010. 81 Additionally, an ordinance establishing green roof standards was passed by City Council in May 2010. 82 The ordinance permits construction of both intensive and extensive roofs on structures in residential and nonresidential areas. Allegheny County Activities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions In June 2009, Allegheny County appointed its first Sustainability Manager. 83 By October 2009, Allegheny County issued an executive order that fully outlined its sustainability commitments, which include: 84 Establish the Sustainability Manager position Adopt environmentally preferable purchasing guidelines Establish recycling within county facilities Build a sustainability website Train employees in sustainability principles and practices Assess the costs of implementing LEED for Existing Buildings Operations and Maintenance in its facilities Commit to achieving LEED certification for any new construction and renovation over 35,000 square feet Department directors will pursue other appropriate sustainability certifications Evaluate facilities and grounds for storm water mitigation infrastructure opportunities, Leverage research to model storm water management and sustainability proposals 79 City Clerk s Office, Legislative Information Center. 2010. Ordinance supplementing the Pittsburgh Code, Title One - Administrative, Article III - Organization, Chapter 111 - Departments Generally, by adding Chapter 146, entitled, Sustainability Coordinator, and setting forth responsibilities. http://pittsburgh.legistar.com/legislationdetail.aspx?id=643962&guid= 20957759-DD85-4346-87FE- 56D0F67C7E03 Accessed 21 May 2010. 80 City Clerk s Office, Legislative Information Center. 2010. Ordinance supplementing the Pittsburgh Code, Title One - Administrative, Article IX - Boards, Commissions and Authorities, Chapter 178 - Community Advisory Boards, by adding Section 178C, entitled, Sustainability Commissions. http://www.city.pittsburgh.pa.us/pw/assets/green_guide_web.pdf. Accessed 10 May 2010. 81 City Clerk s Office, Legislative Information Center. 2010. Ordinance amending the Pittsburgh City Code Title Six, Conduct, Article I: Regulated Rights and Actions, Chapter 619: Refuse Collection and Recycling, by deleting 619.10 City Procurement of Recycled Products and at Title One, Administrative, Article XII: Procedures, Chapter 161: Contracts, by adding 161.38 Environmentally Preferred Purchases. http://pittsburgh.legistar.com/legislationdetail.aspx?id=652054&guid=28e87603-8b21-4541-bf7c-5295dd5e99a9 Accessed 21 May 2010. 82 City Clerk s Office, Legislative Information Center. 2010. Ordinance amending the Pittsburgh Code, Title Nine, Zoning, Article V, Use Regulations, Chapter 912, Accessory Uses and Structures, to add definitions and provisions for green roofs as accessory structures. http://pittsburgh.legistar.com/legislationdetail.aspx?id=652245&guid=ddc5e6c4-a95b-4a98-b18e- FB0A6B2E3B86 Accessed May 21 2010. 83 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Onorato Names County s First Sustainability Manager. June 5, 2009. http://www.alleghenycounty.us/news/2009/20090605.aspx. Accessed 10 May 2010. 49

PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Conduct a annual green jobs forum The County will publish an annual sustainability scorecard addressing the following sustainability metrics and goals: Decreasing County government s overall energy consumption by 20 percent over the next 5 years. Increasing County government s water efficiency by 20 percent over the next 5 years, Decreasing County government s greenhouse gas emissions by 20 percent over the next 5 years Increasing County government s testing and use of advanced energy technologies Increasing County government s fleet vehicle conversion and motorized equipment to higher efficiency technologies with fewer emissions by 5 percent annually over the next 5 years Quantifying overall environmental performance of measures that extend beyond County operations (e.g. tree canopy, air quality, acres of green space, green storm water infrastructure, etc.) Pittsburgh Citywide Activities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions As detailed in the 2003 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory, several citywide GHG reduction activities were underway in 2006 when that report was published. 85 Specific continuing and newer initiatives are discussed below. An imperfect summary of organizations whose work reduces GHG emissions and promotes sustainability in Pittsburgh is also provided in Table 3. City-Wide Recycling The City of Pittsburgh s Recycling Coordinator tracks recycled material tonnage from both municipallycollected recycling and from private commercial haulers. In 20, municipal services collected 10,293 tons of curbside recyclable materials and 4,359 tons of recyclable materials were dropped off at City of Pittsburgh drop-off centers. Private commercial haulers collected 44,855 tons of recyclable materials in 20. By diverting these materials from the landfill, Pittsburgh avoided 317,849 tons of CO 2 e emissions 84 Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Onorato Names County s First Sustainability Manager. June 5, 2009. http://www.alleghenycounty.us/news/2009/20090605.aspx. Accessed 10 May 2010. 85 County of Allegheny, Office of the County Executive. (2009). Allegheny County Executive Order 2009-1: Sustainable Policies. Dan Onorato, County Executive. October 27, 2009. http://www.alleghenycounty.us/news/2009/20091027_execorder.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2010. 50

PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS during 20. Southwest Pennsylvania as a Green Building Leader Southwest Pennsylvania is a national leader in green building. Between January 2004 and December 20, the 5-year window evaluated by this benchmark inventory, there were 28 buildings in Pittsburgh that acquired Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED ) certification from the U.S. Green Building Council. Based on the LEED credits that these buildings received for energy efficiency and conservation, green buildings in Pittsburgh that became LEED certified between 2004 and 20 conserve 4,310 trillion Btu of energy annually compared to conventional buildings, equivalent to 976,277 tons CO 2 e. 86 Pittsburgh Home Weatherization Conservation Consultants Inc. (CCI) directs a regional home energy audit program for elderly and lowincome residents in Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Clearfield, Fayette, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mercer, Somerset, Venango, Washington, and Westmoreland Counties. CCI replaces refrigerators, freezers, mattresses, and light bulbs to save electricity and encourages audit participants to enroll in insulation replacement through their utility company. In 20, CCI s replacement program saved 2,130,790.5 kwh of electricity, equivalent to 1,647 tons CO 2 e. Other weatherization programs are administered through ACTION Housing Now and Affordable Comfort Inc. throughout Allegheny County and the broader Pittsburgh region. Pittsburgh Climate Initiative s Implementation Efforts In 2009 and 2010, the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative (PCI) ramped up implementation of GHG emissions reduction activities across all sectors as outlined in the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0. Specific municipal progress is described above. Regarding citywide efforts, the Black and Gold City Goes Green campaign targets community members with simple monthly actions to reduce household GHG emissions, with a total citywide reduction of 944,734 tons CO 2 e during 2009. 87 The Business Climate Coalition has engaged Pittsburgh businesses through educational forums and committee meetings to reduce commercial greenhouse gas emissions. 88 86 U.S. Green Building Council. LEED Projects and Case Studies Directory. http://www.usgbc.org/leed/project/certifiedprojectlist.aspx Accessed 18 December 2009. 87 Citizens for Pennsylvania s Future. (2009). The Black and Gold City Goes Green: Campaign Progress. http://www.theblackandgoldcitygoesgreen.com/citywide_progress.aspx. Accessed 10 May 2010. 88 Ibid, Footnote 9. 51

PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS The Higher Education Climate Consortium meets quarterly, has broadened its reach to 10 colleges and universities, and is a united body of Pittsburgh colleges and universities through information sharing workshops and collaborative events. 89 In accordance with the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan s ongoing recommendations, all PCI sectors have expanded their efforts in 2010. More detailed measurable progress of PCI and its sectors activities will be reported in an updated version of the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 2.0, tentatively scheduled to be published in 2011. Pittsburgh Organizations Working to Achieve Sustainability Pittsburgh is home to a number of organizations whose work promotes sustainability. Table 5 is an effort to summarize this community. Table 5: Pittsburgh Region Organizations Working to Achieve Sustainability PROGRAM / ORGANIZATION WORK TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND / OR INCREASE SUSTAINABILITY 10,000 Friends of Pennsylvania Advancing sustainable land practices and policy. ACTION Housing Now Affordable Comfort, Inc. Allegheny Clean Ways Weatherization of residential buildings. Residential education in energy efficiency. Prevention of illegal dumping. Allegheny Land Trust (ALT) Audubon Society of Western Pennsylvania (ASWP) Bike Pittsburgh Citizens for Pennsylvania s Future (PennFuture) Clean Water Action Conservation Consultants Inc. (CCI) Land preservation. Environmental education and nature preserve management. Advocates for the use of bicycles as a clean, green, and healthy alternative form of transportation. Policy advocacy to replace outdated, dirty sources of power with clean, renewable, and local electricity. Advocacy to protect water resources. Weatherization of residential buildings. Construction Junction East Liberty Development Inc. (ELDI) Solid waste reduction through building materials reuse. Developing a green corridor and sustainable community design. 89 Ibid, Footnote 10. 52

PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Table 5: Pittsburgh Region Organizations Working to Achieve Sustainability (Continued) PROGRAM / ORGANIZATION WORK TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND / OR INCREASE SUSTAINABILITY Friends of the Pittsburgh Urban Forest (FPUF) Friends of the Riverfront Green Building Alliance (GBA) Group Against Smog and Pollution (GASP) Grow Pittsburgh Growth Through Energy and Commmunity Health (GTECH) Strategies Nine Mile Run Watershed Association (NMRWA) Pennsylvania Association for Sustainable Agriculture (PASA) Pennsylvania Biodiversity Partnetship (PBP) Pennsylvania Environmental Council (PEC) Pennsylvania Resources Council (PRC) Pittsburgh Downtown Partnership Pittsburgh Food Forests Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation (PHLF) Pittsburgh Parks Consevancy (PPC) Pittsburgh Region Clean Cities Rachel Carson Homestead Rain Garden Alliance RiverQuest Restoring and protecting city trees. Trail creation along Pittsburgh s rivers. Advancing Western Pennsylvania as a leader in green building. Education, litigation, and policy creation to reduce air pollution in the Pittsburgh region. Developing local food production. Utilizes vacant land as a mechanism to extend the green economy opportunity into marginalized neighborhoods. Ensure the restoration and protection of the Nine Mile Run watershed. Building markets for local and sustainably produced food, educating consumers, and advocating with food justice groups throughout PA. Promoting the conservation of native species and their habitats. Protecting and restoring the natural and built environments. Waste reduction and recycling, litter and visual bliight prevention, watershed awareness, and composting. Cleaning public spaces, providing safety liaison assistance, supporting improvements and marketing Downtown. Building permaculture food forests on vacant lots. Encouraging utilization of architectural landmarks and historic neighborhoods as community assets can be a catalyst for urban renewal. Works to restore, renew, revitalize, and preserve four of Pittsburgh s large parks. A program of the U.S. Department of Energy supports local decisions to reduce the use of petroleum in the transportation sector. Designs and implements education programs and resources in keeping with Carson s enviromental ethic. Waste water abatement through rain gardens. Operates a river learning center for students, teachers, and the community of Southwestern Pennsylvania. 53

PITTSBURGH CITYWIDE ACTIVITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Table 5: Pittsburgh Region Organizations Working to Achieve Sustainability (Continued) PROGRAM / ORGANIZATION Sierra Club Slow Food Pittsburgh Southwestern Pennsylvania Commission (SPC) Sustainable Pittsburgh The Pittsburgh Project The Union Project WORK TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND / OR INCREASE SUSTAINABILITY A program of the U.S. Department of Energy supports local decisions to reduce the use of petroleum in the transportation sector. Dedicated to stewardship of the land and ecologically sound food production. The offical Metropolitan Planning Organization (MPO) for the ten-county Southwester Pennsylvania region. Advocates for clean and sustainable communities and businesses in the Pittsburgh region. Operate a progressive series of afterschool programs, free home repairs for Pittsburgh s elderly homeowners, outfits college students for urban service, and spearheads economics development and anti-violence efforts in Pittsburgh. Houses enterprises dedicated to place-based efforts to transform communities and their residents through economic and community development opportunities, focusing on sustainability. TransitionPGH Organizing Pittsburgh s communities to positively and proactively work together at adapting to the challenging realities of peak oil and climate change. TreeVitalize Pittsburgh Working in partnership with communtiy groups, nonprofit organizations, and municipal afencies, TreeVitalize will plant 20,000 trees throughout the Pittsburgh region by 2012. Urban Foodworks Venture Outdoors Western Pennsylvania Conservancy (WPC) Promotes sustainable, local food systems. Increase participation in outdoor recreational activity in Pittsburgh s many natural assets. Protects, conserves, and restores land, water, and wildlife for the benefit of the region s diverse plants, animals, and ecosystems. 54

MOVING FORWARD Moving Forward This inventory report is one step in Pittsburgh s process in achieving its greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal: 20 percent below 2003 levels by 2023. Future work is briefly laid out. Major Opportunities for Emissions Reductions As indicated in Figures 9 and 6, for both municipal and citywide operations, buildings are the largest contributor to Pittsburgh s 20 GHG emissions: 54 percent of municipal emissions and 71 percent of city-wide emissions. As shown in Figure 6, the commercial sector buildings are the largest emitter, responsible for 47 percent of greenhouse gas emissions within Pittsburgh city limits. Figure 6 also indicates that the transportation sector fuel combustion is contributes 24 percent of Pittsburgh s 20 GHG emissions, while residential buildings contribute 18 percent of Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions. As Figure 9 indicates, within municipal government operations our drinking water treatment and pumping services are responsible for 25 percent of emissions. All three of these sectors: commercial buildings, transportation, and residential buildings represent major opportunities for reducing Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions. Given the results of this inventory, they will be major foci for the forthcoming Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 2.0; however, each sector is briefly addressed below in terms of GHG reduction possibilities. Energy consumption by commercial and residential buildings can be reduced through a variety of mechanisms, including basic information tracking and benchmarking, technological improvements, and behavioral change. Publicly available tools such as Energy Star Portfolio Manager are often good ways for building managers to start tracking their energy and water consumption and costs over time. 90 Technological solutions, such as high efficiency appliances and fixtures, can also be used to complement proactive building maintenance practices and occupational behavior. In Western Pennsylvania, Green Building Alliance works directly with new and existing building projects to help them discover and utilize a wide variety of green building techniques and solutions to reduce resource use while providing healthier indoor spaces. 91 For businesses specifically, the Business Climate Coalition has compiled a number of resources online. 92 Transportation sector emissions could be reduced by decreasing individual car trips and increasing public transit ridership, bicycle ridership, flexible business schedules, telecommuting opportunities, and 90 Environmental Protection Agency. Energy Star Portfolio Manager. http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=evaluate_performance.bus_portfoliomanager January 3, 2010. 91 Ibid, Footnote 2 92 Ibid, Footnote 9. 55

MOVING FORWARD other incentive programs, some of which are outlined in the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 1.0. 93 Drinking water and waste water pumping services within city limits are under the City s management through the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority. In recent years the authority has been able to bill for only around 42 percent of the water it treats and pumps, with the rest lost, given away, or used in internal processes. 94 Shoring up PWSA s distribution system is a huge opportunity for reducing its energy use, and thereby reducing its emissions. Measures to reduce citizen demand for potable water will also decrease PWSA s energy use and GHG emissions. Water saving infrastructure such as faucet aerators, low-flow shower heads, toilet water hippos, rain barrels and rain gardens, and permeable surfaces installed throughout residential and commercial building spaces would greatly reduce waste water without any behavioral change. Water conservation behaviors would also reduce system load: 3-minute showers, using collected rainwater for irrigation, reducing daily water use. Wastewater treatment is managed at the County level through ALCOSAN, and therefore is included in Allegheny County s greenhouse gas emissions inventory. 95 Future Greenhouse Gas Inventories and Action Plans In future inventories of Pittsburgh s greenhouse gas emissions, it is important to use exact electricity and natural gas usage across customer classes. Consequently, it may be useful to establish a regular information request with utility companies that serve Pittsburgh so that a single coalition request is made from Pittsburgh Climate Initiative partners and other local municipalities performing their own greenhouse gas inventories. Future inventories may also seek data on rail and river transportation emissions, which were not included in this inventory due to a lack of available data. In light of the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative s continuing work and this inventory s results, an updated and expanded Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 2.0 is being developed through Green Building Alliance for potential publication in 2011. This second climate action plan will be comprised of recommendations developed by each sector s guiding committee within the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative, specific to that sector s priorities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the sector s operational challenges and needs. 93 Ibid, Footnote 5. 94 Ibid, Footnote 66. 95 Ibid, Footnote 7. 56

MOVING FORWARD Pittsburgh Climate Initiative: 2010 and Beyond The Pittsburgh Climate Initiative continues to expand its networks throughout Pittsburgh region businesses, community organizations, residents, and institutions of higher education, as well as our City of Pittsburgh municipal government and Allegheny County government. These partnerships continue to develop stronger outreach activities, stronger energy conservation programs, and stronger participation in behavior change. The development of the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 2.0 affords a sound opportunity to develop each sector s future activities with extensive input from members of each sector. Strategic planning during early 2010 further developed the PCI Partner steering committee and each sector s leadership committee for long-term management of the Pittsburgh Climate Initiative. The Pittsburgh Climate Initiative (PCI) actively launched in 2009 after much planning and organizing during 20. The PCI Partners steering committee, comprised of leaders representing each sector, is adding leadership from Allegheny County and officially expanding all sectors efforts beyond Pittsburgh s city limits. A major target area moving forward is greater involvement from Pittsburgh s businesses both in directing their own sector s 2010 priorities and in designing future goals, given the sector s limited involvement in developing the Pittsburgh Climate Action Plan, Version 2.0. 57

APPENDIX A: 20 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS (CAPS) Appendix A: 20 Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) Criteria air pollutants (CAPs) are responsible for several human health effects, including asthmatic conditions and cardiovascular diseases. 96, 97 While CAPs are not greenhouse gases, they are emitted along with greenhouse gases during fuel combustion and are therefore included here as additional indicators. CAPs Emissions Factors ICLEI s CACP User Guide also provides instructions for entering electricity emissions factors for criteria air pollutants, which include nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SO x ), carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and particulate matter (PM 10 ). Criteria air pollutant emissions factors are researched and updated by the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC); the most recent available factors are from the same 2005 EPA analysis. 98 These emissions factors were entered into ICLEI s CACP software for all criteria air pollutant emissions calculations. CAPs in 20 Figure 22 indicates that Pittsburgh s total criteria air pollutants in 20 were largely the result of gasoline combustion and electricity usage, 48.5 percent and 29.5 percent of CAPs, respectively. As shown in Figure 23, municipal government criteria air pollutants in 20 largely resulted from electricity use. 120,000 Figure 22: Pittsburgh Citywide Criteria Air Pollutants, by Source 100,000 Thousand Pounds of Criteria Air Pollutant 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Fuel Oil & Kerosene Diesel Commercial Coal PM 10 VOC CO SOx NOx Sources of Criteria Air Pollutants 96 Holguin, Fernando. (2009). Air Pollution and the Respiratory System. GASP, Air, Heart & Lungs: Making the Connection. May 11, 2009. http://www.gasp-pgh.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/air-pollution-and-the-respiratory-system-fernando-holguin.pdf 97 Grandis, Donald. (2009). Effects of Air Quality on Cardiovascular Disease. GASP, Air, Heart & Lungs: Making the Connection. May 11, 2009. http://www.gasp-pgh.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/effects-of-air-quality-on-cardiovascular-disease-presentation.pdf 98 Ibid, Footnote 49. Appendix A, Table 3: NERC Electricity Emissions Factors for Criteria Air Pollutants for Inventory Years 1990 2005. Accessed 1 August 2009. 58

APPENDIX A: 20 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS (CAPS) 3,000 Figure 23: 20 Pittsburgh Municipal Operations Criteria Air Pollutants Emissions, by Source 2,500 Thousand Pounds of Criteria Air Pollutant 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Electricity Gasoline Natural Gas Fuel Oil & Kerosene Diesel Biodiesel PM 10 VOC CO SOx NOx Sources of Criteria Air Pollutants 20 CAPs Emissions Compared to 2003 Levels Figures 24 and 25 show that in 20 criteria air pollutant emissions were greater than in 2003 for both municipal and citywide activities. As shown in Figure 24, the increase in Pittsburgh municipal CO, VOC, and PM10 emissions can be attributed to the significant increase in measured vehicle fuel combustion by the City s vehicle fleet. This is partially attributable to more comprehensive data used in 20 than was available in 2003: complete vehicle fuel use from the City of Pittsburgh s Fleet Manager in 20 versus fuel purchases reported by the City of Pittsburgh s Department of General services in 2003. 3,000 Figure 24: 2003 versus 20 Pittsburgh Municipal Criteria Air Pollutants 2,500 Thousand Pounds of Criteria Air Pollutant 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 NOx SOx CO VOC PM 10 2003 20 Annual Criteria Air Pollutants 59

APPENDIX A: 20 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS (CAPS) As shown in Figure 25, the increase in citywide CAP emissions is concentrated in CO, VOC, NO x, and PM 10 emissions, which largely from vehicle fuel combustion and electricity usage. Figure 25: 2003 versus 20 Pittsburgh Citywide Criteria Air Pollutants 100,000 Thousand Pounds of Criteria Air Pollutant 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 NOx SOx CO VOC PM 10 2003 20 Annual Criteria Air Pollutants 60

APPENDIX B: 20 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY DATA CONTACTS Appendix B: 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Data Contacts INVENTORY SECTOR ORGANIZATION CONTACT E-MAIL DATA PROVIDED MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH JIM SLOSS ENERGY AND UTILITIES MANAGER JAMES.SLOSS@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US City of Pittsburgh s building energy use and costs. MUNICIPAL PITTSBURGH WATER & SEWER AUTHORITY (PWSA) LEON GODEK CONTRACT PROCUREMENT SPECIALIST LGODEK@PGH2O.COM Pittsburgh Water & Sewer Authority energy use and costs. MUNICIPAL HOUSING AUTHORITY EDWARD MAUK CFO EDWARD.MAUK@HACP.ORG Energy use and costs by Housing Authority Buildings. MUNICIPAL PARKING AUTHORITY CHRIS HOLT ASST. DIRECTOR OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT CHOLT@PITTSBURGHPARKING.COM Parking Authority energy use and costs, and vehicle fuel combustion. MUNICIPAL URBAN REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY (URA) THOMAS SHORT FINANCE DIRECTOR TSHORT@URA.ORG URA building energy use and costs, by directing us to the appropriate people. MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH RAY KLIMKO SUPERVISOR, FACILITY MAINTENANCE, DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS RAY.KLIMKO@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US Refrigerant usage by City of Pittsburgh vehicles and buildings. MUNICIPAL PITTSBURGH ALLEGHENY COUNTY THERMAL (PACT) BOB FAZIO PRESIDENT PACTLTD1@VERIZON.NET PACT steam production, energy combustion to produce steam, and proportions used by City, County, and downtown business district. MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH PAUL OSTROWSKI FLEET CONTRACT MANAGER PAUL.OSTROWSKY@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US City of Pittsburgh mobile emissions data. MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH STEPHEN PATCHAN BICYCLE / PEDESTRIAN COORDINATOR STEPHEN.PATCHAN@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US Employee commute survey. MUNICIPAL SOUTHWEST PENNSYLVANIA COMMISSION (SPC) JEFF GRIM DATA ANALYST JGRIM@SPECREGION.ORG Vehicle miles traveled. MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH SHAWN WIGLE RECYCLING COORDINATOR SHAWN.WIGLE@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US Community solid waste tonnage. MUNICIPAL CITY OF PITTSBURGH LINDSAY BAXTER SUSTAINABILITY COORDINATOR LINDSAY.BAXTER@CITY.PITTSBURGH.PA.US General questions. 61

APPENDIX B: 20 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY DATA CONTACTS Appendix B: 20 Pittsburgh Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory Data Contacts (continued) INVENTORY SECTOR ORGANIZATION CONTACT E-MAIL DATA PROVIDED CITYWIDE EQUITABLE GAS COMPANY EDUARDO SANDE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ANALYST ESAND@EGT.COM Estimated number of customers in Allegheny County. CITYWIDE DOMINION PEOPLES GAS COMPANY BARBARA KUSHNER SUPPORT REPRESENTATIVE BARBARA.J.KUSHNER@DOM.COM Estimated and known natural gas combustions per customer class. CITYWIDE COLUMBIA GAS COMPANY MIKE BELSKY NEW BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT MANAGER MBELSKY@NISOURCE.COM Estimated number of customers within Pittsburgh city limits. CITYWIDE DUQUESNE LIGHT COMPANY DAVID DEFIDE MANAGER, ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND DEMAND RESPONSE PROGRAM DDEFIDE@DUGLIGHT.COM Provided 20 fiscal year electricity consumption for residential, commerical, industrial, and unmetered use within Pittsburgh city limits. CITYWIDE PENNSYLVANIA UTILTIES COMMISSION (PUC) ANNUAL PUBLIC REPORTS HTTP://WWW.PUC.STATE.PA.US Dominion, Columbia, Equitable, and Duquesne Light information on energy use per customer class. CITYWIDE U.S. CENSUS BUREAU HTTP://WWW.CENSUS.GOV Residential fuel oil combustion estimates. CITYWIDE ENERGY INFORMATION ADMINSTRATION (EIA) HTTP://WWW.EIA.DOE.GOV Commercial and industrial fuel oil combustion per square foot for the Northeast region. CITYWIDE ALLEGHENY COUNTY TAX ASSESSOR S OFFICE JEANEEN ZAPPA SUSTAINABILITY MANAGER, ALLEGHENY COUNTY JZAPPA@ALLGHENYCOUNTY.US Square footage of commercial and industrial building space within city limits, to estimate fuel oil combustion. CITYWIDE NRG ENERGY STEAM PLANT DONNA RAE PFEIFFER DONNA.PFEIFFER@NRGENERGY.COM Fuel combustion to generate steam distributed to commercial buildings on the North Shore. CITYWIDE BELLEFIELD BOILER PLANT (BBP) TIM MAHANEY CHAIR, OPERATIONS COMMITTEE MAHANEYT@CARNEGIEMUSEUMS.ORG Fuel combusted to gnerate steam distributed to te BBP consortium in Oakland. 62